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Kotomin I, Valtink M, Hofmann K, Frenzel A, Morawietz H, Werner C, Funk RHW, Engelmann K. Sutureless fixation of amniotic membrane for therapy of ocular surface disorders. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125035. [PMID: 25955359 PMCID: PMC4425509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic membrane is applied to the diseased ocular surface to stimulate wound healing and tissue repair, because it releases supportive growth factors and cytokines. These effects fade within about a week after application, necessitating repeated application. Generally, amniotic membrane is fixed with sutures to the ocular surface, but surgical intervention at the inflamed or diseased site can be detrimental. Therefore, we have developed a system for the mounting of amniotic membrane between two rings for application to a diseased ocular surface without surgical intervention (sutureless amniotic membrane transplantation). With this system, AmnioClip, amniotic membrane can be applied like a large contact lens. First prototypes were tested in an experiment on oneself for wearing comfort. The final system was tested on 7 patients in a pilot study. A possible influence of the ring system on the biological effects of amniotic membrane was analyzed by histochemistry and by analyzing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF 2) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) from amniotic membranes before and after therapeutic application. The final product, AmnioClip, showed good tolerance and did not impair the biological effects of amniotic membrane. VEGF-A and PEDF mRNA was expressed in amniotic membrane after storage and mounting before transplantation, but was undetectable after a 7-day application period. Consequently, transplantation of amniotic membranes with AmnioClip provides a sutureless and hence improved therapeutic strategy for corneal surface disorders.
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Brunssen C, Rissler J, Langbein H, Hofmann A, Frenzel A, Deussen A, Peitzsch M, Cimalla P, Koch E, Eisenhofer G, Sawamura T, Morawietz H. Abstract 543: Impact of Eplerenone on Vascular Function in LOX-1 Overexpressing Mice on High-Fat Diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies support a protective effect of aldosterone-binding mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade on heart failure. The impact of MR antagonist eplerenone on endothelial function is less well understood. In this study, we analyzed the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) and MR blockade on metabolic parameters and endothelial function in mice overexpressing the endothelial oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1.
Mice were fed standard diet (STD) or HFD with or without MR blocker eplerenone for 20 weeks. In agreement with clinical studies aldosterone plasma levels (LC-MS/MS) were elevated in eplerenone-treated mice. Body weight, epididymal, retroperitoneal, mesenteric and perivascular fat were increased after HFD. Diet-induced obesity elevated triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL plasma levels. Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio was increased in HFD fed LOX-1tg mice and decreased by eplerenone. LDLR-/- and HFD-fed LOX1tg and LOX1tg/LDLR-/- (LOLR) mice showed elevated fasting blood glucose levels compared to STD, which were partially normalized by eplerenone. LDLR-/-, LOX 1tg and LOLR mice had impaired endothelial function in thoracic aortas (Mulvany myograph) compared to C57BL/6J mice. HFD pronounced endothelial dysfunction in LOX-1tg and LOLR mice, which was improved by eplerenone. Reactive oxygen species can limit NO availability and were reduced in aorta and adipose tissues after eplerenone. Using a new method to evaluate flow-mediated dilation with a self-developed Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) device, we could show endothelial dysfunction in saphenous artery in vivo after HFD. This was not restored by eplerenone. In epididymal white adipose tissue of LOX-1tg mice, HFD increased CD206, CD11c, F4/80, leptin, NADPH oxidase (Nox) 1, 2 and 4 and TNF-α mRNA expression (real-time PCR). Eplerenone treatment had no significant impact on CD11c, F4/80 and IL-6 expression, but elevated anti-inflammatory IL-10. CD206, Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 expression was reduced by eplerenone in mice on HFD.
In conclusion, our data support beneficial effects of MR blockade by eplerenone on endothelial function, metabolic parameters, inflammation and oxidative stress in a proatherosclerotic mouse model overexpressing LOX-1 on HFD.
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Rodionov RN, Burdin DV, Todorov V, Brilloff S, Jarzebska N, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Hofmann A, Morawietz H, Demyanov AV, Maas R, Bode-Böger SM, Hugo CP, Hohenstein B, Weiss N. Abstract 373: Transgenic Overexpression of Alanine-glyoxylate Aminotransferase 2 Lowers Tissue Levels of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Improves Endothelial Function in Mouse Aortas. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, which has been proposed to play a direct role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. There are two enzymatic pathways for degradation of ADMA: hydrolysis to citrulline by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and transamination by alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) with formation of asymmetric dimethylguanidino valeric acid (ADGV). The first pathway is well characterized, whereas the physiological role of AGXT2 is still poorly understood. The goal of our study was to test the hypothesis that transgenic overexpression of AGXT2 would lead to lowering of systemic levels of ADMA and improved vasomotor function.
Methods and results:
We generated transgenic mice (TG) with ubiquitous overexpression of AGXT2 under control of the chicken beta actin (CAG) promoter. Ubiquitous overexpression of the transgene was confirmed by qPCR and Western Blot. TG animals had normal weight and no observed developmental abnormalities. Biochemical data were generated using HPLC-MS/MS. ADMA plasma levels in AGXT2 TG animals were decreased by 15% (p<0.05), whereas ADGV levels were 6 times higher in TG animals in comparison with wild-types (p<0.001). Lung and heart of TG animals exhibited 2 times lower tissue ADMA content in comparison with controls (p<0.05). Isolated aortic rings were used to estimate endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation in response to acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), respectively. Aortas from AGXT2 TG mice demonstrated an increase in maximal response to ACh (p<0.05). There was a similar relaxation in response to SNP in both groups.
Conclusions:
Our findings show that upregulation of AGXT2 results in lower ADMA levels and improved endothelial-dependent relaxation in vivo. AGXT2 thereby may be a therapeutic target for long-term reduction of systemic ADMA levels and improvement of vascular function in vivo. This is especially important, because all the efforts to develop ADMA-lowering interventions by means of upregulation of DDAH have not been successful so far. Our data suggest that AGXT2 might be a promising drug target for cardiovascular pathologies associated with elevated ADMA levels.
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Langbein H, Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Goettsch W, Morawietz H. Impact of high-fat diet and voluntary running on body weight and endothelial function in LDL receptor knockout mice. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2015; 18:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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80
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Brunssen C, Eickholt C, Langbein H, Langbein H, Brux M, Goettsch C, Goettsch W, Morawietz H. Abstract 226: Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Maintains Endothelial NO Release after Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase 4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase isoform NOX4 mainly produces H
2
O
2
. Previously we could show, that NOX4 is the major endothelial NOX isoform and constitutively active. Regulation of NOX4 and formation of reactive oxygen species is involved in NO release. The transcription factor NRF2 is a key mediator of cellular adaptation to redox stress. Therefore, regulation of NOX4 on the transcriptional level by NRF2 might be directly linked to NO release and endothelial function. Besides endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), a role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in endothelial NO and H
2
O
2
release has been proposed. In this study, endothelial cells (HUVEC) were constantly exposed to high laminar shear stress (24 h, 30 dyn/cm°). Application of shear stress stimulated NO formation and induced elongation of endothelial cells in the direction of flow. Lentiviral overexpression of NOX4 strongly increased H
2
O
2
release, while downregulation using shNOX4 decreased H
2
O
2
release. Furthermore, application of shear stress caused downregulation of NOX4 as well as upregulation of eNOS and antioxidative response via NRF2 and its target genes NQO-1 and HMOX-1. H
2
O
2
can increase NO release by eNOS. We could show that downregulation of NOX4 leads to upregulation of eNOS mRNA and protein expression accompanied by attenuation of NRF2 pathway under flow conditions. Determination of NO release confirmed these results. This supports a compensatory mechanism maintaining a stable NO release after NOX4 inhibition in response to flow. Attenuation of NRF2 by shNRF2 inhibited shear stress-dependent induction of NRF2 and its target genes. In addition, shNRF2 enhanced the shear stress-dependent downregulation of NOX4. Finally, we detected a stable mRNA and protein expression of nNOS in endothelial cells, unaffected by flow. Interestingly, downregulation of NOX4 as well as of NRF2 resulted in strong induction of nNOS expression.
