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Schmidt F, Franzaring L, Melchior S, Ghalibafian M, Radner H, Thüroff JW. Das plexiforme Schwannom des Hodens. Urologe A 2004; 43:1120-2. [PMID: 15235776 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-004-0624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report we describe the case of a testicular schwannoma in a human. Histologically, the tumor presented as a plexiform schwannoma. This rare benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor is an uncommon nodular variant of schwannoma, which mimics plexiform neurofibroma by its multinodular growth.
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Bauckhage K, Bottlinger M, Ebert F, Fissan H, Ripperger S, Schmidt F, Sommer K, Weichert R, Wriedt T. Experimentelle Methoden zur Charakterisierung von Faserkollektiven. CHEM-ING-TECH 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200400065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pohlink C, Tannapfe A, Eichfeld U, Schmidt F, Führer D, Paschke R, Koch CA. Does tumor heterogeneity limit the use of the Weiss criteria in the evaluation of adrenocortical tumors? J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27:565-9. [PMID: 15717655 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal incidentalomas are detected more frequently with high-resolution imaging modalities. It is difficult to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions despite the so-called histologic Weiss criteria, imaging features, and molecular studies. We here present a 52 yr-old man who was found to have an adrenal incidentaloma during an annual check-up at his urologist. An 8 cm large adrenal lesion was detected on ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging with imaging features suggestive of malignancy. The lesion was hormonally inactive. A left-sided adrenalectomy was performed and histologic grading revealed a Weiss score of 2, suggesting a benign tumor. However, on further follow-up, the patient developed a local recurrence and pulmonary metastases diagnosed 6 yr after initial presentation. After repeat surgery in the left adrenal bed adrenocortical tumor tissue had a Weiss score of 8, clearly suggesting histologic malignancy. The patient received adjuvant mitotane therapy. Under this therapy, he developed a right-sided adrenal mass (contralateral from the primary tumor) of 2 cm size which disappeared during the following 9 months, whereas the pulmonary metastases remained unchanged, suggesting tumor clones with a variable response to treatment or spontaneous apoptosis. This case suggests that adrenal incidentalomas larger than 6 cm with imaging features such as intratumoral necrosis suggestive of malignancy, should be managed as potential cancers independent of the so-called Weiss criteria. In such patients, close follow-up examinations including high-resolution imaging (preferably 3 monthly) are needed and should be carried out by a physician familiar/specialized in endocrine oncology.
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Pohlink C, Koch CA, Tannapfel A, Eichfeld U, Schmidt F, Führer D, Paschke R. Does tumor heterogeneity limit the use of the Weiss criteria in the evaluation of adrenocortical tumors? – a clinicopathological report of a 52 year-old man. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-819323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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155
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Schiemann U, Glas J, Török P, Simperl C, Martin K, König A, Schmidt F, Schaefer M, Folwaczny C. Response to combination therapy with interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C according to a TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism. Digestion 2004; 68:1-4. [PMID: 12949432 DOI: 10.1159/000073218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/22/2003] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis C. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene can alter the TNF-alpha expression and modify the host immune response. The present study aimed at the correlation of the G308A TNF-alpha polymorphism with the response to antiviral combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C. PATIENTS AND METHODS 62 patients with HCV and 119 healthy unrelated controls were genotyped for the G308A TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism. The patients received 3 x 3 million units of interferon alfa-2a and 1,000-1,200 mg ribavirin daily according to their body weight. A response was defined as absence of HCV-RNA and normalization of S-ALT after 6 months of combination therapy. RESULTS With respect to the allele and genotype frequency, a significant difference was not observed between controls and patients with chronic hepatitis C. Furthermore, such a difference was also not observed if responders and non-responders to antiviral therapy were compared. CONCLUSIONS The promoter polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene investigated herein is equally distributed in healthy individuals and patients with hepatitis C and does not seem to predict the response to therapy with interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin.
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Küker W, Nägele T, Schmidt F, Heckl S, Herrlinger U. Diffusion-weighted MRI in herpes simplex encephalitis: a report of three cases. Neuroradiology 2004; 46:122-5. [PMID: 14747879 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-003-1145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is the most frequent fatal viral infection of the brain. Because antiviral treatment may improve the prognosis significantly, early diagnosis is mandatory. Imaging diagnosis rests on conventional MRI for the visualization of lesions in the limbic system, the hallmark of HSVE. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) has not been used for the evaluation of HSVE. We report on the DW-MRI findings in three patients with HSVE, who had cortical diffusion abnormalities in affected brain parenchyma, partially as the initial or most sensitive sign of encephalitis. Sequential imaging showed that the diffusion abnormality started to return to normal after 2 weeks in the presence of persistent contrast uptake. Thus, DW-MRI may be a valuable tool for early detection and diagnosis of HSVE whereas contrast-enhanced images are indispensable after the first week.
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Schulz T, Bennek J, Schneider JP, Tröbs RB, Trantakis C, Bootz F, Scholz R, Tannapfel A, Hirsch W, Schmidt F, Kahn T. [MRI-guided pediatric interventions]. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2004; 175:1673-81. [PMID: 14661139 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-45328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM There are only a few diagnostic or therapeutic procedures where MR imaging is applied during pediatric interventions. This study will describe indications, complications as well as the advantages and disadvantages of MRI-guided interventions based on a case study in an open MRI scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14 procedures were performed in an open MRI scanner (Signa SP/i, GEMS) on 13 children (1 - 16 yr) with bone, soft tissue and brain lesions (1 - 4 cm diameter). Localization of the pathology, targeting and final control of the result were based on images acquired with SE-, 3D-, GE-sequences pre- and post-contrast as well as FSE-sequences. Interactive MRI-guided instrument navigation was performed using a multiplanar T1w GE-sequence. RESULTS Eight biopsies (incl. 1 rebiopsy), two tumor resections, one removal of a free joint mouse and three tumor-markings were performed without complications. Five biopsies provided appropriate sample quality for a histological diagnosis while two samples were too fragmented requiring a second biopsy (one of them MRI-guided). Surgical progress during tumor resection and marking could be controlled during the intervention without repositioning the patient. DISCUSSION MR image guided pediatric interventions combine the advantage of an imaging system without ionizing radiation and the high soft-tissue contrast. The low number of these kinds of procedures can be explained by the relatively high costs for the intervention, the increased duration for each procedure and the limited availability of open MRI systems. The integrated localization-system helps during planning of the access path when facing complex anatomical structures and provides safe navigation in sensitive regions like the epiphyseal cartilage. Recent and expected developments of the required MR-compatible biopsy instruments could provide higher efficiency for appropriate sample size and quality. Summarizing, MRI-guided pediatric interventions have shown to be a promising method at the beginning of its development.
