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Warren SC, Perkins MR, Adams AM, Kamperman M, Burns AA, Arora H, Herz E, Suteewong T, Sai H, Li Z, Werner J, Song J, Werner-Zwanziger U, Zwanziger JW, Grätzel M, DiSalvo FJ, Wiesner U. A silica sol-gel design strategy for nanostructured metallic materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:460-467. [PMID: 22426457 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Batteries, fuel cells and solar cells, among many other high-current-density devices, could benefit from the precise meso- to macroscopic structure control afforded by the silica sol-gel process. The porous materials made by silica sol-gel chemistry are typically insulators, however, which has restricted their application. Here we present a simple, yet highly versatile silica sol-gel process built around a multifunctional sol-gel precursor that is derived from the following: amino acids, hydroxy acids or peptides; a silicon alkoxide; and a metal acetate. This approach allows a wide range of biological functionalities and metals--including noble metals--to be combined into a library of sol-gel materials with a high degree of control over composition and structure. We demonstrate that the sol-gel process based on these precursors is compatible with block-copolymer self-assembly, colloidal crystal templating and the Stöber process. As a result of the exceptionally high metal content, these materials can be thermally processed to make porous nanocomposites with metallic percolation networks that have an electrical conductivity of over 1,000 S cm(-1). This improves the electrical conductivity of porous silica sol-gel nanocomposites by three orders of magnitude over existing approaches, opening applications to high-current-density devices.
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Yang M, Cui Z, DiSalvo FJ. Mesoporous vanadium nitride as a high performance catalyst support for formic acid electrooxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10502-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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78
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Zhang S, Zherebtsov DA, DiSalvo FJ, Niewa R. Na5[CN2]2[CN], (Li, Na)5[CN2]2[CN], and K2[CN2]: Carbodiimides from High-Pressure Synthesis. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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79
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Lee J, Jung YS, Warren SC, Kamperman M, Oh SM, DiSalvo FJ, Wiesner U. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 4/2011. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201190005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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80
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Park DG, DiSalvo FJ. A Structural Comparison between a New Quaternary Nitride, Ba3GeMgN4, and Its Isostructural Sr analogue. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.1.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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81
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Lee J, Jung YS, Warren SC, Kamperman M, Oh SM, DiSalvo FJ, Wiesner U. Direct Access to Mesoporous Crystalline TiO2
/Carbon Composites with Large and Uniform Pores for Use as Anode Materials in Lithium Ion Batteries. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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82
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Miura A, Lowe M, Leonard BM, Subban CV, Masubuchi Y, Kikkawa S, Dronskowski R, Hennig RG, Abruña HD, DiSalvo FJ. Silver delafossite nitride, AgTaN2? J SOLID STATE CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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83
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Reckeweg O, DiSalvo FJ. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the Solid Solution Sr4OBr2.89(2)Cl3.11(2) and the Elusive Ba2OBr2. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.5560/znb.2011.66b1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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84
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Reckeweg O, DiSalvo FJ. AlkalineEarthMetal-Hydride-Iodide Compounds: Syntheses andCrystal Structures of Sr 2H 3I and Ba 5H 2I 3.9(2)O 2. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2011-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Single crystals of Sr2H3I andBa5H2I3.9(2)O2 were obtained by reacting Sr or Ba, respectively, with dried and sublimed NH4I in a 4 : 1 molar ratio in silica-jacketed Nb ampoules for 13 h at 1200 K. The crystal structures of the new compounds have been determined by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Sr2H3I crystallizes in a stuffed anti-CdI2 structure isotypic to Ba2H3Cl in the space group P3m1 (no. 164) with the lattice parameters a = 426.0(1) and c = 774.9(2) pm, while Ba5H2I3.9(2)O2 crystallizes in a new structure type in the space group Cmcm (no. 63) with the lattice parameters a = 1721.0(2), b = 1452.5(2) and c = 639.03(9) pm. The structural results for Sr2H3I are corroborated by EUTAX calculations. For the disordered compound Ba5H2I3.9(2)O2, EUTAX calculations on an approximated, ordered structural model were used to find possible insights into the disorder
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85
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Subban CV, Zhou Q, Hu A, Moylan TE, Wagner FT, DiSalvo FJ. Sol−Gel Synthesis, Electrochemical Characterization, and Stability Testing of Ti0.7W0.3O2 Nanoparticles for Catalyst Support Applications in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17531-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1074163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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86
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Liu Y, Lowe MA, Finkelstein KD, Dale DS, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. X-ray Fluorescence Investigation of Ordered Intermetallic Phases as Electrocatalysts towards the Oxidation of Small Organic Molecules. Chemistry 2010; 16:13689-97. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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87
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Gregoire JM, Dale D, Kazimirov A, DiSalvo FJ, Bruce van Dover R. Cosputtered composition-spread reproducibility established by high-throughput x-ray fluorescence. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. A, VACUUM, SURFACES, AND FILMS : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VACUUM SOCIETY 2010; 28:1279-1280. [PMID: 24932062 PMCID: PMC4043122 DOI: 10.1116/1.3478668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe the characterization of sputtered yttria-zirconia composition spread thin films by x-ray fluorescence (XRF). We also discuss our automated analysis of the XRF data, which was collected in a high throughput experiment at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. The results indicate that both the composition reproducibility of the library deposition and the composition measurements have a precision of better than 1 atomic percent.