In conclusion, our data suggest an important role of H
2
O
2
production by NADPH oxidase 4 in maintaining NO release and endothelial function in response to flow. Inactivation of NADPH oxidase 4 attenuates NRF2 pathway and increases neuronal nitric oxide synthase as compensatory mechanisms.
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Brunssen C, Rissler J, Langbein H, Hofmann A, Deussen A, Peitzsch M, Cimalla P, Koch E, Eisenhofer G, Morawietz H. Impact of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade on vascular function in atherosclerotic mouse models under high-fat diet. Atherosclerosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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82
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Giebe S, Brunssen C, Brux M, Cockcroft N, Hewitt K, Morawietz H. Local hemodynamic forces and aqueous cigarette smoke extract affect development of endothelial dysfunction. Atherosclerosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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83
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Giebe S, Brunssen C, Brux M, Cockcroft N, Hewitt K, Morawietz H. Abstract 660: Local Hemodynamic Forces and Aqueous Cigarette Smoke Extract Affect Development of Endothelial Dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is one of the first steps in the development of atherosclerosis. This proinflammatory phenotype is associated with decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide and a corresponding expression profile in the endothelial cells. Tobacco smoking promotes development of atherosclerotic plaques and local hemodynamic forces are key stimuli in this process. Low laminar flow is involved in the development of an unstable plaque phenotype, while high laminar flow has atheroprotective role. The molecular mechanisms controlling plaque stability in response to tobacco smoking remain largely unknown so far. Therefore, we exposed human endothelial cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSEaq) under disturbed flow conditions.
Primary human endothelial cells were stimulated with increasing dosages of CSEaq for 24h. Cell viability was reduced by CSEaq in a dose-dependent manner. The impact of specific flow conditions and different doses of CSEaq on the expression of atherosclerosis-related genes was investigated using a cone-and-plate viscometer. High laminar flow induced elongation of endothelial cells in the direction of flow, increased eNOS expression and NO release in a time-dependent manner. This increase was inhibited by CSEaq. Low laminar flow showed no effect on eNOS expression and NO release. The NRF2 antioxidative defense system was also induced by high laminar flow. NRF2 and NRF2 target genes HMOX1 and NQO1 were strongly activated by CSEaq. Furthermore, we monitored the expression of proinflammatory genes. CSEaq strongly induced adhesion molecule ICAM-1. Interestingly, VCAM-1 was unaffected by CSEaq. Induction of endothelial NADPH oxidase isoform 4 by CSEaq was prevented by high laminar flow. Catalase expression was not affected by flow and CSEaq, whereas CSEaq transiently increased SOD1 expression. Endothelial wound healing was improved by atheroprotective high laminar flow. Low flow did not affect wound healing. Furthermore, high laminar flow decreased adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, compared to low flow.
We suggest novel molecular mechanisms how tobacco smoking promotes the development of endothelial dysfunction. This can contribute to the formation of an unstable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype.
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Brunssen C, Rissler J, Langbein H, Hofmann A, Deussen A, Peitzsch M, Cimalla P, Koch E, Eisenhofer G, Morawietz H. Influence of a mineralocorticoid receptor blockade on vascular function in atherosclerotic mouse models under high-fat diet. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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85
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Roehlecke C, Schumann U, Ader M, Brunssen C, Bramke S, Morawietz H, Funk RHW. Stress reaction in outer segments of photoreceptors after blue light irradiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71570. [PMID: 24039718 PMCID: PMC3770596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is prone to oxidative stress from many factors which are also involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. In this study, we used the application of blue light as a physiological stress factor. The aim of this study was to identify the major source of intracellular ROS that mediates blue light-induced detrimental effects on cells which may lead to cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that outer segments are the major source of blue light induced ROS generation. In photoreceptors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) enzymes and the recently found respiratory chain complexes may represent a major source for reactive oxygen species (ROS), beside mitochondria and chromophores. Therefore, we investigated this hypothesis and analysed the exact localization of the ROS source in photoreceptors in an organotypic culture system for mouse retinas. Whole eyeball cultures were irradiated with visible blue light (405 nm) with an output power of 1 mW/cm2. Blue light impingement lead to an increase of ROS production (detected by H2DCFDA in live retinal explants), which was particularly strong in the photoreceptor outer segments. Nox-2 and Nox-4 proteins are sources of ROS in blue light irradiated photoreceptors; the Nox inhibitor apocynin decreased ROS stimulated by blue light. Concomitantly, enzyme SOD-1, a member of the antioxidant defense system, indicator molecules of protein oxidation (CML) and lipid oxidation (MDA and 4-HNE) were also increased in the outer segments. Interestingly, outer segments showed a mitochondrial-like membrane potential which was demonstrated using two dyes (JC-1 and TMRE) normally exclusively associated with mitochondria. As in mitochondria, these dyes indicated a decrease of the membrane potential in hypoxic states or cell stress situations. The present study demonstrates that ROS generation and oxidative stress occurs directly in the outer segments of photoreceptors after blue light irradiation.
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Korten S, Brunssen C, Poitz DM, Großklaus S, Brux M, Schnittler HJ, Strasser RH, Bornstein SR, Morawietz H, Goettsch W. Impact of Hey2 and COUP-TFII on genes involved in arteriovenous differentiation in primary human arterial and venous endothelial cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:362. [PMID: 23744056 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arteries and veins show marked differences in their anatomy, physiology and genetic expression pattern. In this study, we analyzed impact of overexpression or downregulation of arterial marker gene Hey2 and venous marker gene COUP-TFII in human venous and arterial endothelial cells on genes involved in arteriovenous differentiation. Lentiviral overexpression of venous marker gene COUP-TFII in arterial endothelial cells led to downregulation of NICD4, arterial marker gene Hey2 and EphrinB2. Downregulation of Hey2 could be mediated by direct binding of COUP-TFII to Hey2 promoter as shown by ChIP, EMSA and promoter analysis. Downregulation of Hey2 by shRNA causes downregulation of EphrinB2 expression. Overexpression of arterial marker Hey2 in venous endothelial cells did not change expression pattern of COUP-TFII. Downregulation of venous marker gene COUP-TFII in venous endothelial cells resulted in upregulation of VEGF-A, Dll4 and EphrinB2 expression. Our data support an important role of Hey2 and COUP-TFII in arteriovenous differentiation of human endothelial cells.
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Morawietz H, Goettsch W, Brux M, Reimann M, Bornstein SR, Julius U, Ziemssen T. Abstract 395: Lipoprotein Apheresis of Hypercholesterolemic Patients Mediates Vasoprotective Gene Expression in Human Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Lipoprotein apheresis is an efficient strategy to reduce the serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) levels and cardiovascular complications in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. The underlying molecular mechanisms are not well-understood. In this study, we analyzed the impact of lipoprotein apheresis on gene expression in human endothelial cells.
METHODS
Human endothelial cells were stimulated with serum of hypercholesterolemic patients before and after lipoprotein apheresis. The expression of endothelial lipoprotein receptors, nitric oxide (NO) synthase and adhesion molecules was quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot.
RESULTS
Lipoprotein apheresis reduced the expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in endothelial cells. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression remained unchanged. The mRNA expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was increased with serum of hypercholesterolemic patients after lipoprotein apheresis. In contrast, endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was reduced in response to serum after lipoprotein apheresis.