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Schmidt F, Kastrup A, Nägele T, Krapf H, Küker W. Isolated ischemic internuclear ophthalmoplegia: toward the resolution limits of DW-MRI. Eur J Neurol 2003; 11:67-8. [PMID: 14692892 DOI: 10.1046/j.1351-5101.2003.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Henrich W, Schmider A, Fuchs I, Schmidt F, Dudenhausen JW. The effects of working conditions and antenatal leave for the risk of premature birth in Berlin. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2003; 269:37-9. [PMID: 12682850 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-003-0487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The influence a job--including its physical and psychological aspects--has on pregnant woman's chances of delivering prematurely. METHODS Seven hundred and seven women who had given birth participated. Statements regarding her job and its stresses were obtained with a standardised questionnaire. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-seven of the 707 women delivered prematurely (<37 weeks), 471 at term. No increased incidence of premature deliveries was observed in working mothers or found in relation to physical stress. A link was observed due to a mother's dissatisfaction with her job ( p<0.001). CONCLUSION With changes in the workplace and adherence to laws protecting pregnant women, effective factors are in place that help prevent premature births. A prerequisite for this is the pregnant woman's contentment with her work.
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Mader I, Herrlinger U, Klose U, Schmidt F, Küker W. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: analysis of lesion development with diffusion-weighted MRI. Neuroradiology 2003; 45:717-21. [PMID: 12942223 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-003-0966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2002] [Accepted: 02/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by replication of JC virus in oligodendrocytes of immunocompromised patients, is diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction-based demonstration of JC virus DNA. We investigated whether MRI might be used to assess disease activity. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was obtained in two patients with PML, in whom it was the only MRI sequence on which we could identify areas of progressive disease. The extent of abnormal diffusion appeared to correlate with the speed of clinical progression. DWI would thus seem to be of value in patients with PML.
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Hugo A, Engelke T, Beckmann M, Schmidt F, Schmidt KG. Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Eingabeparametern auf die Ergebnisse von Ausbreitungsrechnungen für Stäube nach TA Luft. CHEM-ING-TECH 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200390333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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162
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Glas J, Török HP, Simperl C, König A, Martin K, Schmidt F, Schaefer M, Schiemann U, Folwaczny C. The Delta 32 mutation of the chemokine-receptor 5 gene neither is correlated with chronic hepatitis C nor does it predict response to therapy with interferon-alpha and ribavirin. Clin Immunol 2003; 108:46-50. [PMID: 12865070 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Unlike in HIV, homozygosity for a 32-bp deletion (Delta 32) of the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene was recently described in increased frequency in patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV). Thus, it was speculated that this mutation might be relevant for disease susceptibility and influence the response to antiviral therapy. The present study sought to confirm the association between HCV and the Delta 32 mutation of the CCR5 gene and to correlate it with the response to therapy with interferon-alpha-2a and ribavirin. Sixty-two patients with HCV and 119 healthy unrelated controls were genotyped for the Delta 32 mutation. For the correlation between the Delta 32 mutation and response to therapy, only patients (n = 59) who completed 6 months of combination therapy as part of a prospective study were evaluated. The Delta 32 mutation was not observed in increased frequency in HCV. Furthermore, a significant difference of the HCV load or aminotransferase concentrations was not observed in carriers versus noncarriers of the Delta 32 mutation. After stratification for potentially confounding factors such as gender or HCV genotype, a significant difference was also not detected with respect to treatment outcome. These observations argue strongly against a role of CCR5 for susceptibility to HCV infection or response to combination therapy.
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Airapetian A, Akopov N, Akopov Z, Amarian M, Ammosov VV, Aschenauer EC, Avakian H, Avakian R, Avetissian A, Avetissian E, Bailey P, Baturin V, Baumgarten C, Beckmann M, Belostotski S, Bernreuther S, Bianchi N, Blok HP, Böttcher H, Borissov A, Bouhali O, Bouwhuis M, Brack J, Brauksiepe S, Brüll A, Brunn I, Bulten HJ, Capitani GP, Cisbani E, Ciullo G, Court GR, Dalpiaz PF, De Leo R, De Nardo L, De Sanctis E, Devitsin E, de Witt Huberts PKA, Di Nezza P, Düren M, Ehrenfried M, Elbakian G, Ellinghaus F, Elschenbroich U, Ely J, Fabbri R, Fantoni A, Fechtchenko A, Felawka L, Filippone BW, Fischer H, Fox B, Franz J, Frullani S, Gärber Y, Gapienko V, Garibaldi F, Garutti E, Gavrilov G, Gharibyan V, Graw G, Grebeniouk O, Green PW, Greeniaus LG, Gute A, Haeberli W, Hafidi K, Hartig M, Hasch D, Heesbeen D, Heinsius FH, Henoch M, Hertenberger R, Hesselink WHA, Hofman G, Holler Y, Holt RJ, Hommez B, Iarygin G, Izotov A, Jackson HE, Jgoun A, Jung P, Kaiser R, Kinney E, Kisselev A, Kitching P, Königsmann K, Kolster H, Kopytin M, Korotkov V, Kotik E, Kozlov V, Krauss B, Krivokhijine VG, Kyle G, Lagamba L, Laziev A, Lenisa P, Liebing P, Lindemann T, Lorenzon W, Maas A, Makins NCR, Marukyan H, Masoli F, Menden F, Mexner V, Meyners N, Mikloukho O, Miller CA, Muccifora V, Nagaitsev A, Nappi E, Naryshkin Y, Nass A, Negodaeva K, Nowak WD, Oganessyan K, Orlandi G, Podiatchev S, Potashov S, Potterveld DH, Raithel M, Rappoport V, Reggiani D, Reimer P, Reischl A, Reolon AR, Rith K, Rostomyan A, Ryckbosch D, Sakemi Y, Sanjiev I, Sato F, Savin I, Scarlett C, Schäfer A, Schill C, Schmidt F, Schnell G, Schüler KP, Schwind A, Seibert J, Seitz B, Shanidze R, Shibata TA, Shutov V, Simani MC, Sinram K, Stancari M, Steffens E, Steijger JJM, Stewart J, Stösslein U, Suetsugu K, Taroian S, Terkulov A, Tessarin S, Thomas E, Tipton B, Tytgat M, Urciuoli GM, van den Brand JFJ, van der Steenhoven G, van de Vyver R, Vetterli MC, Vikhrov V, Vincter MG, Visser J, Volmer J, Weiskopf C, Wendland J, Wilbert J, Wise T, Yen S, Yoneyama S, Zihlmann B, Zohrabian H. Evidence for quark-hadron duality in the proton spin asymmetry A1. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:092002. [PMID: 12689215 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spin-dependent lepton-nucleon scattering data have been used to investigate the validity of the concept of quark-hadron duality for the spin asymmetry A1. Longitudinally polarized positrons were scattered off a longitudinally polarized hydrogen target for values of Q2 between 1.2 and 12 GeV2 and values of W2 between 1 and 4 GeV2. The average double-spin asymmetry in the nucleon resonance region is found to agree with that measured in deep-inelastic scattering at the same values of the Bjorken scaling variable x. This finding implies that the description of A1 in terms of quark degrees of freedom is valid also in the nucleon resonance region for values of Q2 above 1.6 GeV2.