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88
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Wang D, Subban CV, Wang H, Rus E, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. Highly Stable and CO-Tolerant Pt/Ti0.7W0.3O2 Electrocatalyst for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10218-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102931d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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89
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Park DG, DiSalvo FJ. Na 5GaGe 2: A New Intermetallic Compound with an Isolated Linear Anion of GaGe 25-. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.6.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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90
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Dong Y, McGuire MA, Yun H, DiSalvo FJ. Synthesis, crystal structure, and properties of the rhombohedral modification of the thiospinel CuZr1.86(1)S4. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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91
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Liu Y, Abe H, Edvenson HM, Ghosh T, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. Fabrication and surface characterization of single crystal PtBi and PtPb (100) and (001) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12978-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00321b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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92
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Ghosh T, Vukmirovic MB, DiSalvo FJ, Adzic RR. Intermetallics as Novel Supports for Pt Monolayer O2 Reduction Electrocatalysts: Potential for Significantly Improving Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:906-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja905850c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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93
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Gregoire JM, Dale D, Kazimirov A, DiSalvo FJ, van Dover RB. High energy x-ray diffraction/x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for high-throughput analysis of composition spread thin films. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:123905. [PMID: 20059152 PMCID: PMC2852454 DOI: 10.1063/1.3274179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput crystallography is an important tool in materials research, particularly for the rapid assessment of structure-property relationships. We present a technique for simultaneous acquisition of diffraction images and fluorescence spectra on a continuous composition spread thin film using a 60 keV x-ray source. Subsequent noninteractive data processing provides maps of the diffraction profiles, thin film fiber texture, and composition. Even for highly textured films, our diffraction technique provides detection of diffraction from each family of Bragg reflections, which affords direct comparison of the measured profiles with powder patterns of known phases. These techniques are important for high throughput combinatorial studies as they provide structure and composition maps which may be correlated with performance trends within an inorganic library.
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94
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Stefik M, Mahajan S, Sai H, Epps TH, Bates FS, Gruner SM, DiSalvo FJ, Wiesner U. Ordered three- and five-ply nanocomposites from ABC block terpolymer microphase separation with niobia and aluminosilicate sols. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2009; 21:5466-5473. [PMID: 20209023 PMCID: PMC2832291 DOI: 10.1021/cm902626z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the first use of a non-frustrated block terpolymer for the synthesis of highly ordered oxide nanocomposites containing multiple plies. The morphological behavior of 15 ISO-oxide nanocomposites was investigated spanning a large range of compositions along the ƒ(I)=ƒ(S) isopleth using aluminosilicate and niobia sols. Morphologies were determined by TEM and SAXS measurements. Four morphologies were identified, including core-shell hexagonal, core-shell double gyroid, three-domain lamellae, and core-shell inverse-hexagonal, in order of increasing O+oxide vol fraction. All of the resulting nanocomposites had three- or five-ply morphologies containing domains that were continuous in one, two, or three dimensions. The five-ply core-shell double gyroid phase was only found to be stable when the O+oxide domain was a minority. Removal of the polymer enabled simple and direct synthesis of mesoporous oxide materials while retaining the ordered network structure. We believe that advances in the synthesis of multi-ply nanocomposites will lead to advanced materials and devices containing multiple plies of functional materials.
