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Nasr R, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Zhu J, Guillemin MC, de Thé H. Therapy-induced PML/RARA proteolysis and acute promyelocytic leukemia cure. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6321-6. [PMID: 19808868 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by a specific t(15;17) chromosomal translocation that yields the PML/RARA fusion gene. Clinically, besides chemotherapy, two drugs induce clinical remissions: retinoic acid (RA) and arsenic trioxide (As). Both agents directly target PML/RARA-mediated transcriptional repression and protein stability, inducing to various extent promyelocyte differentiation and clinical remission of APL patients. RA targets the RARA moiety of the fusion, whereas arsenic targets its PML part. PML/RARA expression in the mouse is sufficient to initiate APL. The RA-As association, which synergizes for PML/RARA degradation but not for differentiation, rapidly clears leukemia initiating cells (LIC), resulting in APL eradication in murine APL models, but also in several APL clinical trials. Cyclic AMP triggered PML/RARA phosphorylation also enhances RA-induced APL regression, PML/RARA degradation, and LIC clearance, raising new options for therapy-resistant patients. Although differentiation has a major role in debulking of the tumor, PML/RARA degradation seems to be the primary basis for APL eradication by the RA-As association. Oncoprotein degradation could be a general therapeutic strategy that may be extended beyond APL.
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77
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Manié E, Vincent-Salomon A, Lehmann-Che J, Pierron G, Turpin E, Warcoin M, Gruel N, Lebigot I, Sastre-Garau X, Lidereau R, Remenieras A, Feunteun J, Delattre O, de Thé H, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Stern MH. High frequency of TP53 mutation in BRCA1 and sporadic basal-like carcinomas but not in BRCA1 luminal breast tumors. Cancer Res 2009; 69:663-71. [PMID: 19147582 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast tumors with a germ-line mutation of BRCA1 (BRCA1 tumors) and basal-like carcinoma (BLC) are associated with a high rate of TP53 mutation. Because BRCA1 tumors frequently display a basal-like phenotype, this study was designed to determine whether TP53 mutations are correlated with the hereditary BRCA1 mutated status or the particular phenotype of these tumors. The TP53 gene status was first investigated in a series of 35 BRCA1 BLCs using immunohistochemistry, direct sequencing of the coding sequence, and functional analysis of separated alleles in yeast, and compared with the TP53 status in a series of 38 sporadic (nonhereditary) BLCs. Using this sensitive approach, TP53 was found to be frequently mutated in both BRCA1 (34 of 35, 97%) and sporadic (35 of 38, 92%) BLCs. However, the spectrum of mutation was different, particularly with a higher rate of complex mutations, such as insertion/deletion, in BRCA1 BLCs than in the sporadic group [14 of 33 (42%) and 3 of 34 (9%), [corrected] respectively; P = 0.002]. Secondly, the incidence of TP53 mutations was analyzed in 19 BRCA1 luminal tumors using the same strategy. Interestingly, only 10 of these 19 tumors were mutated (53%), a frequency similar to that found in grade-matched sporadic luminal tumors. In conclusion, TP53 mutation is highly recurrent in BLCs independently of BRCA1 status, but not a common feature of BRCA1 luminal tumors.
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78
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Varna M, Lehmann-Che J, Turpin E, Marangoni E, El-Bouchtaoui M, Jeanne M, Grigoriu C, Ratajczak P, Leboeuf C, Plassa LF, Ferreira I, Poupon MF, Janin A, de Thé H, Bertheau P. p53 dependent cell-cycle arrest triggered by chemotherapy in xenografted breast tumors. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:991-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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79
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Nasr R, Guillemin MC, Ferhi O, Soilihi H, Peres L, Berthier C, Rousselot P, Robledo-Sarmiento M, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Gourmel B, Vitoux D, Pandolfi PP, Rochette-Egly C, Zhu J, de Thé H. Erratum: Corrigendum: Eradication of acute promyelocytic leukemia-initiating cells through PML-RARA degradation. Nat Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/nm0109-117b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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80
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Tobaly-Tapiero J, Bittoun P, Lehmann-Che J, Delelis O, Giron ML, de Thé H, Saïb A. Chromatin tethering of incoming foamy virus by the structural Gag protein. Traffic 2008; 9:1717-27. [PMID: 18627573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses hijack cellular machineries to productively infect their hosts. During the early stages of viral replication, proviral integration relies on specific interactions between components of the preintegration complex and host chromatin-bound proteins. Here, analyzing the fate of incoming primate foamy virus, we identify a short domain within the C-terminus of the structural Gag protein that efficiently binds host chromosomes, by interacting with H2A/H2B core histones. While viral particle production, virus entry and intracellular trafficking are not affected by mutation of this domain, chromosomal attachment of incoming subviral complexes is abolished, precluding proviral integration. We thus highlight a new function of the structural foamy Gag protein as the main tether between incoming subviral complexes and host chromatin prior to integration.