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Patnode W, Schmidt F. New Compounds. Di-(trimethylsilyl) Sulfate and Lead Trimethylsilanolate. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01228a602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schmidt F, Dinkel HP. [Development of mycotic aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery after septic embolism]. Radiologe 2002; 42:564-7. [PMID: 12242946 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-002-0766-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycotic aneurysms of the aorta and the visceral arteries are life-threatening diseases, due to potential rupture and organ or limb ischemia. They occur in endocarditis, immunodeficiency, bacteremia and fungemia, and have a poor prognosis. We report on a case of a 54-year-old male patient suffering from abdominal angina after mitral valve replacement for septic mycotic endocarditis. In presence of a mycotic-embolic occlusion of the left popliteal artery and multiple septic organ infarctions a mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery was found in abdominal spiral-CT. Based on sequential spiral-CT examinations, this case demonstrates the development of a septic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery.
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Schiemann U, Walli R, Schmidt F, Bogner J, Gross M. Thyroid hypoechogenicity in patients with chronic hepatitis receiving interferon-alpha therapy: evaluation by standardized grey scale ultrasonography. Eur J Med Res 2002; 7:271-7. [PMID: 12117662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human interferon-a therapy of chronic hepatitis B and C is associated with the induction of thyroid dysfunction in up to 15%. Little is known about morphological changes of the thyroid gland, especially about its tissue echogenicity under this immunomodulative drug treatment. METHODS 116 patients with chronic hepatitis B or C were consecutively investigated. 53 patients qualified for treatment with interferon-a alone or in combination with ribavirin. Patients with normal serum aminotransferase levels, advanced liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, active intravenous drug or alcohol abusus and with focal thyroid lesions (nodes, cysts, calcifications) were excluded. Thyroid function was determined by measurements of FT4, TSH and thyroidal autoantibodies. Ultrasonography was performed before, during and after interferon-a therapy including volumetry and standardized grey scale analysis. The data were compared with values of 100 euthyroid volunteers as control group. RESULTS After six months of therapy patients differed from controls by significant TSH elevation (12.8 +/- 9.34 vs. 2.8 +/- 1.1 microU/ml, p<0.02). Six patients (11%) developed overt hypothyroidism with detectable thyroidal autoantibodies. Thyroid volume in patients was similar (13.0 +/- 4.1 ml) to that in the control group (12.6 +/- 4.7 ml). However, thyroid echogenicity of the patients was significantly lower after 6 months of therapy (21.9 +/- 2.5 grey scales) compared to the status before (25.6 +/- 2.3 grey scales) and compared to the values of controls (25.4 +/- 2.1 grey scales, p <0.002). CONCLUSION Beside of functional disorders interferon-alpha leads to thyroid hypoechogenicity suggesting relevant morphological changes of the organ.
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Hermisson M, Klein R, Schmidt F, Weller M, Küker W. Myelopathy in primary Sjögren's syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 105:450-3. [PMID: 12027834 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a patient with a myelopathy in primary Sjögren's syndrome, proven by salivary gland biopsy and specific antibodies. Under steroid medication, the patient had a remitting and relapsing clinical course. The severity of clinical symptoms correlated with a transient contrast uptake in spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Under a treatment with azathioprine and prednisone the patient has suffered no relapse within the last 20 months. Although this is only a case report, the combination of azathioprine and prednisone may be a valuable medication in chronic cases of Sjögren's syndrome with neurologic symptoms.
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Kubo K, Akemoto M, Anderson S, Aoki T, Araki S, Bane KLF, Blum P, Corlett J, Dobashi K, Emma P, Frisch J, Fukuda M, Guo Z, Hasegawa K, Hayano H, Higo T, Higurashi A, Honda Y, Iimura T, Imai T, Jobe K, Kamada S, Karataev P, Kashiwagi S, Kim E, Kobuki T, Kotseroglou T, Kurihara Y, Kuriki M, Kuroda R, Kuroda S, Lee T, Luo X, McCormick DJ, McKee B, Mimashi T, Minty M, Muto T, Naito T, Naumenko G, Nelson J, Nguyen MN, Oide K, Okugi T, Omori T, Oshima T, Pei G, Potylitsyn A, Qin Q, Raubenheimer T, Ross M, Sakai H, Sakai I, Schmidt F, Slaton T, Smith H, Smith S, Smith T, Suzuki T, Takano M, Takeda S, Terunuma N, Toge N, Turner J, Urakawa J, Vogel V, Woodley M, Yocky J, Young A, Zimmermann F. Extremely low vertical-emittance beam in the accelerator test facility at KEK. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:194801. [PMID: 12005637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.194801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electron beams with the lowest, normalized transverse emittance recorded so far were produced and confirmed in single-bunch-mode operation of the Accelerator Test Facility at KEK. We established a tuning method of the damping ring which achieves a small vertical dispersion and small x-y orbit coupling. The vertical emittance was less than 1% of the horizontal emittance. At the zero-intensity limit, the vertical normalized emittance was less than 2.8 x 10(-8) rad m at beam energy 1.3 GeV. At high intensity, strong effects of intrabeam scattering were observed, which had been expected in view of the extremely high particle density due to the small transverse emittance.
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Küker W, Schmidt F, Friese S, Block F, Weller M. Unilateral thalamic edema in internal cerebral venous thrombosis: is it mostly left? Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 12:341-5. [PMID: 11721106 DOI: 10.1159/000047732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic occlusion of the internal cerebral veins is a particularly dangerous form of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) as it causes venous infarction of the thalami. Because both thalami drain into the vein of Galen and straight sinus, bilateral thalamic involvement is frequently encountered in internal CVT. However, unilateral thalamic edema may also occur, even if all internal cerebral veins are occluded. This suggests collateral venous drainage of the thalami, which is commonly insufficient in internal CVT. Patients with unilateral congestion of the thalamus, including 3 patients reported here, had mostly left-sided involvement, indicating that right-sided unilateral thalamic involvement in CVT may be clinically silent.
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Schneider JP, Schulz T, Rüger S, Horn LC, Leinung S, Briest S, Schmidt F, Kahn T. [MR-guided preoperative localization and percutaneous core biopsy of suspected breast lesions. Possibilities and experience on the vertically open 0.5-T-system]. Radiologe 2002; 42:33-41. [PMID: 11930539 DOI: 10.1007/s117-002-8114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of performing breast interventions in a vertically open 0.5 T MR system (SIGNA SP/i, GE Medical Systems). To develop fitted equipment and to establish preoperative wire localization and percutaneous breast core biopsy as clinical routine procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS Initially, we applied a localization method with the patient placed in a sitting position in 31 cases using a single loop coil and a self-developed fixation device. Subsequently, 46 wire localizations and 28 percutaneous core biopsies were carried out in prone patient position using an open breast coil with an integrated biopsy device. The used instruments were either MR-compatible (18 G biopsy needle and localization wire, 14 G coaxial needle, prototype of a 16 G double-shoot gun) or MR-safe (double-shoot gun with 16 G needle). RESULTS After biopsy we found the needle tip (18 G for a wire localization and 14 G for a percutaneous core biopsy, respectively) placed either within or close to the lesions (< 10 mm distance) for all patients. Out of a total of 66 benign lesions and 39 malignant tumors we missed the lesion (12 mm mean diameter, 4-25 mm range) during open biopsy in two cases and obtained a false negative result for one percutaneous biopsy of a 5 mm lesion. CONCLUSION Preoperative wire localization and percutaneous core biopsy of suspicious breast lesions demonstrated by MRI can be carried out a vertically open 0.5 T MR scanner. The degree of accuracy is comparable with that of X-ray or ultrasound-guided procedures. A follow-up has to be performed in cases with a negative biopsy.
