Pediatrician-recommended use of sports drinks and dental caries in 3-year-old children

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether children advised by a pediatrician to take sports drinks consume them more frequently than do other children and whether these children have an increased risk of dental caries.

METHODS

The subjects were 522 mother/child pairs who attended a dental checkup for 3-year-olds at one of ten community health centers in Nagasaki, Japan. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of children with or without dental caries according to child-related variables. Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between the presence of dental caries and child-related variables taken from a dental checkup and a questionnaire.

RESULTS

A high frequency of sports drink consumption was strongly associated with dental caries in children. The highest proportion of mothers answered that they were advised by a pediatrician to give sports drinks to their children. However, these children consumed sports drinks significantly less frequently than did children who did so for reasons other than pediatrician recommendations. In addition, these children were significantly less likely to have dental caries than were children who consumed sports drinks for otherreasons.

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatrician-recommended consumption of sports drinks does not lead to more frequent consumption of these beverages or to dental caries in 3-year-old children.

Variations in analytical methodology for estimating costs of hospital-acquired infections: a systematic review

Quantifying the additional costs of hospital-acquired infections (COHAI) is essential for developing cost-effective infection control measures. The methodological approaches to estimate these costs include case reviews, matched comparisons and regression analyses. The choice of cost estimation methodologies can affect the accuracy of the resulting estimates, however, with regression analyses generally able to avoid the bias pitfalls of the other methods. The objective of this study was to elucidate the distributions and trends in cost estimation methodologies in published studies that have produced COHAI estimates. We conducted systematic searches of peer-reviewed publications that produced cost estimates attributable to hospital-acquired infection in MEDLINE from 1980 to 2006. Shifts in methodologies at 10-year intervals were analysed using Fisher's exact test. The most frequent method of COHAI estimation methodology was multiple matched comparisons (59.6%), followed by regression models (25.8%), and case reviews (7.9%). There were significant increases in studies that used regression models and decreases in matched comparisons through the 1980s, 1990s and post-2000 (P = 0.033). Whereas regression analyses have become more frequently used for COHAI estimations in recent years, matched comparisons are still used in more than half of COHAI estimation studies. Researchers need to be more discerning in the selection of methodologies for their analyses, and comparative analyses are needed to identify more accurate estimation methods. This review provides a resource for analysts to overview the distribution, trends, advantages and pitfalls of the various existing COHAI estimation methodologies.

[Surgical treatment of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after acute myocardial infarction in subacute phase; report of a case]

A 81-year-old man who was complaining of chest pain was admitted. He was diagnosed as acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiogram was performed and an occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery (#13) was diagnosed. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was done successfully. Cardiac tamponade was showed on the 3rd day after PCI. Percutaneous pericardial drainage was done and his hemodynamic was improved. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed left ventricular pseudoaneurysm with 2 cm in diameter and expanding to 5 cm in diameter after 3 weeks. Patch closure was carried out under cardiopulmonary bypass on subacute phase. His postoperative recovery was uneventful. Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and surgical treatment of this disease was discussed.

Wheelchair-accessible dental offices in Nagasaki, Japan

OBJECTIVE

To determine the proportion of dental offices in Nagasaki, Japan, that are wheelchair accessible and to identify factors related to the adoption of barrier-free designs within the study area.

METHODS

All 703 dental offices managed by members of the Nagasaki Prefecture Dental Association were studied. We evaluated the accessibility of the offices to wheelchair users and compared the percentage and adjusted odds ratio of the accessible dental offices according to dental office characteristics.

RESULTS

Of the respondents, 62% deemed their offices accessible. The percentage and adjusted odds ratio of accessible offices were significantly higher for offices offering more specialties, providing more frequent home visits, and with younger head dentists.

CONCLUSION

According to the self-reported results from dentists, more than one third of the dental offices in Nagasaki were not easily accessible by mobility-impaired persons. Dentists should the understand architectural and perceptual barriers faced by handicapped persons and the aged and consider barrier-free office designs for all patients.

Ontogenetic changes in schooling behaviour during larval and early juvenile stages of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis

Schooling was first observed at 25-27 days after hatching (26. 2-33. 8 mm, total length) in the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. At this time, the mode of swimming changed from intermittent sprinting to continuous cruising, and this allowed the fish to adjust to an inertial hydrodynamic environment.

Effects of STN stimulation on the initiation and inhibition of saccade in Parkinson disease

OBJECTIVES

The basal ganglia (BG) play an important role in controlling saccades. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is widely used as a treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) by altering the function of the BG. Nevertheless, the effects of STN DBS on saccade performance are not fully clarified in a systematic manner. In this study, we examined the effects of bilateral STN DBS on both the initiation and inhibition of saccades in PD.