CONCLUSION
Lipoprotein apheresis reduced the expression of the proatherosclerotic oxLDL receptor LOX-1 and adhesion molecule VCAM-1 and increased the expression of vasoprotective and NO generating eNOS in human endothelial cells in response to serum of hypercholesterolemic patients. These novel molecular mechanisms may account for the antiatherosclerotic and vasoprotective potential of lipoprotein apheresis in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
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Lachmann P, Mayer S, Roeser M, Ishii S, Suh JM, Harlander S, Desch M, Brunßen C, Morawietz H, Tsai SY, Tsai M, Hohenstein B, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Renin gene expression is regulated by Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II (COUP‐TF II). FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1165.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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90
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Mayer S, Roeser M, Lachmann P, Ishii S, Suh JM, Harlander S, Desch M, Brunssen C, Morawietz H, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ, Hohenstein B, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II regulates renin gene expression. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24483-91. [PMID: 22645148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.329474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of the orphan nuclear receptor chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) in the regulation of renin gene expression. COUP-TFII colocalized with renin in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which are the main source of renin in vivo. Protein-DNA binding studies demonstrated that COUP-TFII binds to an imperfect direct repeat COUP-TFII recognition sequence (termed hereafter proxDR) in the proximal renin promoter. Because cAMP signaling plays a central role in the control of the renin gene expression, we suggested that COUP-TFII may modulate this cAMP effect. Accordingly, knockdown of COUP-TFII in the clonal renin-producing cell lines As4.1 and Calu-6 diminished the stimulation of the renin mRNA expression by cAMP agonists. In addition, the mutation of the proxDR element in renin promoter reporter gene constructs abrogated the inducibility by cAMP. The proxDR sequence was found to be necessary for the function of a proximal renin promoter cAMP-response element (CRE). Knockdown of COUP-TFII or cAMP-binding protein (CREB), which is the archetypal transcription factor binding to CRE, decreased the basal renin gene expression. However, the deficiency of COUP-TFII did not further diminish the renin expression when CREB was knocked down. In agreement with the cell culture studies, mutant mice deficient in COUP-TFII have lower renin expression than their control strain. Altogether our data show that COUP-TFII is involved in the control of renin gene expression.
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Brunssen C, Eickholt C, Langbein H, Brux M, Goettsch C, Goettsch W, Arsov A, Morawietz H. Abstract 480: Activation of NRF2/ARE Pathway Regulates Hydrogen Peroxide Releasing NADPH Oxidase NOX4 in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.32.suppl_1.a480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase isoform NOX4 produces mainly hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
). The transcription factor NRF2 is a key mediator of cellular adaptation to redox stress. Regulation of NOX4 and formation of H
2
O
2
might be directly linked to NO release. NOX4 is the major endothelial NOX isoform and considered to be constitutively active. Regulation of NOX4 on transcriptional level by NRF2 might be directly linked to NO release and endothelial function.
Endothelial cells (HUVEC) were constantly exposed to high laminar shear stress (24h, 30dyn/cm
2
). This stimulates NO formation and leads to elongation of the cells in the direction of the flow. Previously, we could show that NOX4 is the major endothelial NOX isoform and downregulated by shear stress. Here we show that shear stress induces antioxidative response via upregulation of NRF2 which affects NOX4 expression. We transduced HUVEC with lentiviral particles containing short hairpin RNA (sh) against NRF2 and NOX4. Lentiviral downregulation of NOX4 using shNOX4 inhibited the shear stress-dependent elongation of cell shape in response to flow. Application of shear stress caused downregulation of NOX4 and upregulation of NRF2 and its target genes NQO-1 and HO-1. Attenuation of NRF2 by shNRF2 inhibited shear stress-dependent induction of NRF2 and its target genes. In addition, shNRF2 enhanced the shear stress-dependent downregulation of NOX4. Finally, we could show that downregulation of NOX4 is involved in the upregulation of eNOS and expression of NRF2 in response to flow. Nox4 overexpression had no effect on these processes. In conclusion, our data suggest a link between NOX4, NRF2-mediated antioxidative response and endothelial function.
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Leuner A, Poitz DM, Augustin R, Neubauer H, Brunssen C, Ravens U, Strasser RH, Morawietz H. Abstract 183: Oxidized LDL Cholesterol Induces Endothelial Dysfunction in the Aorta and Lox-1 Expression in Macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.32.suppl_1.a183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma cholesterol is one of the major risk factors in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidation of native LDL cholesterol (nLDL) by reactive oxygen species leads to the formation of oxidized LDL (oxLDL). An important receptor for the cellular uptake of oxLDL is the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (Lox-1). Lox-1 is highly expressed on macrophages, but also present on arterial endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Especially the uptake by macrophages leads to the formation of foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions.
Aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of oxLDL on endothelial function in murine aortas and on Lox-1 expression in human macrophages. In addition, we analyzed the effect of a high-fat diet on vascular function in mice with an endothelial Lox-1 overexpression. First, we incubated aortic rings of wild-type mice for 2 h with 100 μg/mL oxLDL and analyzed the endothelial function using a Mulvany myograph. Compared to basal conditions, oxLDL significantly impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Next, we fed mice with an endothelial overexpression of Lox-1 for 20 weeks a high-fat diet and analyzed the endothelial function in the thoracic aorta. Interestingly, these mice had no impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation after high-fat diet feeding. To get further insight into Lox-1 regulation by oxLDL, we analyzed the impact of oxLDL on Lox-1 expression in human macrophages. Monocytic THP-1 cells were differentiated with phorbol myristate acetate into macrophages and stimulated for 24 h with nLDL or oxLDL. We found a significant induction of Lox-1 mRNA expression after oxLDL incubation, whereas nLDL had no effect. Our data suggest an increased oxLDL uptake in oxLDL-treated macrophages by increased Lox-1 receptor expression.
