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Hakeem A, Grant JF, Wiggins GJ, Lambdin PL, Hale FA, Buckley DS, Rhea JR, Parkman JP, Taylor G. Factors affecting establishment and recovery of Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an introduced predator of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on eastern hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:1272-1280. [PMID: 24468557 DOI: 10.1603/en13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To reduce populations of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), >500,000 Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji and McClure) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) have been released in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park since 2002. To determine factors affecting establishment and recovery of these predatory beetles, 65 single release sites were sampled using beat sheets from 2008 to 2012. Several abiotic and biotic factors were evaluated for their association with establishment and recovery of S. tsugae. Information on predatory beetle releases (location, year of release, number released, and season of release), topographic features (elevation, slope, Beers transformed aspect, and topographic relative moisture index), and temperature data (minimum and maximum temperatures 1 d after release and average minimum and maximum temperatures 7 d after release) were obtained from Great Smoky Mountains National Park personnel. These factors were evaluated using stepwise logistic regression and Pearson correlation. S. tsugae was recovered from 13 sites 2 to 10 yr after release, and the greatest number was recovered from 2002 release sites. Regression indicated establishment and recovery was negatively associated with year of release and positively associated with the average maximum temperature 7 d after release and elevation (generally, recovery increased as temperatures increased). Several significant correlations were found between presence and number of S. tsugae and year of release, season of release, and temperature variables. These results indicate that releases of S. tsugae should be made in warmer (≍10-25°C) temperatures and monitored for at least 5 yr after releases to enhance establishment and recovery efforts.
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Mataseje LF, Boyd DA, Lefebvre B, Bryce E, Embree J, Gravel D, Katz K, Kibsey P, Kuhn M, Langley J, Mitchell R, Roscoe D, Simor A, Taylor G, Thomas E, Turgeon N, Mulvey MR, Boyd D, Bryce E, Conly J, Deheer J, Embil J, Embree J, Evans G, Forgie S, Frenette C, Lemieux C, Golding G, Gravel D, Henderson E, Hutchinson J, John M, Johnston L, Katz K, Kibsey P, Kuhn M, Langley J, Lesaux N, Loeb M, Matlow A, McGeer A, Miller M, Mitchell R, Moore D, Mounchili A, Mulvey M, Pelude L, Roth V, Simor A, Suh K, Taylor G, Thomas E, Turgeon N, Vearncombe M, Vayalumkal J, Weiss K, Wong A. Complete sequences of a novel blaNDM-1-harbouring plasmid from Providencia rettgeri and an FII-type plasmid from Klebsiella pneumoniae identified in Canada. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:637-42. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gilmore AB, Tavakoly B, Taylor G, Reed H. OP01 How a Detailed Understanding of Industry Activities can Inform Public Health Policy: The example of Cigarette Pricing in Britain. Br J Soc Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203126.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abernethy KA, Coad L, Taylor G, Lee ME, Maisels F. Extent and ecological consequences of hunting in Central African rainforests in the twenty-first century. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120303. [PMID: 23878333 PMCID: PMC3720024 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have hunted wildlife in Central Africa for millennia. Today, however, many species are being rapidly extirpated and sanctuaries for wildlife are dwindling. Almost all Central Africa's forests are now accessible to hunters. Drastic declines of large mammals have been caused in the past 20 years by the commercial trade for meat or ivory. We review a growing body of empirical data which shows that trophic webs are significantly disrupted in the region, with knock-on effects for other ecological functions, including seed dispersal and forest regeneration. Plausible scenarios for land-use change indicate that increasing extraction pressure on Central African forests is likely to usher in new worker populations and to intensify the hunting impacts and trophic cascade disruption already in progress, unless serious efforts are made for hunting regulation. The profound ecological changes initiated by hunting will not mitigate and may even exacerbate the predicted effects of climate change for the region. We hypothesize that, in the near future, the trophic changes brought about by hunting will have a larger and more rapid impact on Central African rainforest structure and function than the direct impacts of climate change on the vegetation. Immediate hunting regulation is vital for the survival of the Central African rainforest ecosystem.