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95
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Dong Y, McGuire MA, Malik AS, DiSalvo FJ. Transport properties of undoped and Br-doped PbTe sintered at high-temperature and pressure ≥4.0GPa. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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96
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Stefik M, Sai H, Sauer K, Gruner SM, DiSalvo FJ, Wiesner U. Three-Component Porous−Carbon−Titania Nanocomposites through Self-Assembly of ABCBA Block Terpolymers with Titania Sols. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900685e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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97
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Wang H, Alden LR, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. Methanol electrooxidation on PtRu bulk alloys and carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticle catalysts: a quantitative DEMS study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7725-7735. [PMID: 19505091 DOI: 10.1021/la900305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Methanol electrooxidation on smooth Pt and PtRu bulk alloys and carbon-supported Pt and PtRu nanoparticle catalysts has been studied using cyclic voltammetry and potential step chronoamperometry combined with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The current efficiencies for generated CO2 and methyl formate were calculated from Faradaic current (coulometric charge) and mass spectrometric currents (charges) at m/z=44 and m/z=60. The effects of Ru content in PtRu catalysts, catalyst loading/roughness, and the concentration of sulfuric acid as supporting electrolyte on the reaction kinetics and product distribution during methanol electrooxidation have been investigated. The results indicate that Pt-rich PtRu alloys and carbon-supported PtRu catalysts with ca. 20 atom % Ru content exhibit the highest catalytic activity for methanol electrooxidation, that is, the highest Faradaic current and the highest current efficiency for CO2 generation at low applied potentials. As the catalyst loading/roughness increases, the current efficiency for CO2 formation increases due to the further oxidation of soluble intermediates (formaldehyde and formic acid). At high concentrations of sulfuric acid, the electrooxidation of methanol was suppressed; both the oxidative current and the current efficiency of CO2 decreased, likely due to sulfate/bisulfate adsorption.
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98
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Orilall MC, Matsumoto F, Zhou Q, Sai H, Abruña HD, DiSalvo FJ, Wiesner U. One-Pot Synthesis of Platinum-Based Nanoparticles Incorporated into Mesoporous Niobium Oxide−Carbon Composites for Fuel Cell Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9389-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja903296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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99
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Orilall MC, Abrams NM, Lee J, DiSalvo FJ, Wiesner U. Highly Crystalline Inverse Opal Transition Metal Oxides via a Combined Assembly of Soft and Hard Chemistries. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8882-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja802093u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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100
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Abe H, Matsumoto F, Alden LR, Warren SC, Abruña HD, DiSalvo FJ. Electrocatalytic performance of fuel oxidation by Pt3Ti nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5452-8. [PMID: 18370390 DOI: 10.1021/ja075061c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Pt-based electrocatalyst for direct fuel cells, Pt3Ti, has been prepared in the form of nanoparticles. Pt(1,5-cyclooctadiene)Cl2 and Ti(tetrahydrofuran)2Cl4 are reduced by sodium naphthalide in tetrahydrofuran to form atomically disordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles (FCC-type structure: Fm3m; a = 0.39 nm; particle size = 3 +/- 0.4 nm). These atomically disordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles are transformed to larger atomically ordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles (Cu3Au-type structure: Pm3m; a = 0.3898 nm; particle size = 37 +/- 23 nm) by annealing above 400 degrees C. Both atomically disordered and ordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles show lower onset potentials for the oxidation of formic acid and methanol than either pure Pt or Pt-Ru nanoparticles. Both atomically disordered and ordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles show a much lower affinity for CO adsorption than either pure Pt or Pt-Ru nanoparticles. Atomically ordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles show higher oxidation current densities for both formic acid and methanol than pure Pt, Pt-Ru, or atomically disordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles. Pt3Ti nanoparticles, in particular the atomically ordered materials, have promise as anode catalysts for direct fuel cells.
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