METHODS

Thirty-two patients with PD performed 4 oculomotor tasks. Two tasks (visually guided saccades and gap saccades) were reflexive and 2 (memory-guided saccades [MGS] and antisaccades) were volitional. While taking their regular doses of antiparkinsonian drugs, patients performed these tasks under 2 conditions: during DBS (DBS-on condition) and without DBS (DBS-off condition). Fifty-one age-matched subjects served as controls.

RESULTS

In the DBS-on condition, parameters of saccade initiation were improved in all tasks, with shorter latencies and increased amplitudes, except for MGS latency. STN DBS improved the ability to suppress unwanted saccades to the cue stimulus in the MGS task. However, it did not suppress prosaccades during the antisaccade task.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) affects the neural pathway common to both reflexive and volitional saccades, possibly by acting on the STN-substantia nigra pars reticulata-superior colliculi pathway. STN DBS may set the functional level of the superior colliculi appropriate for both saccade initiation and inhibition through this pathway. These findings provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease and may yield better treatment strategies.

Production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells carrying a gene for ethionine resistance

A gene for ethionine resistance isolated from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DKD-5D-H conferred on the yeast cells resistance to seleno-L-methionine and capability to produce S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the cells. An enzymatic study of the L-methionine synthetic pathway of L-methionine proto- and auxotrophs and in dried yeast cells with or without the gene suggested that the cloned gene for ethionine resistance is responsible for the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthase. To produce S-adenosyl-L-methionine by yeast cells transformed with the ethionine resistance gene, some culturing conditions were determined.

Ros production by endogenously generated Protoporphyrin IX in murine leukemia cells

Endogenous production of Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is successfully exploited for photodynamic therapy (PDT) on malignant cells, following 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) administration and light irradiation. This treatment kills cancer cells by damaging organelles and impairing metabolic pathways via cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. We studied the efficiency of PpIX synthetized from ALA on ROS generation, in the Vincristine resistant (LBR-V160), Doxorubicin resistant (LBR-D160) and sensitive (LBR-) murine leukemia cell lines. Cells were incubated 4 hr with 1 mM ALA and then irradiated during different times with fluorescent light. One hour later, production of ROS was analyzed by flow cytometry using different fluorescent probes: Hydroethidine (HE) for superoxide anion, 2',7' Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) for hydrogen peroxide; mitochondrial damage was examined with 3,3' Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6). We found that superoxide anion production in the three cell lines increased with irradiation time whereas no peroxide hydrogen was detected. Mitochondrial damage also increased in an irradiation time dependent manner, being higher in the Vincristine resistant line. Previous studies have demonstrated that apoptotic cell death increased with irradiation time, which is consistent with these results, indicating that ROS are critical in ALA-PDT efficiency to kill malignant cells.

Endogenous and exogenous porphyrins as photosensitizers in the Hep-2 human carcinoma cell line

The photodynamic activity of three photosensitizers (PS): AL-induced PPIX, the porphyrin derivative 5-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-10, 5, 20-tris (2,4,6- trimethoxyphenyl) porphyrin (CP) and the molecular dyad porphyrin-C(60) (P-C(60)), the last two incorporated into liposomal vesicles, was evaluated on Hep-2 human larynx carcinoma cell line. ALA-induced accumulation of the endogenous PS PPIX, reached saturation values between 5 and 24 h incubation time; the maximal PPIX content was 5.7 nmol/106 cells. The same intracellular level was accumulated when the cationic porphyrin CP was used, while the amount of P-C(60) attained was 1.5 nmol/106 cells. Under violet-blue exciting light, the fluorescence of PPIX and P-C(60) was found in the cytoplasm showing a granular appearance indicating lysosomal localization. CP was mainly detected as a filamentous pattern characteristic of mitochondrial localization. No dark cytotoxicity was observed using 1mM ALA, 5 microM CP and 1 microM P-C(60) after 24 h incubation. Cell morphology was analyzed using Hoechst-33258, toluidine blue staining, TUNEL assay and DNA fragmentation, 24 h after irradiation with 54 J/cm2. When photosensitized with ALA and P-C(60), chromatine condensation characteristic of apoptotic cell death was found; instead, 58 % of necrotic cells were observed with CP. The results show that in the Hep-2 cells, of the three PS analyzed, the molecular dyad P-C(60) was more efficient than CP and PPIX, and confirm that PDT can induce different mechanisms of cell death depending on the PS and the irradiation dose.