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Tipple C, Hodson L, Jones R, Rayment M, Nwokolo N, McClure M, Taylor G. O05.2 Measuring Syphilis: Quantitative PCR Can Be Used to Monitor Treatment Response. Sex Transm Infect 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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81
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Mallikarachchi D, Hodson L, Duckett C, Weerasinghe G, Buddhakorale K, McClure M, Taylor G, Tipple C. O21.6 A Tale of Two Cities: Treponema Pallidum Macrolide Resistance in Colombo (Sri Lanka) and London (United Kingdom). Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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82
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Taylor G, Mitchell R, McGeer A, Frenette C, Suh K, Wong A, Katz K, Wilkinson K, Amihod B, Gravel D. P041: Trends in antiviral use in hospitalized patients following the 2009 influenza pandemic in Canada. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013. [PMCID: PMC3688372 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-2-s1-p41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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83
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Dixon LK, Abrams CC, Chapman DDG, Goatley LC, Netherton CL, Taylor G, Takamatsu HH. Prospects for development of African swine fever virus vaccines. DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICALS 2013; 135:147-57. [PMID: 23689892 DOI: 10.1159/000170936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus is a large DNA virus which can cause an acute haemorrhagic fever in pigs resulting in high mortality. No vaccine is available, limiting options for control. The virus encodes up to 165 genes and virus particles are multi-layered and contain more than 50 proteins. Pigs immunised with natural low virulence isolates or attenuated viruses produced by passage in tissue culture and by targeted gene deletions can be protected against challenge with virulent viruses. CD8+ cells are required for protection induced by attenuated strain OURT88/3. Passive transfer of antibodies from immune to naïve pigs can also induce protection. Knowledge of the genome sequences of attenuated and virulent strains and targeted gene deletions from virulent strains have identified a number of virus genes involved in virulence and immune evasion. This information can be used to produce rationally attenuated vaccine strains. Virus antigens that are targets for neutralising antibodies have been identified and immunisation with these recombinant proteins has been shown to induce partial protection. However knowledge of antigens which encode the dominant protective epitopes recognised by CD8+ T cells is lacking.
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Dash I, Howell M, Schwodler K, Taylor G, Goddard D, McIntosh J, Sutton R. The positive sentinel lymph node: Can we predict which patients are of real benefit with further lymph node surgery? Eur J Surg Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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85
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Meyer J, Bethel EW, Horsman JL, Hubbard SS, Krishnan H, Romosan A, Keating EH, Monroe L, Strelitz R, Moore P, Taylor G, Torkian B, Johnson TC, Gorton I. Visual Data Analysis as an Integral Part of Environmental Management. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2012; 18:2088-2094. [PMID: 26357115 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2012.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Environmental Management (DOE/EM) currently supports an effort to understand and predict the fate of nuclear contaminants and their transport in natural and engineered systems. Geologists, hydrologists, physicists and computer scientists are working together to create models of existing nuclear waste sites, to simulate their behavior and to extrapolate it into the future. We use visualization as an integral part in each step of this process. In the first step, visualization is used to verify model setup and to estimate critical parameters. High-performance computing simulations of contaminant transport produces massive amounts of data, which is then analyzed using visualization software specifically designed for parallel processing of large amounts of structured and unstructured data. Finally, simulation results are validated by comparing simulation results to measured current and historical field data. We describe in this article how visual analysis is used as an integral part of the decision-making process in the planning of ongoing and future treatment options for the contaminated nuclear waste sites. Lessons learned from visually analyzing our large-scale simulation runs will also have an impact on deciding on treatment measures for other contaminated sites.
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Phillips M, Arthur A, Williams E, Taylor G, Thomas S. 276 Central Venous Catheter Placement Complication Rates in the Era of Ultrasonography. Ann Emerg Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.06.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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88
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Perkins RJ, Hosea JC, Kramer GJ, Ahn JW, Bell RE, Diallo A, Gerhardt S, Gray TK, Green DL, Jaeger EF, Jaworski MA, LeBlanc BP, McLean A, Maingi R, Phillips CK, Roquemore L, Ryan PM, Sabbagh S, Taylor G, Wilson JR. High-harmonic fast-wave power flow along magnetic field lines in the scrape-off layer of NSTX. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:045001. [PMID: 23006093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of high-harmonic fast-wave (HHFW) power applied to NSTX can be lost to the scrape-off layer (SOL) and deposited in bright and hot spirals on the divertor rather than in the core plasma. We show that the HHFW power flows to these spirals along magnetic field lines passing through the SOL in front of the antenna, implying that the HHFW power couples across the entire width of the SOL rather than mostly at the antenna face. This result will help guide future efforts to understand and minimize these edge losses in order to maximize fast-wave heating and current drive.