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Hansen MN, Rittig S, Siggaard C, Kamperis K, Hvistendahl G, Schaumburg HL, Schmidt F, Rawashdeh Y, Djurhuus JC. Intra-individual variability in nighttime urine production and functional bladder capacity estimated by home recordings in patients with nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 2001; 166:2452-5. [PMID: 11696810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the intra-individual variability and reproducibility of nighttime urine production on wet nights and functional bladder capacity estimated by long-term home recordings of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. In particular, the intention was to evaluate the validity of 1 versus 2 weeks of recording when estimating urine volume on wet nights and 1 versus 2 weekends of recording when estimating functional bladder capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 120, 2-week home recordings of nighttime urine volume from patients with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis 6 to 16 years old (mean age 9.1) with at least 3 wet nights per week. Most patients were nonresponders or partial responders to desmopressin. Nighttime urine volume was estimated by weighing diapers before and after sleep, and measuring morning urine volume. Of the home recordings 62 included frequency volume charts for 2 weekends, which were evaluated for functional bladder capacity defined as the largest voided volume observed. RESULTS No significant overall week-to-week differences were observed in average urine volume on wet nights and functional bladder capacity. There was a large intra-individual variability in all measured variables, which was most pronounced for functional bladder capacity and least pronounced for urine volume on wet nights. With regard to repeatability, the limits of agreement of urine volume on wet nights were -32% and 36% (95% confidence interval) as opposed to -54% and 48% for functional bladder capacity. CONCLUSIONS In this study intra-individual week-to-week estimates of average urine volume on wet nights demonstrated acceptable variability and repeatability in contrast to functional bladder capacity. A reliable estimate of urine volume on wet nights could be obtained by 7 nights of home recording, whereas 4 days of daytime recording were necessary when estimating functional bladder capacity. Similar studies of patients who respond to desmopressin are needed.
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Amann B, Stampfer R, Schmidt F, Mikhaiel P, Hummel B, Sterr A, Schäfer M, Grunze H. [Clinical relevance and treatment possibilities of rapid cycling in patients with bipolar disorder]. FORTSCHRITTE DER NEUROLOGIE-PSYCHIATRIE 2001; 69:569-80. [PMID: 11753745 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-19181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the actual version of the WHO diagnostic guidelines, the ICD-10, subtypes of bipolar disorder are not specified, in contrast to the American DSM-IV, where bipolar disorder has already been differentiated in bipolar I (severe manic and depressive episodes) and bipolar II disorder (depressive and hypomanic episodes). Furthermore, aspects of the longitudinal course of the illness, like rapid cycling (RC), are reflected as well. Rapid cycling is defined as four or more affective episodes within one year of the illness. It has been postulated that rapid cycling is related with a poor response to lithium, to the same extent as mixed episodes or an atypical onset (depressive episode first) of the disease. Here, the current status of alternative pharmacological and supportive therapy of rapid cycling is presented and discussed. Furthermore, the article also displays biological parameters associated with rapid cycling like higher prevalence in women, hypothyreoidism, subtype of bipolar disorder, COMT-allele, influence of sleep or risk of antidepressant induced cycling.
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Moche M, Busse H, Dannenberg C, Schulz T, Schmitgen A, Trantakis C, Winkler D, Schmidt F, Kahn T. [Fusion of MRI, fMRI and intraoperative MRI data. Methods and clinical significance exemplified by neurosurgical interventions]. Radiologe 2001; 41:993-1000. [PMID: 11765541 DOI: 10.1007/s001170170036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to realize and clinically evaluate an image fusion platform for the integration of preoperative MRI and fMRI data into the intraoperative images of an interventional MRI system with a focus on neurosurgical procedures. A vertically open 0.5 T MRI scanner was equipped with a dedicated navigation system enabling the registration of additional imaging modalities (MRI, fMRI, CT) with the intraoperatively acquired data sets. These merged image data served as the basis for interventional planning and multimodal navigation. So far, the system has been used in 70 neurosurgical interventions (13 of which involved image data fusion--requiring 15 minutes extra time). The augmented navigation system is characterized by a higher frame rate and a higher image quality as compared to the system-integrated navigation based on continuously acquired (near) real time images. Patient movement and tissue shifts can be immediately detected by monitoring the morphological differences between both navigation scenes. The multimodal image fusion allowed a refined navigation planning especially for the resection of deeply seated brain lesions or pathologies close to eloquent areas. Augmented intraoperative orientation and instrument guidance improve the safety and accuracy of neurosurgical interventions.
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Schäfer M, Schmidt F, Grunze H, Laakmann G, Loeschke K. [Interferon alpha-associated agranulocytosis during clozapine treatment. Case report and status of current knowledge]. DER NERVENARZT 2001; 72:872-5. [PMID: 11758095 DOI: 10.1007/s001150170022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about possibilities of chronic hepatitis C treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in psychiatric patients continuously taking antipsychotics. We report on a 28-year-old hepatitis C-positive man with paranoid psychosis. He was successfully treated with clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug which is known for the risk of granulocytopenia and agranulocytosis. With doses up to 200 mg/day over 3 years, he showed no remarkable changes in WBC. Because of the chronic hepatitis C with genotype 3a, additional treatment was started with IFN-alpha (s.c., 3 x 6 million IU/week). After 2 months of therapy he developed a severe agranulocytosis. Both clozapine and IFN-alpha were discontinued, and his WBC returned to normal. Results from bone marrow examination were compatible with a toxic reaction possibly caused by either or both medications. We discuss possible problems with IFN-alpha during the treatment of psychiatric patients, interactions with psychiatric medication, and hematotoxic side effects like those from clozapine. We recommend combining IFN-alpha with less "toxic" antipsychotics and weekly checks of WBC.
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Schmidt F, McGiffin DC, Zorn G, Young KR, Weill D, Kirklin JK. Management of congenital abnormalities of the donor lung. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72:935-7. [PMID: 11565694 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)02432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities were encountered in three donor lungs. A donor tracheal bronchus was incorporated into the right bronchial anastomosis. Anomalous pulmonary venous return of the right upper lobe to the superior vena cava and the left upper lobe to the innominate vein were managed by bridging the anomalous veins to the left atrial cuff with autologous pericardium and donor iliac vein, respectively.