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81
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Perfettini JL, Nardacci R, Bourouba M, Subra F, Gros L, Séror C, Manic G, Rosselli F, Amendola A, Masdehors P, Chessa L, Novelli G, Ojcius DM, Siwicki JK, Chechlinska M, Auclair C, Regueiro JR, de Thé H, Gougeon ML, Piacentini M, Kroemer G. Critical involvement of the ATM-dependent DNA damage response in the apoptotic demise of HIV-1-elicited syncytia. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2458. [PMID: 18560558 PMCID: PMC2423469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage can activate the oncosuppressor protein ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which phosphorylates the histone H2AX within characteristic DNA damage foci. Here, we show that ATM undergoes an activating phosphorylation in syncytia elicited by the envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in vitro. This was accompanied by aggregation of ATM in discrete nuclear foci that also contained phospho-histone H2AX. DNA damage foci containing phosphorylated ATM and H2AX were detectable in syncytia present in the brain or lymph nodes from patients with HIV-1 infection, as well as in a fraction of blood leukocytes, correlating with viral status. Knockdown of ATM or of its obligate activating factor NBS1 (Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 protein), as well as pharmacological inhibition of ATM with KU-55933, inhibited H2AX phosphorylation and prevented Env-elicited syncytia from undergoing apoptosis. ATM was found indispensable for the activation of MAP kinase p38, which catalyzes the activating phosphorylation of p53 on serine 46, thereby causing p53 dependent apoptosis. Both wild type HIV-1 and an HIV-1 mutant lacking integrase activity induced syncytial apoptosis, which could be suppressed by inhibiting ATM. HIV-1-infected T lymphoblasts from patients with inactivating ATM or NBS1 mutations also exhibited reduced syncytial apoptosis. Altogether these results indicate that apoptosis induced by a fusogenic HIV-1 Env follows a pro-apoptotic pathway involving the sequential activation of ATM, p38MAPK and p53.
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82
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Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Jeanne M, Benhenda S, Nasr R, Lei M, Peres L, Zhou J, Zhu J, Raught B, de Thé H. Arsenic degrades PML or PML-RARalpha through a SUMO-triggered RNF4/ubiquitin-mediated pathway. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:547-55. [PMID: 18408733 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), arsenic trioxide induces degradation of the fusion protein encoded by the PML-RARA oncogene, differentiation of leukaemic cells and produces clinical remissions. SUMOylation of its PML moiety was previously implicated, but the nature of the degradation pathway involved and the role of PML-RARalpha catabolism in the response to therapy have both remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that arsenic-induced PML SUMOylation triggers its Lys 48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. When exposed to arsenic, SUMOylated PML recruits RNF4, the human orthologue of the yeast SUMO-dependent E3 ubiquitin-ligase, as well as ubiquitin and proteasomes onto PML nuclear bodies. Arsenic-induced differentiation is impaired in cells transformed by a non-degradable PML-RARalpha SUMOylation mutant or in APL cells transduced with a dominant-negative RNF4, directly implicating PML-RARalpha catabolism in the therapeutic response. We thus identify PML as the first protein degraded by SUMO-dependent polyubiquitination. As PML SUMOylation recruits not only RNF4, ubiquitin and proteasomes, but also many SUMOylated proteins onto PML nuclear bodies, these domains could physically integrate the SUMOylation, ubiquitination and degradation pathways.
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83
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Lehmann-Che J, Turpin E, Bertheau P, Espié M, de Thé H. [Exquisite sensitivity of TP53 mutant breast cancers to dose-dense chemotherapy]. Med Sci (Paris) 2008; 23:1021-3. [PMID: 18021719 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200723111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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84
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Condemine W, Takahashi Y, Le Bras M, de Thé H. A nucleolar targeting signal in PML-I addresses PML to nucleolar caps in stressed or senescent cells. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:3219-27. [PMID: 17878236 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.007492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) tumour suppressor is the organiser of PML nuclear bodies, which are domains the precise functions of which are still disputed. We show that upon several types of stress, endogenous PML proteins form nucleolar caps and eventually engulf nucleolar components. Only two specific PML splice variants (PML-I and PML-IV) are efficiently targeted to the nucleolus and the abundant PML-I isoform is required for the targeting of endogenous PML proteins to this organelle. We identified a nucleolar targeting domain within the evolutionarily conserved C-terminus of PML-I. This domain contains a predicted exonuclease III fold essential for the targeting of the PML-I C-terminus to nucleolar fibrillar centres. Furthermore, spontaneous or oncogene retrieval-induced senescence is associated with the formation of very large PML nuclear bodies that initially contain nucleolar components. Later, poly-ubiquitin conjugates are found on the outer shell or within most of these senescence-associated PML bodies. Thus, unexpectedly, the scarcely studied PML-I isoform links PML bodies, nucleolus, senescence and proteolysis.