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Forst A, Kellerman D, Kori S, Febbraro S, Tann L, Thomas T, Taylor G. A Drug Interaction Study Assessing the Effects of CYP3A4 Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of MAP0004, an Orally Inhaled Formulation of Dihydroergotamine in Healthy Volunteers (P03.228). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Beckett KP, Freer-Smith PH, Taylor G. THE CAPTURE OF PARTICULATE POLLUTION BY TREES AT FIVE CONTRASTING URBAN SITES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2000.9747273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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91
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Mataseje LF, Bryce E, Roscoe D, Boyd DA, Embree J, Gravel D, Katz K, Kibsey P, Kuhn M, Mounchili A, Simor A, Taylor G, Thomas E, Turgeon N, Mulvey MR. Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in Canada 2009-10: results from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP). J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1359-67. [PMID: 22398651 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the occurrence and molecular mechanisms associated with carbapenemases in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative isolates from Canadian cases. METHODS Twenty hospital sites across Canada submitted isolates for a 1 year period starting 1 September 2009. All Enterobacteriaceae with MICs ≥ 2 mg/L and Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MICs ≥ 16 mg/L of carbapenems were submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) where carbapenem MICs were confirmed by Etest and isolates were characterized by PCR for carbapenemase genes, antimicrobial susceptibilities, PFGE and plasmid isolation. RESULTS A total of 444 isolates (298 P. aeruginosa, 134 Enterobacteriaceae and 12 A. baumannii) were submitted to the NML of which 274 (61.7%; 206 P. aeruginosa, 59 Enterobacteriaceae and 9 A. baumannii) met the inclusion criteria as determined by Etest. Carbapenemase genes were identified in 30 isolates: bla(GES-5) (n = 3; P. aeruginosa), bla(KPC-3) (n = 7; Enterobacteriaceae), bla(NDM-1) (n = 2; Enterobacteriaceae), bla(VIM-2) and bla(VIM-4) (n = 8; P. aeruginosa) bla(SME-2) (n = 1; Enterobacteriaceae) and bla(OXA-23) (n = m9; A. baumannii). PFGE identified a cluster in each of Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii corresponding to isolates harbouring carbapenemase genes. Three KPC plasmid patterns (IncN and FllA) were identified where indistinguishable plasmid patterns were identified in unrelated clinical isolates. CONCLUSIONS Carbapenemases were rare at the time of this study. Dissemination of carbapenemases was due to both dominant clones and common plasmid backbones.
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Skeens M, Taylor G. Physician – Nurse Collaboration: Assessment and Intervention to Strengthen the Specialty BMT Team. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.12.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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93
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Griffith M, Mwenifumbo JC, Cheung PY, Paul JE, Pugh TJ, Tang MJ, Chittaranjan S, Morin RD, Asano JK, Ally AA, Miao L, Lee A, Chan SY, Taylor G, Severson T, Hou YC, Griffith OL, Cheng GSW, Novik K, Moore R, Luk M, Owen D, Brown CJ, Morin GB, Gill S, Tai IT, Marra MA. Novel mRNA isoforms and mutations of uridine monophosphate synthetase and 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2012; 13:148-58. [PMID: 22249354 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The drug fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used antimetabolite chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer. The gene uridine monophosphate synthetase (UMPS) is thought to be primarily responsible for conversion of 5-FU to active anticancer metabolites in tumor cells. Mutation or aberrant expression of UMPS may contribute to 5-FU resistance during treatment. We undertook a characterization of UMPS mRNA isoform expression and sequence variation in 5-FU-resistant cell lines and drug-naive or -exposed primary and metastatic tumors. We observed reciprocal differential expression of two UMPS isoforms in a colorectal cancer cell line with acquired 5-FU resistance relative to the 5-FU-sensitive cell line from which it was derived. A novel isoform arising as a consequence of exon skipping was increased in abundance in resistant cells. The underlying mechanism responsible for this shift in isoform expression was determined to be a heterozygous splice site mutation acquired in the resistant cell line. We developed sequencing and expression assays to specifically detect alternative UMPS isoforms and used these to determine that UMPS was recurrently disrupted by mutations and aberrant splicing in additional 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cell lines and colorectal tumors. The observed mutations, aberrant splicing and downregulation of UMPS represent novel mechanisms for acquired 5-FU resistance in colorectal cancer.