In conclusion, our data support an important role of oxLDL as a proatherosclerotic risk factor by its ability to induce endothelial dysfunction and Lox-1 expression in macrophages. Both processes may be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions but the physiological significance and functional role of Lox-1 in contributing to the human disease warrants further investigations.
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Nanka O, Krejci E, Pesevski Z, Sedmera D, Smart N, Rossdeutsch A, Dube KN, Riegler J, Price AN, Taylor A, Muthurangu V, Turner M, Lythgoe MF, Riley PR, Kryvorot S, Vladimirskaya T, Shved I, Schwarzl M, Seiler S, Huber S, Steendijk P, Maechler H, Truschnig-Wilders M, Pieske B, Post H, Caprio C, Baldini A, Chiavacci E, Dolfi L, Verduci L, Meghini F, Cremisi F, Pitto L, Kuan TC, Chen MC, Yang TH, Wu WT, Lin CS, Rai H, Kumar S, Sharma AK, Mastana S, Kapoor A, Pandey CM, Agrawal S, Sinha N, Orlowska-Baranowska EH, Placha G, Gora J, Baranowski R, Abramczuk E, Hryniewiecki T, Gaciong Z, Verschuren JJW, Wessels JAM, Trompet S, Stott DJ, Sattar N, Buckley B, Guchelaar HJ, Jukema JW, Gharanei M, Hussain A, Mee CJ, Maddock HL, Wijnen WJ, Van Den Oever S, Van Der Made I, Hiller M, Tijsen AJ, Pinto YM, Creemers EE, Nikulina SUY, Chernova A, Petry A, Rzymski T, Kracun D, Riess F, Pike L, Harris AL, Gorlach A, Katare R, Oikawa A, Riu F, Beltrami AP, Cesseli D, Emanueli C, Madeddu P, Zaglia T, Milan G, Franzoso M, Pesce P, Sarais C, Sandri M, Mongillo M, Butler TJ, Seymour AML, Ashford D, Jaffre F, Bussen M, Ferrara N, Koch WJ, Leosco D, Akhmedov A, Klingenberg R, Brokopp C, Hof D, Zoller S, Corti R, Gay S, Flohrschutz I, Von Eckardstein A, Hoerstrup SP, Luescher TF, Heijman J, Zaza A, Johnson DM, Rudy Y, Peeters RLM, Volders PGA, Westra RL, Martin GR, Morais CAS, Oliveira SHV, Brandao FC, Gomes IF, Lima LM, Fujita S, Okamoto R, Taniguchi M, Konishi K, Goto I, Engelhardt S, Sugimoto K, Nakamura M, Shiraki K, Buechler C, Ito M, Kararigas G, Nguyen BT, Jarry H, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Van Bilsen M, Daniels A, Munts C, Janssen BJA, Van Der Vusse GJ, Van Nieuwenhoven FA, Montalvo C, Villar AV, Merino D, Garcia R, Llano M, Ares M, Hurle MA, Nistal JF, Dembinska-Kiec A, Beata Kiec-Wilk BKW, Anna Polus AP, Urszula Czech UC, Tatiana Konovaleva TK, Gerd Schmitz GS, Bertrand L, Balteau M, Timmermans A, Viollet B, Sakamoto K, Feron O, Horman S, Vanoverschelde JL, Beauloye C, De Meester C, Martinez E, Martin R, Miana M, Jurado R, Gomez-Hurtado N, Bartolome MV, San Roman JA, Lahera V, Nieto ML, Cachofeiro V, Rochais F, Sturny R, Mesbah K, Miquerol L, Kelly RG, Messaoudi S, Gravez B, Tarjus A, Pelloux V, Samuel JL, Delcayre C, Launay JM, Clement K, Farman N, Jaisser F, Hadyanto L, Castellani C, Vescovo G, Ravara B, Tavano R, Pozzobon M, De Coppi P, Papini E, Vettor R, Thiene G, Angelini A, Meloni M, Caporali A, Cesselli D, Fortunato O, Avolio E, Madeddu P, Beltrami AP, Emanueli C, Schindler R, Simrick S, Brand T, Dube KN, Riley PR, Smart NS, Oikawa A, Katare R, Herman A, Emanueli C, Madeddu P, Roura Ferrer S, Rodriguez Bago J, Soler-Botija C, Pujal JM, Galvez-Monton C, Prat-Vidal C, Llucia-Valldeperas A, Blanco J, Bayes-Genis A, Foldes G, Maxime M, Ali NN, Schneider MD, Harding SE, Reni C, Mangialardi G, Caporali A, Meloni M, Emanueli C, Madeddu P, De Pauw A, Sekkali B, Friart A, Ding H, Graffeuil A, Catalucci D, Balligand JL, Azibani F, Tournoux F, Schlossarek S, Polidano E, Fazal L, Merval R, Carrier L, Chatziantoniou C, Samuel JL, Delcayre C, Buyandelger B, Linke W, Zou P, Kostin S, Ku C, Felkin L, Birks E, Barton P, Sattler M, Knoell R, Schroder K, Benkhoff S, Shimokawa H, Grisk O, Brandes RP, Parepa IR, Mazilu L, Suceveanu AI, Suceveanu A, Rusali L, Cojocaru L, Matei L, Toringhibel M, Craiu E, Pires AL, Pinho M, Pinho S, Sena C, Seica R, Leite-Moreira A, Zaglia T, Milan G, Franzoso M, Dabroi F, Pesce P, Schiaffino S, Sandri M, Mongillo M, Kiseleva E, Krukov N, Nikitin O, Ardatova L, Mourouzis I, Pantos C, Kokkinos AD, Cokkinos DV, Scoditti E, Massaro M, Carluccio MA, Pellegrino M, Calabriso N, Gastaldelli A, Storelli C, De Caterina R, Lindner D, Zietsch C, Schultheiss HP, Tschope C, Westermann D, Everaert BR, Nijenhuis VJ, Reith FCM, Hoymans VY, Timmermans JP, Vrints CJ, Simova I, Mateev H, Katova T, Haralanov L, Dimitrov N, Mironov N, Golitsyn SP, Sokolov SF, Yuricheva YUA, Maikov EB, Shlevkov NB, Rosenstraukh LV, Chazov EI, Radosinska J, Knezl V, Benova T, Slezak J, Urban L, Tribulova N, Virag L, Kristof A, Kohajda ZS, Szel T, Husti Z, Baczko I, Jost N, Varro A, Sarusi A, Farkas AS, Orosz SZ, Forster T, Varro A, Farkas A, Zakhrabova-Zwiauer OM, Hardziyenka M, Nieuwland R, Tan HL, Raaijmakers AJA, Bourgonje VJA, Kok GJM, Van Veen AAB, Anderson ME, Vos MA, Bierhuizen MFA, Benes J, Sebestova B, Sedmera D, Ghouri IA, Kemi OJ, Kelly A, Burton FL, Smith GL, Bourgonje VJA, Vos MA, Ozdemir S, Acsai K, Doisne N, Van Der Nagel R, Beekman HDM, Van Veen TAB, Sipido KR, Antoons G, Harmer SC, Mohal JS, Kemp D, Tinker A, Beech D, Burley DS, Cox CD, Wann KT, Baxter GF, Wilders R, Verkerk A, Fragkiadaki P, Germanakis G, Tsarouchas K, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsardi M, George D, Tsatsakis A, Rodrigues P, Barros C, Najmi AK, Khan V, Akhtar M, Pillai KK, Mujeeb M, Aqil M, Bayliss CR, Messer AE, Leung MC, Ward D, Van Der Velden J, Poggesi C, Redwood CS, Marston S, Vite A, Gandjbakhch E, Gary F, Fressart V, Leprince P, Fontaine G, Komajda M, Charron P, Villard E, Falcao-Pires I, Gavina C, Hamdani N, Van Der Velden J, Stienen GJM, Niessens HWM, Leite-Moreira AF, Paulus WJ, Messer AE, Marston S, Memo M, Leung MC, Bayliss CR, Memo M, Messer AE, Marston SB, Vafiadaki E, Qian J, Arvanitis DA, Sanoudou D, Kranias EG, Elmstedt N, Lind B, Ferm-Widlund K, Westgren M, Brodin LA, Mansfield C, West T, Ferenczi M, Wijnker PJM, Foster DB, Coulter A, Frazier A, Murphy AM, Stienen GJM, Van Der Velden J, Shah M, Sikkel MB, Desplantez T, Collins TP, O' Gara P, Harding SE, Lyon AR, Macleod KT, Ottesen AH, Louch WE, Carlson C, Landsverk OJB, Stridsberg M, Sjaastad I, Oie E, Omland T, Christensen G, Rosjo H, Cartledge J, Clark LA, Ibrahim M, Siedlecka U, Navaratnarajah M, Yacoub MH, Camelliti P, Terracciano CM, Chester A, Gonzalez-Tendero A, Torre I, Garcia-Garcia F, Dopazo J, Gratacos E, Taylor D, Bhandari S, Seymour AM, Fliegner D, Jost J, Bugger H, Ventura-Clapier R, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Carpi A, Campesan