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85
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Zamborlini A, Lehmann-Che J, Clave E, Giron ML, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Roingeard P, Emiliani S, Toubert A, de Thé H, Saïb A. Centrosomal pre-integration latency of HIV-1 in quiescent cells. Retrovirology 2007; 4:63. [PMID: 17845727 PMCID: PMC2014762 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) efficiently replicates in dividing and non-dividing cells. However, HIV-1 infection is blocked at an early post-entry step in quiescent CD4+ T cells in vitro. The molecular basis of this restriction is still poorly understood. Here, we show that in quiescent cells, incoming HIV-1 sub-viral complexes concentrate and stably reside at the centrosome for several weeks. Upon cell activation, viral replication resumes leading to viral gene expression. Thus, HIV-1 can persist in quiescent cells as a stable, centrosome-associated, pre-integration intermediate.
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86
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Zhu J, Nasr R, Pérès L, Riaucoux-Lormière F, Honoré N, Berthier C, Kamashev D, Zhou J, Vitoux D, Lavau C, de Thé H. RXR is an essential component of the oncogenic PML/RARA complex in vivo. Cancer Cell 2007; 12:23-35. [PMID: 17613434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although PML-enforced RARA homodimerization allows PML/RARA to bind DNA independently of its coreceptor RXR, the latter was identified within the PML/RARA complex. We demonstrate that a PML/RARA mutant defective for RXR binding fails to trigger APL development in transgenic mice, although it still transforms primary hematopoietic progenitors ex vivo. RXR enhances PML/RARA binding to DNA and is required for rexinoid-induced APL differentiation. In RA-treated PML/RARA-transformed cells, the absence of RXR binding results in monocytic, rather than granulocytic, differentiation. PML/RARA enhances posttranslational modifications of RXRA, including its sumoylation, suggesting that PML-bound sumoylation enzymes target RXRA and possibly other PML/RARA-bound chromatin proteins, further contributing to deregulated transcription. Thus, unexpectedly, RXR contributes to several critical aspects of in vivo transformation.
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87
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Lehmann-Che J, Renault N, Giron ML, Roingeard P, Clave E, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Bittoun P, Toubert A, de Thé H, Saïb A. Centrosomal latency of incoming foamy viruses in resting cells. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e74. [PMID: 17530924 PMCID: PMC1871606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Completion of early stages of retrovirus infection depends on the cell cycle. While gammaretroviruses require mitosis for proviral integration, lentiviruses are able to replicate in post-mitotic non-dividing cells. Resting cells such as naive resting T lymphocytes from peripheral blood cannot be productively infected by retroviruses, including lentiviruses, but the molecular basis of this restriction remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that in G0 resting cells (primary fibroblasts or peripheral T cells), incoming foamy retroviruses accumulate in close proximity to the centrosome, where they lie as structured and assembled capsids for several weeks. Under these settings, virus uncoating is impaired, but upon cell stimulation, Gag proteolysis and capsid disassembly occur, which allows viral infection to proceed. The data imply that foamy virus uncoating is the rate-limiting step for productive infection of primary G0 cells. Incoming foamy retroviruses can stably persist at the centrosome, awaiting cell stimulation to initiate capsid cleavage, nuclear import, and viral gene expression. Naive quiescent CD4-positive T cells or monocytes that are in the G0 stage of the cell cycle cannot be productively infected by retroviruses in vitro, but the molecular basis of this restriction remains poorly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that incoming foamy retroviruses remain around the centrosome as structured and assembled capsids for weeks in resting cultures. Under these conditions, virus uncoating is impaired, but upon cell activation, viral capsids undergo proteolysis and disassembly, allowing infection to proceed. Maintenance of incoming viral capsids at the centrosome in resting cells could be a strategy that viruses have evolved to rapidly respond to stimuli received by the cell. The cellular signal triggering the uncoating process upon cell stimulation remains unclear, but is likely linked to the centrosome cycle.