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Addy C, Sephton M, Suntharalingam J, De Winton E, Masani V, Taylor G. 53 Assessment of performance status in lung cancer Do oncologists and respiratory physicians agree? Lung Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(12)70054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kellerman D, Kori S, Forst A, Chang J, Febbraro S, Wutann L, Thomas T, Taylor G, Dodick D. Lack of drug interaction between the migraine drug MAP0004 (orally inhaled dihydroergotamine) and a CYP3A4 inhibitor in humans. Cephalalgia 2011; 32:150-8. [PMID: 22174351 DOI: 10.1177/0333102411432299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydroergotamine (DHE), a proven migraine treatment, currently has product labeling warning against concomitant use of CYP3A4 inhibitors because of potential drug interactions. However, no reported studies of such interactions with DHE administered by any route are available. METHODS The pharmacokinetics (PK) of MAP0004, an investigative inhaled DHE formulation, were assessed in human subjects with and without CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole to evaluate the potential for drug interaction, elevation of DHE levels, and increased adverse effects. RESULTS After MAP0004 alone vs. MAP0004 plus ketoconazole, the DHE maximum concentrations (C(max)) and area-under-the-curve (AUC(0-48) and AUC(0-∞)) were not statistically significantly different nor was the C(max) of the primary metabolite, 8'-OH-DHE. A difference in 8'-OH-DHE AUCs was observed between MAP0004 with and without ketoconazole; however, the concentrations were very low. MAP0004 was well tolerated after both treatments. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that CYP3A4 inhibition had little to no effect on DHE PK after MAP0004 administration, apparently because of its high systemic and low gastrointestinal bioavailability. CYP3A4 inhibition slowed elimination of the metabolite 8'-OH-DHE, but concentrations were too low to be pharmacologically relevant.
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Addy C, Suntharalingam J, De Winton E, Masani V, Taylor G. P193 Assessment of performance status in lung cancer: do oncologists and respiratory physicians agree? Thorax 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201054c.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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97
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Taylor G, Wilkinson K, Gravel D, Amihod B, Frenette C, Moore D, McGeer A, Suh K, Wong A, Mitchell R. Laboratory-confirmed pandemic H1N1 influenca in hospitalized adults – findings from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP), 2009-10. BMC Proc 2011. [PMCID: PMC3239818 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s6-p81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Reinerman-Jones L, Taylor G, Sprouse K, Barber D, Hudson I. Adaptive Automation as a Task Switching and Task Congruence Challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1071181311551041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fenlon D, Faithfull S, Greenfield D, Knowles G, Robb K, Roberts K, Taylor G, Wells M, White I, Wiseman T. 3052 POSTER Ten Top Tips for Cancer Survivorship: a Prompt for Cancer Patients at the End of Their Primary Treatment. Eur J Cancer 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(11)71125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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100
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Petroczi A, Nepusz T, Taylor G, Naughton D. Network analysis of the RASFF database: a mycotoxin perspective. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) provides useful trend analyses such as identification of transgressor and detector nations, and determination of seasonal variations in contamination patterns. This approach may inform a nation's testing regimes along with trade intelligence to secure safe food supplies. The aim of this investigation was to explore the use of descriptive statistics coupled to network analysis to provide a user friendly approach to allow interrogation of the RASFF database. Categorisation of notifications by contaminant type reveals that some 30% of all notifications are generated owing to mycotoxins with aflatoxins being the major contributor. In the period between January 2008 and October 2010, the order of nations reported for mycotoxin contamination appeared in the order Turkey, China, Iran and USA. Network analysis allows rapid determination of trends in the RASFF database as each contaminant type can be filtered to focus on nations acting as transgressors and detectors. In addition, the impact of each nation can be assigned as the network tool incorporates a consideration of frequency counts as well as number of countries involved. This approach rapidly identifies the key detectors and transgressors, confirming Turkey, China and Iran as key transgressor nations for mycotoxins. Changes over time, during the assessment period, reveal that Iran is improving in the longer term in contrast to Turkey and China where further remedial action is warranted. In summary, a network tool has several advantages over descriptive statistics. It can rapidly identify trends in detector and transgressor nations for each category of contaminant. It can also provide an impact score for each nation providing weekly updates to help identify emerging issues either as nations and/or contaminant type.
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