M, Canton M, Menabo R, Pelicci PG, Giorgio M, Di Lisa F, Hancock M, Venturini A, Al-Shanti N, Stewart C, Ascione R, Angelini G, Suleiman MS, Kravchuk E, Grineva E, Galagudza M, Kostareva A, Bairamov A, Krychtiuk KA, Watzke L, Kaun C, Demyanets S, Pisoni J, Kastl SP, Huber K, Maurer G, Wojta J, Speidl WS, Varga ZV, Farago N, Zvara A, Kocsis GF, Pipicz M, Csonka C, Csont T, Puskas GL, Ferdinandy P, Klevstigova M, Silhavy J, Manakov D, Papousek F, Novotny J, Pravenec M, Kolar F, Novakova O, Novak F, Neckar J, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Didangelos A, Yin X, Fernandez-Caggiano M, Drozdov I, Willeit P, Domenech N, Mayr M, Lemoine S, Allouche S, Coulbault L, Galera P, Gerard JL, Hanouz JL, Suveren E, Whiteman M, Baxter GF, Studneva IM, Pisarenko O, Shulzhenko V, Serebryakova L, Tskitishvili O, Timoshin A, Fauconnier J, Meli AC, Thireau J, Roberge S, Lompre AM, Jacotot E, Marks AM, Lacampagne A, Dietel B, Altendorf R, Daniel WG, Kollmar R, Garlichs CD, Verduci L, Parente V, Balasso S, Pompilio G, Colombo G, Milano G, Squadroni L, Cotelli F, Pozzoli O, Capogrossi MC, Ajiro Y, Saegusa N, Iwade K, Giles WR, Stafforini DM, Spitzer KW, Sirohi R, Candilio L, Babu G, Roberts N, Lawrence D, Sheikh A, Kolvekar S, Yap J, Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM, Aslam M, Rohrbach S, Schlueter KD, Piper HM, Noll T, Guenduez D, Malinova L, Ryabukho VP, Lyakin DV, Denisova TP, Montoro-Garcia S, Shantsila E, Lip GYH, Kalaska B, Sokolowska E, Kaminski K, Szczubialka K, Kramkowski K, Mogielnicki A, Nowakowska M, Buczko W, Stancheva N, Mekenyan E, Gospodinov K, Tisheva S, Darago A, Rutkai I, Kalasz J, Czikora A, Orosz P, Bjornson HD, Edes I, Papp Z, Toth A, Riches K, Warburton P, O'regan DJ, Ball SG, Turner NA, Wood IC, Porter KE, Kogaki S, Ishida H, Nawa N, Takahashi K, Baden H, Ichimori H, Uchikawa T, Mihara S, Miura K, Ozono K, Lugano R, Padro T, Garcia-Arguinzonis M, Badimon L, Yin X, Ferraro F, Viner R, Ho J, Cutler D, Mayr M, Matchkov V, Aalkjaer C, Mangialardi G, Katare R, Oikawa A, Madeddu P, Krijnen PAJ, Hahn NE, Kholova I, Sipkens JA, Van Alphen FP, Simsek S, Schalkwijk CG, Van Buul JD, Van Hinsbergh VWM, Niessen HWM, Simova I, Katova T, Haralanov L, Caro CG, Seneviratne A, Monaco C, Hou D, Singh J, Gilson P, Burke MG, Heraty KB, Krams R, Coppola G, Albrecht K, Schgoer W, Wiedemann D, Bonaros N, Steger C, Theurl M, Stanzl U, Kirchmair R, Amadesi S, Fortunato O, Reni C, Katare R, Meloni M, Ascione R, Spinetti G, Cangiano E, Valgimigli M, Madeddu P, Caporali A, Meloni M, Miller AM, Cardinali A, Vierlinger K, Fortunato O, Spinetti G, Madeddu P, Emanueli C, Pagano G, Liccardo D, Zincarelli C, Femminella GD, Lymperopoulos A, De Lucia C, Koch WJ, Leosco D, Rengo G, Hinkel R, Husada W, Trenkwalder T, Di Q, Lee S, Petersen B, Bock-Marquette I, Niemann H, Di Maio M, Kupatt C, Nourian M, Yassin Z, Kelishadi R, Nourian M, Kelishadi R, Yassin Z, Memarian SH, Heidari A, Leuner A, Poitz DM, Brunssen C, Ravens U, Strasser RH, Morawietz H, Vogt F, Grahl A, Flege C, Marx N, Borinski M, De Geest B, Jacobs F, Muthuramu I, Gordts SC, Van Craeyveld E, Herijgers P, Weinert S, Poitz DM, Medunjanin S, Herold J, Schmeisser A, Strasser RH, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Wagner AH, Moeller K, Adolph O, Schwarz M, Schwale C, Bruehl C, Nobiling R, Wieland T, Schneider SW, Hecker M, Cross A, Strom A, Cole J, Goddard M, Hultgardh-Nilsson A, Nilsson J, Mauri C, Monaco C, Mitkovskaya NP, Kurak TA, Oganova EG, Shkrebneva EI, Kot ZHN, Statkevich TV, Molica F, Burger F, Matter CM, Thomas A, Staub C, Zimmer A, Cravatt B, Pacher P, Steffens S, Blanco R, Sarmiento R, Parisi C, Fandino S, Blanco F, Gigena G, Szarfer J, Rodriguez A, Garcia Escudero A, Riccitelli MA, Wantha S, Simsekyilmaz S, Megens RT, Van Zandvoort MA, Liehn E, Zernecke A, Klee D, Weber C, Soehnlein O, Lima LM, Carvalho MG, Gomes KB, Santos IR, Sousa MO, Morais CAS, Oliveira SHV, Gomes IF, Brandao FC, Lamego MRA, Lima LM, Fornai L, Angelini A, Kiss A, Giskes F, Eijkel G, Fedrigo M, Valente ML, Thiene G, Heeren RMA, Grdinic A, Vojvodic D, Djukanovic N, Grdinic AG, Obradovic S, Majstorovic I, Rusovic S, Vucinic Z, Tavciovski D, Ostojic M, Lin CS, Kuan TC, Lai SC, Chen MY, Wu HT, Gouweleeuw L, Oberdorf-Maass SU, De Boer RA, Van Gilst WH, Maass AH, Van Gelder IC, Azibani F, Benard L, Schlossarek S, Merval R, Tournoux F, Launay JM, Carrier L, Chatziantoniou C, Samuel JL, Delcayre C, Li C, Warren D, Shanahan CM, Zhang QP, Bye A, Vettukattil R, Aspenes ST, Giskeodegaard G, Gribbestad IS, Wisloff U, Bathen TF, Cubedo J, Padro T, Alonso R, Mata P, Badimon L, Ivic I, Vamos Z, Cseplo P, Kosa D, Torok O, Hamar J, Koller A, Norita K, De Noronha SV, Sheppard MN, Torre I, Amat-Roldan I, Iruretagoiena I, Psilodimitrakopoulos S, Gonzalez-Tendero A, Crispi F, Artigas D, Loza-Alvarez P, Gratacos E, Harrison JC, Smart SD, Besely EH, Kelly JR, Yao Y, Sammut IA, Hoepfner M, Kuzyniak W, Sekhosana E, Hoffmann B, Litwinski C, Pries A, Ermilov E, Fontoura D, Lourenco AP, Vasques-Novoa F, Pinto JP, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Leite-Moreira AF, Oyeyipo IP, Olatunji LA, Usman TO, Olatunji VA, Bacova B, Radosinska J, Viczenczova C, Knezl V, Dosenko V, Benova T, Goncalvesova E, Vanrooyen J, Tribulova N, Maulik SK, Seth S, Dinda AK, Jaiswal A, Mearini G, Khajetoorians D, Kraemer E, Gedicke-Hornung C, Precigout G, Eschenhagen T, Voit T, Garcia L, Lorain S, Carrier L, Mendes-Ferreira P, Maia-Rocha C, Adao R, Lourenco AP, Cerqueira RJ, Mendes MJ, Castro-Chaves P, De Keulenaer GW, Leite-Moreira AF, Bras-Silva C, Ruiter G, Wong YY, Lubberink M, Knaapen P, Raijmakers P, Lammertsma AA, Marcus JT, Westerhof N, Van Der Laarse WJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Poitz DM, Steinbronn N, Koch E, Steiner G, Strasser RH, Berezin A, Lisovaya OA, Soldatova AM, Kuznetcov VA, Yenina TN, Rychkov AYU, Shebeko PV, Altara R, Hessel MHM, Hermans JJR, Janssen BJA, Blankesteijn WM, Soldatova AM, Kuznetcov VA, Yenina TN, Rychkov AYU, Shebeko PV, Berezin A, Berezina TA, Seden V, Bonanad C, Nunez J, Navarro D, Chilet MF, Sanchis F, Bodi V, Minana G, Chaustre F, Forteza MJ, Llacer A, Femminella GD, Rengo G, Galasso G, Zincarelli C, Liccardo D, Pagano G, De Lucia C. Poster session 3. Cardiovasc Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Perez-Pomares JM, Ruiz-Villalba A, Ziogas A, Segovia JC, Ehrbar M, Munoz-Chapuli R, De La Rosa A, Dominguez JN, Hove-Madsen L, Sankova B, Sedmera D, Franco D, Aranega Jimenez A, Babaeva G, Chizh N, Galchenko S, Sandomirsky B, Schwarzl M, Seiler S, Steendijk P, Huber S, Maechler H, Truschnig-Wilders M, Pieske B, Post H, Simrick S, Kreutzer R, Rao C, Terracciano CM, Kirchhof P, Fabritz L, Brand T, Theveniau-Ruissy M, Parisot P, Francou A, Saint-Michel E, Mesbah K, Kelly RG, Wu HT, Sie SS, Chen CY, Kuan TC, Lin CS, Ismailoglu Z, Guven M, Yakici A, Ata Y, Ozcan S, Yildirim E, Ongen