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Pranke P, Failace RR, Allebrandt WF, Steibel G, Schmidt F, Nardi NB. Hematologic and immunophenotypic characterization of human umbilical cord blood. Acta Haematol 2001; 105:71-6. [PMID: 11408707 DOI: 10.1159/000046537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, cord blood cells from 30 healthy term newborns were analyzed for complete blood counts with an automated cytometer and, in part of the sample, for surface molecules in cord blood monocytes, lymphocytes and CD34+ cells by two-color flow cytometry. Hematological parameters were as follows: WBC = 12.85 (5.24-15.10) x10(9)/l; platelets = 304.33 (156.00-469.00) x 10(9)/l; Hb = 14.45 (11.90-17.82) g/dl; RBC = 3.99 (3.14-5.12) x 10(12)/l; MCV 107.25 (99.60-115.00) fl; reticulocytes = 157.80 (101.00-124.00) x 10(9)/l or 3.99 (2.45-6.01)%; erythroblasts = 0.88 (0.15-2.58) x 10(9)/l or 6.63 (2.86-16.80) per 100 WBC [corrected]. The mononuclear population, as evaluated by flow cytometry, was composed of 22.9 +/- 7.2% monocytes and 77.05 +/- 7.24% lymphocytes, among which 46.59 +/- 15.62% were T lymphocytes (43.94 +/- 16.94% CD3+/CD4+ and 13.45 +/- 7.46% CD3+/CD8+). CD34+ cells were on average 0.54 +/- 0.24% of the mononuclear fraction. CD11c, CD49e and HLA-DR were found mainly on monocytes, and CD31 and CD62L occurred in similar levels on monocytes and lymphocytes. CD117+ cells were less than 5% of these populations. Among CD34+ cells, CD31 and HLA-DR were the molecules with higher frequencies (79.7 +/- 19.9 and 65.7 +/- 23.0%, respectively), followed by CD62L (41.8 +/- 31.9%) and CD117 (20.1 +/- 15.8%). The presence of CD11c and CD49e on CD34+ cells was low (below 10%). The results stress the phenotypic heterogeneity of cord blood CD34+ cells, and the different behavior of the cells when manipulated in vitro in different degrees of isolation.
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Schmidt F, Yoshimura Y, Ni RX, Kneesel S, Constantinou CE. Influence of gender on the diurnal variation of urine production and micturition characteristics of the rat. Neurourol Urodyn 2001; 20:287-95. [PMID: 11385695 DOI: 10.1002/nau.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The diurnal variation in the frequency/volume characteristics of male and female conscious rats was evaluated with reference to fluid consumption and urine production. Baseline values of the micturition volume and frequency of nine male and 10 female SD adult rats were measured over a 24-hour time period. The level of initial hydration conditions was standardized with 5 ml of water administered orally. With animals in a metabolism chamber having free access to water, the total volume of water consumed, the frequency/volume characteristics during micturition and the urine production rate were derived from the measurements of voided volume as detected by a digital balance. To establish reliability of measurements two separate micturition studies were done per rat at an interval of 1 week. Mean frequency of micturition and mean volume voided per micturition and urine production rate were computed in 3-hour time bins and represented over the 24-hour period. In addition the mean values of the number of micturitions and mean micturated volumes during the day/dark cycle were evaluated. The results show significant gender specificity in water consumption, urine production, and diurnal variations in micturition frequency/volume characteristics. Females consistently consume significantly larger amounts of water (83%) than males while urine production rate was correspondingly higher in females. It is concluded that water consumption and urine production are gender-specific. Because higher volumes of water are imbibed by females than males, the frequency/volume characteristic of micturition in the rat is also gender-specific. Data suggest that the volume voided per micturition depends on the urine production rate.
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Breitinger U, Clausen T, Ehlert S, Huber R, Laber B, Schmidt F, Pohl E, Messerschmidt A. The three-dimensional structure of cystathionine beta-lyase from Arabidopsis and its substrate specificity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:631-42. [PMID: 11402193 PMCID: PMC111155 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.2.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2001] [Revised: 03/05/2001] [Accepted: 03/22/2001] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme cystathionine beta-lyase (CBL) catalyzes the penultimate step in the de novo biosynthesis of Met in microbes and plants. Absence of CBL in higher organisms makes it an important target for the development of antibiotics and herbicides. The three-dimensional structure of cystathionine beta-lyase from Arabidopsis was determined by Patterson search techniques, using the structure of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cystathionine gamma-synthase as starting point. At a resolution of 2.3 A, the model was refined to a final crystallographic R-factor of 24.9%. The overall structure is very similar to other pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes of the gamma-family. Exchange of a few critical residues within the active site causes the different substrate preferences between Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis CBL. Loss of interactions at the alpha-carboxyl site is the reason for the poorer substrate binding of Arabidopsis CBL. In addition, the binding pocket of Arabidopsis CBL is larger than that of E. coli CBL, explaining the similar binding of L-cystathionine and L-djenkolate in Arabidopsis CBL in contrast to E. coli CBL, where the substrate binding site is optimized for the natural substrate cystathionine.
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Leclaire T, Schmidt F, Schmidt KG. Investigation of the Shape and Dynamic of Fast Microparticles with a Single-Shot-Micro-CCD. CHEM-ING-TECH 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1522-2640(200106)73:6<705::aid-cite7052222>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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181
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Schulz T, Bootz F, Weber A, Schneider JP, Weidenbach H, Heinke W, Köhler-Brock A, Schmidt F, Kahn T. [Value of magnetic resonance tomography for interventions in the ENT specialty]. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2001; 173:430-6. [PMID: 11414151 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Presentation of new concepts and applications of MR-guided head and neck surgery are presented. Examples of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as evaluation of transseptal tumor biopsies, placement of afterloading catheters for brachytherapy, and microscopic surgery of paranasal sinuses in the open MRI are discussed. MATERIAL AND METHODS 24 MRI-guided ENT-procedures (14 transsphenoidal biopsies, one transnasal biopsy, 6 placements of brachytherapy catheters, and 3 operations of the paranasal sinuses) were performed in an open 0.5 T MR system. RESULTS Localisation and/or extension of all lesions as well as the placement of biopsy needles or catheters were determined with great precision during the interventions. CONCLUSIONS Surgical risk and postoperative morbidity are significantly reduced in MR-guided surgery of the petroclival region and the region of head and neck compared to other, conventional methods. Thus, interventional MRI-guidance optimizes minimal invasive surgery and catheter placement in difficult anatomical regions like the petroclival region.
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182
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Kluge R, Schmidt F, Caca K, Barthel H, Hesse S, Georgi P, Seese A, Huster D, Berr F. Positron emission tomography with [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose for diagnosis and staging of bile duct cancer. Hepatology 2001; 33:1029-35. [PMID: 11343227 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2001.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumors with high glucose metabolic rates accumulate [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), a positron emitting tracer. The aim of this study was to evaluate FDG positron emission tomography (PET) for detection and staging of human cholangiocarcinoma (CC). Patients with adenocarcinoma of the biliary tree (n = 26), with benign lesions of the bile ducts (n = 8), and 20 control patients underwent FDG-PET (370 MBq [18F]-FDG, Siemens ECAT EXACT HR(+)). In a blinded fashion, 4 independent experts evaluated the PET scans visually and semiquantitatively using the standardized uptake value and a tumor/non-tumor ratio. All adenocarcinomas and benign lesions (sclerosing cholangitis, bile duct adenoma, Caroli's disease) were histologically proven and imaged by magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic retrograde cholangioscopy. True-positive PET scans were obtained in 24 of 26 CC and false-negative scans in the other 2 (sensitivity 92.3%). The PET scan was true-negative in 18 of 20 controls and in all 8 benign biliary lesions (specificity 92.9%). Visual and semiquantitative evaluation using tumor/non-tumor ratios were equally accurate (accuracy 92.6%) whereas evaluation by standardized uptake value revealed lower accuracy (P <.05). Regional or hepatoduodenal lymph node metastases were detected with PET in only 2 of 15 cases whereas distant metastases (peritoneal carcinomatosis, pulmonary metastases) were diagnosed in 7 of 10 cases. In conclusion, PET is highly sensitive and specific for the detection and localization of CC. It can be helpful for diagnosis of distant metastases but is not suitable for detection of regional lymph node metastases.