Z, Miroshnikova V, Demina E, Rodygina T, Kurjanov P, Denisenko A, Schwarzman A, Rubanenko A, Shchukin Y, Germanov A, Goldbergova M, Parenica J, Lipkova J, Pavek N, Kala P, Poloczek M, Vasku A, Parenicova I, Spinar J, Gambacciani C, Chiavacci E, Evangelista M, Vesentini N, Kusmic C, Pitto L, Chernova A, Nikulina SUY, Arvanitis DA, Mourouzis I, Pantos C, Kranias EG, Cokkinos DV, Sanoudou D, Vladimirskaya TE, Shved IA, Kryvorot SG, Schirmer IM, Appukuttan A, Pott L, Jaquet K, Ladilov Y, Archer CR, Bootman MD, Roderick HL, Fusco A, Sorriento D, Santulli G, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Hagenmueller M, Riffel J, Gatzoulis MA, Stoupel EG, Garcia R, Merino D, Montalvo C, Hurle MA, Nistal JF, Villar AV, Perez-Moreno A, Gilabert R, Bernhold E, Ros E, Amat-Roldan I, Katus HA, Hardt SE, Maqsood A, Zi M, Prehar S, Neyses L, Ray S, Oceandy D, Khatami N, Wadowski P, Wagh V, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A, Mohl W, Chaudhry B, Burns D, Henderson DJ, Bax NAM, Van Marion MH, Shah B, Goumans MJ, Bouten CVC, Van Der Schaft DWJ, Bax NAM, Van Oorschot AAM, Maas S, Braun J, Van Tuyn J, De Vries AAF, Gittenberger-De Groot AC, Goumans MJ, Bageghni S, Drinkhill MJ, Batten TFC, Ainscough JFX, Onate B, Vilahur G, Ferrer-Lorente R, Ybarra J, Diez-Caballero A, Ballesta-Lopez C, Moscatiello F, Herrero J, Badimon L, Martin-Rendon E, Clifford DM, Fisher SA, Brusnkill SJ, Doree C, Mathur A, Clarke M, Watt SM, Hernandez-Vera R, Badimon L, Kavanagh D, Yemm AI, Frampton J, Kalia N, Terajima Y, Shimizu T, Tsuruyama S, Ishii H, Sekine H, Hagiwara N, Okano T, Vrijsen KR, Chamuleau SAJ, Sluijter JPG, Doevendans PFM, Madonna R, Delli Pizzi S, Di Donato L, Mariotti A, Di Carlo L, D'ugo E, Teberino MA, Merla A, T A, De Caterina R, Kolker L, Ali NN, Maclellan K, Moore M, Wheeler J, Harding SE, Fleck RA, Rowlinson JM, Kraenkel N, Ascione R, Madeddu P, O'sullivan JF, Leblond AL, Kelly G, Kumar AHS, Metharom P, Buneker CK, Alizadeh-Vikali N, Hynes BG, O'connor R, Caplice NM, Noseda M, De Smith AJ, Leja T, Rao PH, Al-Beidh F, Abreu Pavia MS, Blakemore AI, Schneider MD, Stathopoulou K, Cuello F, Ehler E, Haworth RS, Avkiran M, Morawietz H, Eickholt C, Langbein H, Brux M, Goettsch C, Goettsch W, Arsov A, Brunssen C, Mazilu L, Parepa IR, Suceveanu AI, Suceveanu AP, De Man FS, Guignabert C, Tu L, Handoko ML, Schalij I, Fadel E, Postmus PE, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Humbert M, Eddahibi S, Sorriento D, Santulli G, Del Giudice C, Anastasio A, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Fazal L, Azibani F, Bihry N, Merval R, Polidano E, Samuel JL, Delcayre C, Zhang Y, Mi YM, Ren LL, Cheng YP, Guo R, Liu Y, Jiang YN, Mourouzis I, Pantos C, Kokkinos AD, Cokkinos DV, Tretjakovs P, Jurka A, Bormane I, Mikelsone I, Reihmane D, Elksne K, Krievina G, Verbovenko J, Bahs G, Lopez-Andres N, Rousseau A, Calvier L, Akhtar R, Labat C, Cruickshank K, Diez J, Zannad F, Lacolley P, Rossignol P, Hamesch K, Subramanian P, Li X, Thiemann A, Heyll K, Dembowsky K, Chevalier E, Weber C, Schober A, Yang L, Kim G, Gardner B, Earley J, Hofmann-Bowman M, Cheng CF, Lian WS, Lin H, Jinjolia NJ, Abuladze GA, Tvalchrelidze SHT, Khamnagadaev I, Shkolnikova M, Kokov L, Miklashevich I, Drozdov I, Ilyich I, Bingen BO, Askar SFA, Ypey DL, Van Der Laarse A, Schalij MJ, Pijnappels DA, Roney CH, Ng FS, Chowdhury RA, Chang ETY, Patel PM, Lyon AR, Siggers JH, Peters NS, Obergrussberger A, Stoelzle S, Bruggemann A, Haarmann C, George M, Fertig N, Moreira D, Souza A, Valente P, Kornej J, Reihardt C, Kosiuk J, Arya A, Hindricks G, Adams V, Husser D, Bollmann A, Camelliti P, Dudhia J, Dias P, Cartledge J, Connolly DJ, Terracciano CM, Nobles M, Sebastian S, Tinker A, Opel A, Tinker A, Daimi H, Haj Khelil A, Be Chibani J, Barana A, Amoros I, Gonzalez De La Fuente M, Caballero R, Aranega A, Franco D, Kelly A, Bernus O, Kemi OJ, Myles RC, Ghouri IA, Burton FL, Smith GL, Del Lungo M, Sartiani L, Spinelli V, Baruscotti M, Difrancesco D, Mugelli A, Cerbai E, Thomas AM, Aziz Q, Khambra T, Tinker A, Addlestone JMA, Cartwright EJ, Wilkinson R, Song W, Marston S, Jacquet A, Mougenot NM, Lipskaia AJ, Paalberends ER, Stam K, Van Dijk SJ, Van Slegtenhorst M, Dos Remedios C, Ten Cate FJ, Michels M, Niessen HWM, Stienen GJM, Van Der Velden J, Read MI, Andreianova AA, Harrison JC, Goulton CS, Kerr DS, Sammut IA, Schwarzl M, Seiler S, Wallner M, Huber S, Steendijk P, Maechler H, Truschnig-Wilders M, Von Lewinski D, Pieske B, Post H, Kindsvater D, Saes M, Morano I, Muegge A, Jaquet K, Buyandelger B, Kostin S, Gunkel S, Vouffo J, Ng K, Chen J, Eilers M, Isaacson R, Milting H, Knoell R, Cattin ME, Crocini C, Schlossarek S, Maron S, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T, Carrier L, Bonne G, Coppini R, Ferrantini C, Olivotto I, Del Lungo M, Belardinelli L, Poggesi C, Mugelli A, Cerbai E, Leung MC, Messer AE, Copeland O, Marston SB, Mills AM, Collins T, O'gara P, Thum T, Regalla K, Lyon AR, Macleod KT, Harding SE, Rao C, Prodromakis T, Chaudhry U, Darzi A, Yacoub MH, Athanasiou T, Terracciano CM, Bogdanova A, Makhro A, Hoydal M, Stolen TO, Johnssen AB, Alves M, Catalucci D, Condorelli G, Koch LG, Britton SL, Smith GL, Wisloff U, Bito V, Claus P, Vermeulen K, Huysmans C, Ventura-Clapier R, Sipido KR, Seliuk MN, Burlaka AP, Sidorik EP, Khaitovych NV, Kozachok MM, Potaskalova VS, Driesen RB, Galan DT, Vermeulen K, Claus P, Sipido KR, De Paulis D, Arnoux T, Schaller S, Pruss RM, Poitz DM, Augstein A, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Schmeisser A, Strasser RH, Micova P, Balkova P, Hlavackova M, Zurmanova J, Kasparova D, Kolar F, Neckar J, Novak F, Novakova O, Pollard S, Babba M, Hussain A, James R, Maddock H, Alshehri AS, Baxter GF, Dietel B, Altendorf R, Daniel WG, Kollmar R, Garlichs CD, Sirohi R, Roberts N, Lawrence D, Sheikh A, Kolvekar S, Yap J, Arend M, Walkinshaw G, Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM, Posa A, Szabo R, Szalai Z, Szablics P, Berko MA, Orban K, Murlasits ZS, Balogh L, Varga C, Ku HC, Su MJ, Chreih RM, Ginghina C, Deleanu D, Ferreira ALBJ, Belal A, Ali MA, Fan X, Holt A, Campbell R, Schulz R, Bonanad C, Bodi V, Sanchis J, Morales JM, Marrachelli V, Nunez J, Forteza MJ, Chaustre F, Gomez C, Chorro FJ, Csont T, Fekete V, Murlasits Z, Aypar E, Bencsik P, Sarkozy M, Varga ZV, Ferdinandy P, Duerr GD, Zoerlein M, Dewald D, Mesenholl B, Schneider P, Ghanem A, Rittling S, Welz A, Dewald O, Duerr GD, Dewald D, Becker E, Peigney C, Ghanem A, Welz A, Dewald O, Bouleti C, Galaup A, Monnot C, Ghaleh B, Germain S, Timmermans A, Ginion A, De Meester C, Sakamoto K, Vanoverschelde JL, Horman S, Beauloye C, Bertrand L, Maroz-Vadalazhskaya N, Drozd E, Kukharenko L, Russkich I, Krachak D, Seljun Y, Ostrovski Y, Martin AC, Le Bonniec B, Lecompte T, Dizier B, Emmerich J, Fischer AM, Samama CM, Godier A, Mogensen S, Furchtbauer EM, Aalkjaer C, Choong WL, Jovanovic A, Khan F, Daniel