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183
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Miller EJ, Singh SP, Cerfolio RJ, Schmidt F, Eltoum IE. Pryce's type I pulmonary intralobar sequestration presenting with massive hemoptysis. Ann Diagn Pathol 2001; 5:91-5. [PMID: 11294994 DOI: 10.1053/adpa.2001.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pryce's type I intralobar sequestration, in which a region of lung exhibits tracheobronchial continuity and aberrant systemic arterial supply, is most frequently asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. While hemoptysis may be a common presenting symptom, massive hemoptysis is rarely seen. We document a case of a 58-year-old man, previously asymptomatic, whose initial presentation was that of massive hemoptysis. The radiographic, intraoperative and pathologic findings in our patient confirm that his sequestration was of Pryce's type I. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:91-95, 2001.
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184
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Damian MS, Gerlach A, Schmidt F, Lehmann E, Reichmann H. Modafinil for excessive daytime sleepiness in myotonic dystrophy. Neurology 2001; 56:794-6. [PMID: 11274321 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.56.6.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors conducted an open-label trial of modafinil for excessive daytime sleepiness in myotonic dystrophy. Eleven patients were evaluated: two were not treated because of obstructive sleep apnea, and nine received 200 to 400 mg modafinil/day for an average of 16.4 weeks. There were no major side effects. Average sleep latency as measured by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test increased from 7.3 to 22.7 minutes ( p = 0.00013), and average Epworth Sleepiness Scale score decreased from 13.25 to 7.75 (p = 0.01028). Modafinil shows evidence of effectiveness for excessive daytime somnolence in myotonic dystrophy and should be investigated further.
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185
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Schmidt F, Groscurth P, Kermer M, Dichgans J, Weller M. Lovastatin and phenylacetate induce apoptosis, but not differentiation, in human malignant glioma cells. Acta Neuropathol 2001; 101:217-24. [PMID: 11307620 DOI: 10.1007/s004010000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Induction of differentiation is an attractive approach to the management of infiltrative tumors such as malignant glioma. Here, we report that lovastatin and phenylacetate induce apoptosis, but fail to induce differentiation, in malignant glioma cell lines and untransformed rat astrocytes. Lovastatin and phenylacetate promote p21 accumulation but fail to induce cell cycle arrest. BCL-2 gene transfer inhibits apoptosis induced by lovastatin but not apoptosis induced by phenylacetate. Wild-type p53 gene transfer promotes lovastatin-induced apoptosis in p53 wild-type LN-229 cells but not in p53 mutant T98G cells. Phenylacetate-induced apoptosis is attenuated by wild-type p53 gene transfer in both cell lines. Neither lovastatin nor phenylacetate modulate glioma cell sensitivity to CD95 ligand-induced apoptosis or cancer chemotherapy. Thus, this study provides no rationale for clinical trials of lovastatin or phenylacetate in the differentiation therapy of malignant glioma. We conclude that neoplastic glioma cells as well as untransformed rat astrocytes are refractory to the induction of differentiation by lovastatin and phenylacetate.
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Cadman RV, Brack J, Cummings WJ, Fedchak JA, Fox BD, Gao H, Glöckle W, Golak J, Grosshauser C, Holt RJ, Jones CE, Kamada H, Kinney ER, Miller MA, Nagengast W, Nogga A, Owen BR, Rith K, Schmidt F, Schulte EC, Sowinski J, Sperisen F, Thorsland EL, Tobey R, Wilbert J, Witała H. Evidence for a three-nucleon-force effect in proton-deuteron elastic scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:967-970. [PMID: 11177986 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Developments in spin-polarized internal targets for storage rings have permitted measurements of 197 MeV polarized protons scattering from vector polarized deuterons. This work presents measurements of the polarization observables A(y), iT11, and C(y,y) in proton-deuteron elastic scattering. When compared to calculations with and without three-nucleon forces, the measurements provide further evidence that three-nucleon forces make a contribution to the observables. This work indicates that three-body forces derived from static nuclear properties appear to be crucial to the description of dynamical properties.
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187
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Fiebeler A, Schmidt F, Müller DN, Park JK, Dechend R, Bieringer M, Shagdarsuren E, Breu V, Haller H, Luft FC. Mineralocorticoid receptor affects AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappab activation in angiotensin II-induced cardiac injury. Hypertension 2001; 37:787-93. [PMID: 11230374 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.37.2.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is implicated in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. We tested the role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in a model of angiotensin II-induced cardiac injury. We administered spironolactone (SPIRO; 20 mg. kg(-1). d(-1)), valsartan (VAL; 10 mg. kg(-1). d(-1)), or vehicle to rats double transgenic for the human renin and angiotensinogen genes (dTGR). We investigated basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta(1), and the transcription factors AP-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. We used immunohistochemistry, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and TaqMan RT-PCR. Untreated dTGR developed hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, vasculopathy, and fibrosis with a 50% mortality rates at 7 weeks. SPIRO and VAL prevented death and reversed cardiac hypertrophy, while only VAL normalized blood pressure. Both drugs prevented vasculopathy. bFGF was markedly upregulated in dTGR, whereas platelet-derived growth factor-B and transforming growth factor-beta(1) were little changed. VAL and SPIRO suppressed this upregulation. Both AP-1 and NF-kappaB were activated in dTGR compared with controls. VAL and SPIRO reduced both transcription factors and reduced bFGF, collagen I, fibronectin, and laminin in the interstitium. These findings show that aldosterone promotes hypertrophy, cardiac remodeling, and fibrosis, independent of blood pressure. The effects involve AP-1, NF-kappaB, and bFGF. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade downregulates these effectors and reduces angiotensin II-induced cardiac damage.
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Schmidt F, Rieger J, Wischhusen J, Naumann U, Weller M. Glioma cell sensitivity to topotecan: the role of p53 and topotecan-induced DNA damage. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 412:21-5. [PMID: 11166732 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Topotecan is a topoisomerase I inhibitor which is currently evaluated as an adjuvant agent for malignant glioma. Here, we analysed the effects of topotecan on 12 human malignant glioma cell lines in vitro. All cell lines expressed topoisomerase I mRNA. High p53 protein levels, but not genetic or functional p53 status, were associated with increased topotecan-induced DNA/topoisomerase I complex formation. Neither functional p53 status, nor p53 protein levels, nor complex formation predicted topotecan-induced growth inhibition. We thus confirm a possible role for p53 protein in modulating topoisomerase I activity but conclude that the major molecular determinants of topotecan sensitivity in glioma cells await identification.
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189
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Rubie C, Schmidt F, Knapp M, Sprandel J, Wiegand C, Meyer J, Jungkunz G, Riederer P, Stöber G. The human dopamine transporter gene: the 5'-flanking region reveals five diallelic polymorphic sites in a Caucasian population sample. Neurosci Lett 2001; 297:125-8. [PMID: 11121886 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-flanking region of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) was systematically screened for variants by single strand conformation analysis (SSCA) between -1586 and +97 basepair (bp) relative to the transcription start site. Five diallelic polymorphisms were found, which were shown to be due to single base substitutions: T-67A, G-660C, C-839T, C-1169G, T-1476G. In a population sample of 119 unrelated Caucasians, allele frequencies of the rarer allele were 47% for -67T, 3% for -660C, 45% for -839T, 50% for -1169G, and 8% for -1476G, respectively. Among 15 observed haplotypes, seven haplotypes collected a frequency of about 96% in our sample. T-67A, C-839T, C-1169G, T-1476G were related to potential transcriptional recognition sites. These findings and the occurrence of distinct haplotypes at the hDAT promoter locus in a Caucasian population sample make this region a promising target in the context of linkage and association studies in certain diseases.
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Schneider JP, Schulz T, Schmidt F, Dietrich J, Lieberenz S, Trantakis C, Seifert V, Kellermann S, Schober R, Schaffranietz L, Laufer M, Kahn T. Gross-total surgery of supratentorial low-grade gliomas under intraoperative MR guidance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22:89-98. [PMID: 11158893 PMCID: PMC7975537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2000] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Length of survival of patients with low-grade glioma correlates with the extent of tumor resection. These tumors, however, are difficult to distinguish intraoperatively from normal brain tissue, often leading to incomplete resection. Our goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative MR guidance in achieving gross-total resection. METHODS We studied 12 patients with low-grade glioma who underwent surgery within a vertically open 0.5-T MR system. During surgery, localization of residual tumor tissue was guided by interactive, near real-time imaging. The amount of residual tumor tissue on MR images was evaluated at the point of the operation at which the neurosurgeon would have terminated the procedure under conventional conditions (first control) and again before closing the craniotomy. RESULTS Significant residual tumor (more than 10% of original tumor volume) was shown in eight patients at the first control condition. The percentage of resection varied from 26% to 100% (mean, 68%) at this time. Twelve tissue samples from seven patients were obtained in areas identified as residual tumor on MR images. In 10 cases, the neuropathologic investigation confirmed the presence of residual low-grade glioma; in two cases, the borderzone of tumor was identified. In evaluating the final sets of images, we found total resection in six cases, over 90% resection in five cases, and 85% resection in one case (mean, 96%). CONCLUSION Surgical treatment of low-grade gliomas under intraoperative MR guidance provides improved resection results with maximal patient safety.
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191
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Schulz T, Schneider JP, Bootz F, Keiner S, Scheffler B, Weidenbach H, Dietrich J, Schirmer T, Schmidt F, Kahn T. Transnasal and transsphenoidal MRI-guided biopsies of petroclival tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 13:3-11. [PMID: 11169796 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2586(200101)13:1<3::aid-jmri1001>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows excellent tissue characterization in the area of the petroclival region and can depict lesions not visualized with ultrasound or computed tomography (CT). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the clinical feasibility and utility of an interactive MR-guidance system to target and biopsy tumors in the petroclival region. MRI-guided biopsies of 10 patients with tumors in the clivus and petrous apex were performed in an open 0.5-T MR system. Lesions were targeted through a transsphenoidal or transnasal approach. Imaging during biopsies was achieved by a combination of standard and interactive mode. T1-weighted spin-echo, T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE), and three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient-echo (GRE) scans (standard mode) were selected to provide optimal tissue characterization for both the lesion and surrounding structures and varied according to the anatomic site. For interactive imaging, T1-weighted GRE and T2-weighted FSE sequences were used. We performed MRI-guided transsphenoidal biopsies in 10 patients who had lesions identified by CT (n = 5) and/or MRI (n = 10). The indications for biopsies were to differentiate between suspected malignant processes (n = 4 ) and benign processes (n = 6). Lesions adjacent to structures like the internal carotid artery were accurately targeted in particular. All biopsies were performed successfully and were the basis for selection of further treatment. No complications occurred during the procedures. An open MR system allows interactive control of biopsies in the area of the petroclival region, providing maximum patient safety and diagnostic accuracy not possible in other systems. The advantages of MRI tissue characterization are combined with an interactive, one-step method of localization and targeting, as well as tissue sampling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:3-11.
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192
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Klopstock T, Querner V, Schmidt F, Gekeler F, Walter M, Hartard M, Henning M, Gasser T, Pongratz D, Straube A, Dieterich M, Müller-Felber W. A placebo-controlled crossover trial of creatine in mitochondrial diseases. Neurology 2000; 55:1748-51. [PMID: 11113239 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.55.11.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the efficacy and safety of creatine (Cr) monohydrate in mitochondrial diseases, 16 patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia or mitochondrial myopathy were randomized in a crossover design to receive double-blind placebo or 20 g Cr/day for 4 weeks. Cr was well tolerated, but there were no significant effects with regard to exercise performance, eye movements, or activities of daily life. The power of this pilot study was limited and future multicenter trials are needed.
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Küker W, Friese S, Vogel W, Schmidt F, Weller M. Incomplete resolution of basilar artery occlusion after intra-arterial thrombolysis: abciximab and heparin prevent early rethrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000; 10:484-6. [PMID: 11070384 DOI: 10.1159/000016115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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194
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Yoshimura Y, Schmidt F, Constantinou CE. Gender specificity of tolterodine on micturition and the diurnal variation of urine production of the conscious rat. BJU Int 2000; 86:879-85. [PMID: 11069417 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the oral administration of tolterodine on the diurnal micturition characteristics of the male and female conscious rat, and to examine the relative effect of tolterodine in influencing water consumption and urine production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Baseline micturition volume and frequency characteristics of nine male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley age-matched adult rats (body weight 399 +/- 15 and 249 +/- 3 g, respectively) were evaluated over 24-h. Initial hydration conditions were standardized with an oral dose (5 mL) of water. Rats were subsequently placed in a metabolic cage and had free access to water. Micturition volume/frequency characteristics were derived from the measurements of voided volume (measured using a digital balance below the metabolic cage and connected to a computer). The total volume of water consumed over the 24 h was also measured. Two separate baseline studies were conducted, followed by the administration of a single oral dose of 1 mg/mL of tolterodine dissolved in 5 mL of water. The mean frequency of micturition and mean volume voided per micturition were computed in 3-h periods and plotted over the 24-h period. In addition, the mean values of the number of micturitions and voided volumes during the day/dark cycle were evaluated. RESULTS Baseline data showed that females (when corrected for body weight) consistently imbibed significantly more water (83%) than did male rats. Tolterodine did not significantly affect water consumption in the males but significantly reduced water consumption in females by 42%. Tolterodine did not significantly affect the amount of urine produced by male rats but significantly reduced the total amount of urine production in females by 26%. Tolterodine significantly increased the number of voids in male rats compared with baseline during the day but not during the night. More importantly tolterodine produce no significant effect on the volume voided per micturition in male rats either during the day or night cycle, but significantly decreased the volume voided per micturition in females. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the effect of tolterodine on micturition is gender-specific, suppressing water consumption and urine production in female but not male rats, and decreasing bladder volume. There is a possibility that the reported clinical effects of tolterodine arise through the suppression of fluid consumption.