JM, Dutzmann JM, Widmer-Teske R, Guenduez D, Sedding D, Castro MM, Cena JJC, Cho WJC, Goobie GG, Walsh MPW, Schulz RS, Daniel JM, Dutzmann J, Widmer-Teske R, Preissner KT, Sedding D, Aziz Q, Khambra T, Sones W, Thomas AM, Kotlikoff M, Tinker A, Serizawa K, Yogo K, Aizawa K, Hirata M, Tashiro Y, Ishizuka N, Varela A, Katsiboulas M, Tousoulis D, Papaioannou TG, Vaina S, Davos CH, Piperi C, Stefanadis C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG, Hermenegildo C, Lazaro-Franco M, Sobrino A, Bueno-Beti C, Martinez-Gil N, Walther T, Peiro C, Sanchez-Ferrer CF, Novella S, Ciccarelli M, Franco A, Sorriento D, Del Giudice C, Dorn GW, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Cseplo P, Torok O, Springo ZS, Vamos Z, Kosa D, Hamar J, Koller A, Bubb KJ, Ahluwalia A, Stepien EL, Gruca A, Grzybowska J, Goralska J, Dembinska-Kiec A, Stepien EL, Stolinski J, Grzybowska J, Goralska J, Partyka L, Gruca A, Dembinska-Kiec A, Zhang H, Sweeney D, Thomas GN, Fish PV, Taggart DP, Watt SM, Martin-Rendon E, Cioffi S, Bilio M, Martucciello S, Illingworth E, Caporali A, Shantikumar S, Marchetti M, Martelli F, Emanueli C, Marchetti M, Meloni M, Caporali A, Al Haj Zen A, Sala-Newby G, Emanueli C, Del Turco S, Saponaro C, Dario B, Sartini S, Menciassi A, Dario P, La Motta C, Basta G, Santiemma V, Bertone C, Rossi F, Michelon E, Bianco MJ, Castelli A, Shin DI, Seung KB, Seo SM, Park HJ, Kim PJ, Baek SH, Shin DI, Seung KB, Seo SM, Park HJ, Choi YS, Her SH, Kim DB, Kim PJ, Lee JM, Park CS, Rocchiccioli S, Cecchettini A, Pelosi G, Kusmic C, Citti L, Parodi O, Trivella MG, Michel-Monigadon D, Burger F, Dunoyer-Geindre S, Pelli G, Cravatt B, Steffens S, Didangelos A, Mayr U, Yin X, Stegemann C, Shalhoub J, Davies AH, Monaco C, Mayr M, Lypovetska S, Grytsenko S, Njerve IU, Pettersen AA, Opstad TB, Bratseth V, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Dumitriu IE, Baruah P, Antunes RF, Kaski JC, Forteza MJ, Bodi V, Trapero I, Benet I, Alguero C, Chaustre FJ, Gomez C, Sanchis J, Chorro FJ, Mangold A, Puthenkalam S, Distelmaier K, Adlbrecht C, Preissner KT, Lang IM, Koizumi T, Inoue I, Komiyama N, Nishimura S, Korneeva ON, Drapkina OM, Fornai L, Angelini A, Kiss A, Giskes F, Eijkel G, Fedrigo M, Valente ML, Thiene G, Heeren RMA, Vilahur G, Padro T, Casani L, Suades R, Badimon L, Bertoni B, Carminati R, Carlini V, Pettinari L, Martinelli C, Gagliano N, Noppe G, Buchlin P, Marquet N, Baeyens N, Morel N, Vanoverschelde JL, Bertrand L, Beauloye C, Horman S, Baysa A, Sagave J, Dahl CP, Gullestad L, Carpi A, Di Lisa F, Giorgio M, Vaage J, Valen G, Vafiadaki E, Papalouka V, Arvanitis DA, Terzis G, Spengos K, Kranias EG, Manta P, Sanoudou D, Gales C, Genet G, Dague E, Cazorla O, Payre B, Mias C, Ouille A, Lacampagne A, Pathak A, Senard JM, Abonnenc M, Da Costa Martins P, Srivastava S, Didangelos A, Yin X, Gautel M, De Windt L, Mayr M, Comelli L, Rocchiccioli S, Lande C, Ucciferri N, Trivella MG, Citti L, Cecchettini A, Ikonen L, Vuorenpaa H, Kujala K, Sarkanen JR, Heinonen T, Ylikomi T, Aalto-Setala K, Capros H, Sprincean N, Usurelu N, Egorov V, Stratu N, Matchkov V, Bouzinova E, Moeller-Nielsen N, Wiborg O, Aalkjaer C, Gutierrez PS, Aparecida-Silva R, Borges LF, Moreira LFP, Dias RR, Kalil J, Stolf NAG, Zhou W, Suntharalingam K, Brand N, Vilar Compte R, Ying L, Bicknell K, Dannoura A, Dash P, Brooks G, Tsimafeyeu I, Tishova Y, Wynn N, Oyeyipo IP, Olatunji LA, Maegdefessel L, Azuma J, Toh R, Raaz U, Merk DR, Deng A, Spin JM, Tsao PS, Lande C, Cecchettini A, Tedeschi L, Taranta M, Naldi I, Citti L, Trivella MG, Grimaldi S, Cinti C, Bousquenaud M, Maskali F, Poussier S, Marie PY, Boutley H, Karcher G, Wagner DR, Devaux Y, Torre I, Psilodimitrakopoulos S, Iruretagoiena I, Gonzalez-Tendero A, Artigas D, Loza-Alvarez P, Gratacos E, Amat-Roldan I, Murray L, Carberry DM, Dunton P, Miles MJ, Suleiman MS, Kanesalingam K, Taylor R, Mc Collum CN, Parniczky A, Solymar M, Porpaczy A, Miseta A, Lenkey ZS, Szabados S, Cziraki A, Garai J, Koller A, Myloslavska I, Menazza SM, Canton MC, Di Lisa FDL, Schulz RS, Oliveira SHV, Morais CAS, Miranda MR, Oliveira TT, Lamego MRA, Lima LM, Goncharova NS, Naymushin AV, Kazimli AV, Moiseeva OM, Lima LM, Carvalho MG, Sabino AP, Mota APL, Sousa MO, Niessner A, Richter B, Hohensinner PJ, Rychli K, Zorn G, Berger R, Moertl D, Pacher R, Wojta J, Huelsmann M, Kukharchik G, Nesterova N, Pavlova A, Gaykovaya L, Krapivka N, Konstantinova I, Sichinava L, Prapa S, Mccarthy KP, Kilner PJ, Xu XY, Johnson MR, Ho SY. Poster session 2. Cardiovasc Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Witt W, Jannasch A, Burkhard D, Christ T, Ravens U, Brunssen C, Leuner A, Morawietz H, Matschke K, Waldow T. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces contraction of valvular interstitial cells from porcine aortic valves. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 93:490-7. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Vleugels K, Schinner S, Krause D, Morawietz H, Bornstein S, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Krug A. ERK1/2 MAPKs and Wnt Signaling Pathways are Independently Involved in Adipocytokine-Mediated Aldosterone Secretion. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2011; 119:644-8. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1284367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObesity is one major risk factor for the development of arterial hypertension, and the development of obesity-related hypertension has been associated with increased plasma aldosterone levels. Our previous work shows a direct stimulatory effect of adipokines on aldosterone secretion from human adrenocortical cells, mediated via ERK1/2-dependent upregulation of steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR) activity. Recent evidence also indicates the involvement of the Wnt-signaling pathway in fat cell-mediated aldosterone secretion. Wnt-signaling molecules are secreted by adipocytes and regulate the activity of SF-1, a key transcription factor in adrenal steroidogenesis. The goal of this study was to investigate the cellular mechanisms of adipocyte-induced aldosterone secretion in detail, and to evaluate effects and possible interactions of the ERK1/2 MAPK- and the Wnt-signaling pathways on adipocyte-induced adrenocortical aldosterone secretion. Our results show that, similar to adipocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), β-catenin, which is an intracellular mediator of canonical Wnt-signaling, induced StAR promotor activity in human NCI-H295R adrenocortical cells, and ACM-induced StAR promotor activity depended on intact SF-1 binding sites. Wnt antagonist sFRP-1 inhibited adipokine-mediated StAR activity, but did not affect ERK1/2 MAPK activation. Accordingly, Wnt did not stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in adrenocortical cells, indicating that ERK1/2 MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways are independently involved in adipocyte-mediated aldosterone secretion.