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Schmidt F, Groscurth P, Dichgans J, Weller M. Human malignant glioma cell lines are refractory to retinoic acid-mediated differentiation and sensitization to apoptosis. Cell Physiol Biochem 2000; 10:159-68. [PMID: 10878446 DOI: 10.1159/000016346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids are candidate differentiation-inducing agents for glial tumors. Differentiation therapy is an attractive approach to cancers that resist surgery, irradiation and chemotherapy. METHODS We examined the effects of retinoids on proliferation, morphology and sensitivity to apoptosis in human malignant glioma and neuroblastoma cell lines. RESULTS In contrast to neuroblastoma cells, retinoids are devoid of acute cytotoxic effects and have only moderate antiproliferative effects on human glioma cell lines upon long-term exposure at high concentrations. Electron microscopy fails to reveal features of differentiation or apoptosis in retinoid-treated glioma cells and untransformed rat astrocytes. Retinoids do not modulate CD95 or CD95L expression or susceptibility to CD95-mediated apoptosis and fail to act in synergy with interferon (IFN)-alpha or IFN-gamma or cancer chemotherapy drugs to promote growth inhibition or apoptosis. CONCLUSION Glioma cell lines are refractory to the induction of differentiation or apoptosis by retinoids.
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Park JK, Müller DN, Mervaala EM, Dechend R, Fiebeler A, Schmidt F, Bieringer M, Schäfer O, Lindschau C, Schneider W, Ganten D, Luft FC, Haller H. Cerivastatin prevents angiotensin II-induced renal injury independent of blood pressure- and cholesterol-lowering effects. Kidney Int 2000; 58:1420-30. [PMID: 11012877 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are effective in prevention of end-organ damage; however, the benefits cannot be fully explained on the basis of cholesterol reduction. We used an angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent model to test the hypothesis that cerivastatin prevents leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and ameliorates end-organ damage. METHODS We analyzed intracellular targets, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and transcription factor (nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1) activation. We used immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. We treated rats transgenic for human renin and angiotensinogen (dTGR) chronically from week 4 to 7 with cerivastatin (0.5 mg/kg by gavage). RESULTS Untreated dTGR developed hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and renal damage, with a 100-fold increased albuminuria and focal cortical necrosis. dTGR mortality at the age of seven weeks was 45%. Immunohistochemistry showed increased iNOS expression in the endothelium and media of small vessels, infiltrating cells, afferent arterioles, and glomeruli of dTGR, which was greater in cortex than medulla. Phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK) was increased in dTGR; nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 were both activated. Cerivastatin decreased systolic blood pressure compared with untreated dTGR (147 +/- 14 vs. 201 +/- 6 mm Hg, P < 0.001). Albuminuria was reduced by 60% (P = 0.001), and creatinine was lowered (0.45 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.68 +/- 0.05 mg/dL, P = 0. 003); however, cholesterol was not reduced. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression was diminished, while neutrophil and monocyte infiltration in the kidney was markedly reduced. ERK phosphorylation and transcription factor activation were reduced. In addition, in vitro incubation of vascular smooth muscle cells with cerivastatin (0.5 micromol/L) almost completely prevented the Ang II-induced ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Cerivastatin reduced inflammation, cell proliferation, and iNOS induction, which led to a reduction in cellular damage. Our findings suggest that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition ameliorates Ang II-induced end-organ damage. We suggest that these effects were independent of cholesterol.
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Jäger R, Schmidt F, Schilling B, Brickmann J. Localization and quantification of hydrophobicity: the molecular free energy density (MolFESD) concept and its application to sweetness recognition. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2000; 14:631-46. [PMID: 11008885 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008181611372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A method for the localization, the quantification, and the analysis of hydrophobicity of a molecule or a molecular fragment is presented. It is shown that the free energy of solvation for a molecule or the transfer free energy from one solvent to another can be represented by a surface integral of a scalar quantity, the molecular free energy surface density (MolFESD), over the solvent accessible surface of that molecule. This MolFESD concept is based on a model approach where the solvent molecules are considered to be small in comparison to the solute molecule, and the solvent can be represented by a continuous medium with a given dielectric constant. The transfer energy surface density for a 1-octanol/water system is empirically determined employing a set of atomic increment contributions and distance dependent membership functions measuring the contribution of the increments to the surface value of the MolFESD. The MolFESD concept can be well used for the quantification of the purely hydrophobic contribution to the binding constants of molecule-receptor complexes. This is demonstrated with the sweeteners sucrose and sucralose and various halogen derivatives. Therein the relative sweetness, which is assumed to be proportional to the binding constant, nicely correlates to the surface integral over the positive, hydrophobic part of the MolFESD, indicating that the sweetness receptor can be characterized by a highly flexible hydrophobic pocket instead of a localized binding site.
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Schmidt F, Wick W, Herrlinger U, Dichgans J, Weller M. Treosulfan chemotherapy for recurrent malignant glioma. J Neurooncol 2000; 49:231-4. [PMID: 11212902 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006496831144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Treosulfan is a bifunctional alkylating prodrug with activity against various solid tumors. To improve the outcome for patients with recurrent malignant glioma, we assessed the efficacy of intravenous treosulfan (6-10 g/m2 4-weekly) as salvage therapy for patients with recurrent or progressive glioblastoma (GB, n = 14) or anaplastic astrocytoma (AA, n = 2). All patients had prior involved-field radiotherapy and adjuvant nitrosourea-based chemotherapy. A total of 56 cycles were administered. Tumor responses were assessed radiologically and clinically prior to each cycle. All patients were assessable for toxicity, response and survival. There were no complete or partial responses (CR, PR). Two patients progressed after the first cycle, 14 patients had initially stable disease (SD). Median progression-free survival was 3.25 months for the GB patients. Five patients were progression-free at 6 months (30%), including the 2 AA patients. The 2 AA patients are stable at 22 months. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity in this cohort of nitrosourea-pretreated patients. Treosulfan has modest activity in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Further evaluation of treosulfan in chemonaive malignant glioma patients is warranted.
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Leclaire T, Schmidt KG, Schmidt F. Videomikroskopische Untersuchungen der Kristallbildung in luftgetragenen Mikrotropfen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1522-2640(200009)72:9<1097::aid-cite10970>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Karges W, Maier S, Schmidt F, Gress TM, Boehm BO. Role of the MEN1 tumour suppressor gene in human ductal pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2000; 157:51-5. [PMID: 10893442 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MEN1 is a novel tumour suppressor gene involved in the etiology of sporadic endocrine pancreatic tumours. Based on common ontogenetic features of both tissues, we analyzed the role of MEN1 in ductal pancreatic cancer. Wild type MEN1 mRNA expression, but no mutations within the MEN1 coding sequence or MEN1 promoter region were detected in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues and carcinoma cell lines, using sensitive single-strand conformational polymorphism-heteroduplex and sequencing analyses. Thus, human pancreatic cancer does not seem to require inactivation of the MEN1 tumour suppressor pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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