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Morawietz H. Endothelial NADPH oxidases: friends or foes? Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:521-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Goettsch C, Goettsch W, Brux M, Haschke C, Brunssen C, Muller G, Bornstein SR, Duerrschmidt N, Wagner AH, Morawietz H. Arterial flow reduces oxidative stress via an antioxidant response element and Oct-1 binding site within the NADPH oxidase 4 promoter in endothelial cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:551-61. [PMID: 21399967 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The main sources of oxidative stress in the vessel wall are nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) complexes. The endothelium mainly expresses the Nox4-containing complex; however, the mechanism by which shear stress in endothelial cells regulates Nox4 is not well understood. This study demonstrates that long-term application of arterial laminar shear stress using a cone-and-plate viscometer reduces endothelial superoxide anion formation and Nox4 expression. In primary human endothelial cells, we identified a 47 bp 5'-untranslated region of Nox4 mRNA by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'-RACE) PCR. Cloning and functional analysis of human Nox4 promoter revealed a range between -1,490 and -1,310 bp responsible for flow-dependent downregulation. Mutation of an overlapping antioxidative response element (ARE)-like and Oct-1 binding site at -1,376 bp eliminated shear stress-dependent Nox4 downregulation. Consistent with these observations, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated an enhanced shear stress-dependent binding of Nox4 oligonucleotide containing the ARE-like/Oct-1 binding site, which could be inhibited by specific antibodies against the transcription factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and octamer transcription factor 1 (Oct-1). Furthermore, shear stress caused the translocation of Nrf2 and Oct-1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Knockdown of Nrf2 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) increased Nox4 expression twofold, indicating a direct cross-talk between Nrf2 and Nox4. In conclusion, an ARE-like/Oct-1 binding site was noticed to be essential for shear stress-dependent downregulation of Nox4. This novel mechanism may be involved in the flow-dependent downregulation of endothelial superoxide anion formation.
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Kideryová L, Pytlík R, Benešová K, Veselá R, Karban J, Rychtrmocová H, Goettsch W, Morawietz H, Trněný M. Endothelial cells (EC) and endothelial precursor cells (EPC) kinetics in hematological patients undergoing chemotherapy or autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Hematol Oncol 2011; 28:192-201. [PMID: 21136582 DOI: 10.1002/hon.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to study the kinetics of circulating endothelial cells (EC) and endothelial precursor cells (EPC) in hematological patients during chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantion (ASCT). Eighteen newly diagnosed patients and 17 patients undergoing ASCT were studied and compared to healthy controls. ECs were evaluated as CD146+CD31+Lin- cells, while EPCs were evaluated as CD34+CD133+Lin-, or CD34+VEGFR2+Lin- cells, or CFU-En colony forming units. Numbers of these cells were evaluated before and after treatment, and, in patients treated with ASCT, during mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors. Both newly diagnosed patients and patients before ASCT had significantly higher number of CD146+CD31+Lin- cells and significantly lower number of CFU-En colonies than healthy controls. These parameters did not return to normal for at least 3 months after chemotherapy or ASCT. Numbers of CFU-En did not correlate either with numbers of CD34+CD133+Lin- cells or with numbers of CD34+VEGFR2+Lin- cells but they did correlate with numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes and NK cells. In conclusion, we have found that hematological patients have higher number of EC and lower numbers of CFU-En than healthy controls and that these parameters do not return to normal after short-term follow-up. Furthermore, our observations support emerging data that CFU-En represent cell population different from flowcytometrically defined EC and endothelial precursors and that their development requires cooperation of monocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes. However, cells forming CFU-En express endothelial surface markers and can contribute to proper endothelial function by NO production.
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Kampfrath T, Maiseyeu A, Ying Z, Shah Z, Deiuliis JA, Xu X, Kherada N, Brook RD, Reddy KM, Padture NP, Parthasarathy S, Chen LC, Moffatt-Bruce S, Sun Q, Morawietz H, Rajagopalan S. Chronic fine particulate matter exposure induces systemic vascular dysfunction via NADPH oxidase and TLR4 pathways. Circ Res 2011; 108:716-26. [PMID: 21273555 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.237560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic exposure to ambient air-borne particulate matter of < 2.5 μm (PM₂.₅) increases cardiovascular risk. The mechanisms by which inhaled ambient particles are sensed and how these effects are systemically transduced remain elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which PM₂.₅ mediates inflammatory responses in a mouse model of chronic exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that chronic exposure to ambient PM₂.₅ promotes Ly6C(high) inflammatory monocyte egress from bone-marrow and mediates their entry into tissue niches where they generate reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and Nox2 (gp91(phox)) deficiency prevented monocyte NADPH oxidase activation in response to PM₂.₅ and was associated with restoration of systemic vascular dysfunction. TLR4 activation appeared to be a prerequisite for NAPDH oxidase activation as evidenced by reduced p47(phox) phosphorylation in TLR4 deficient animals. PM₂.₅ exposure markedly increased oxidized phospholipid derivatives of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (oxPAPC) in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid. Correspondingly, exposure of bone marrow-derived macrophages to oxPAPC but not PAPC recapitulated effects of chronic PM₂.₅ exposure, whereas TLR4 deficiency attenuated this response. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that PM₂.₅ triggers an increase in oxidized phospholipids in lungs that then mediates a systemic cellular inflammatory response through TLR4/NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanisms.
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