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88
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Dbaibo GS, Kfoury Y, Darwiche N, Panjarian S, Kozhaya L, Nasr R, Abdallah M, Hermine O, El-Sabban M, de Thé H, Bazarbachi A. Arsenic trioxide induces accumulation of cytotoxic levels of ceramide in acute promyelocytic leukemia and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells through de novo ceramide synthesis and inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase activity. Haematologica 2007; 92:753-62. [PMID: 17550847 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.10968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an effective treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and potentially for human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Many cytotoxic drugs induce apoptosis through the generation and accumulation of the sphingolipid breakdown product, ceramide, a coordinator of the cellular response to stress. We, therefore, investigated the contribution of ceramide to the mechanism of action of ATO in APL and ATL. DESIGN AND METHODS A human APL-derived cell line (NB4), various ATL-derived lines and an HTLV-I-negative malignant T-cell line were cultured and treated with ATO. Growth and apoptosis assays were conducted. Measurements were made of ceramide, diacylglycerol, sphingomyelinase activity, sphingomyelin mass, glucosylceramide synthase activity and the de novo ceramide synthesis. RESULTS Treatment of APL and ATL-derived cells with a clinically achievable concentration of ATO induced accumulation of cytotoxic levels of ceramide. The effects of ATO on ceramide levels in APL cells were more potent than those of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). ATO downregulated neutral sphingomyelinase activity. In contrast to the effect of ATRA, ATO-induced ceramide accumulation was not due to induction of acidic sphingomyelinase, but rather resulted from both de novo ceramide synthesis and inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase activity. Interestingly, the effects of ATO on de novo ceramide synthesis were similar in APL and ATL-derived cells despite the defective pathway in ATL cells. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ATO-induced ceramide accumulation may represent a general mediator of the effects of ATO, which paves the way for new therapeutic interventions that target the metabolic pathway of this important sphingolipid secondary messenger.
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89
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Medyouf H, Alcalde H, Berthier C, Guillemin MC, dos Santos NR, Janin A, Decaudin D, de Thé H, Ghysdael J. Targeting calcineurin activation as a therapeutic strategy for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Med 2007; 13:736-41. [PMID: 17515895 DOI: 10.1038/nm1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin is a calcium-activated serine/threonine phosphatase critical to a number of developmental processes in the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. In the T-cell lineage, calcineurin activation is important for pre-T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, TCR-mediated positive selection of thymocytes into mature T cells, and many aspects of the immune response. The critical role of calcineurin in the immune response is underscored by the fact that calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506, are powerful immunosuppressants in wide clinical use. We observed sustained calcineurin activation in human B- and T-cell lymphomas and in all mouse models of lymphoid malignancies analyzed. In intracellular NOTCH1 (ICN1)- and TEL-JAK2-induced T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, two mouse models relevant to human malignancies, in vivo inhibition of calcineurin activity by CsA or FK506 induced apoptosis of leukemic cells and rapid tumor clearance, and substantially prolonged mouse survival. In contrast, ectopic expression of a constitutively activated mutant of calcineurin favored leukemia progression. Moreover, CsA treatment induced apoptosis in human lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Thus, calcineurin activation is critical for the maintenance of the leukemic phenotype in vivo, identifying this pathway as a relevant therapeutic target in lymphoid malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Calcineurin/metabolism
- Calcineurin Inhibitors
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/enzymology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/deficiency
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/physiology
- Tacrolimus/pharmacology
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90
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Bertheau P, Turpin E, Rickman DS, Espié M, de Reyniès A, Feugeas JP, Plassa LF, Soliman H, Varna M, de Roquancourt A, Lehmann-Che J, Beuzard Y, Marty M, Misset JL, Janin A, de Thé H. Exquisite sensitivity of TP53 mutant and basal breast cancers to a dose-dense epirubicin-cyclophosphamide regimen. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e90. [PMID: 17388661 PMCID: PMC1831731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In breast cancers, only a minority of patients fully benefit from the different chemotherapy regimens currently in use. Identification of markers that could predict the response to a particular regimen would thus be critically important for patient care. In cell lines or animal models, tumor protein p53 (TP53) plays a critical role in modulating the response to genotoxic drugs. TP53 is activated in response to DNA damage and triggers either apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest, which have opposite effects on cell fate. Yet, studies linking TP53 status and chemotherapy response have so far failed to unambiguously establish this paradigm in patients. Breast cancers with a TP53 mutation were repeatedly shown to have a poor outcome, but whether this reflects poor response to treatment or greater intrinsic aggressiveness of the tumor is unknown. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this study we analyzed 80 noninflammatory breast cancers treated by frontline (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy. Tumor diagnoses were performed on pretreatment biopsies, and the patients then received six cycles of a dose-dense regimen of 75 mg/m(2) epirubicin and 1,200 mg/m(2) cyclophosphamide, given every 14 days. After completion of chemotherapy, all patients underwent mastectomies, thus allowing for a reliable assessment of chemotherapy response. The pretreatment biopsy samples were used to determine the TP53 status through a highly efficient yeast functional assay and to perform RNA profiling. All 15 complete responses occurred among the 28 TP53-mutant tumors. Furthermore, among the TP53-mutant tumors, nine out of ten of the highly aggressive basal subtypes (defined by basal cytokeratin [KRT] immunohistochemical staining) experienced complete pathological responses, and only TP53 status and basal subtype were independent predictors of a complete response. Expression analysis identified many mutant TP53-associated genes, including CDC20, TTK, CDKN2A, and the stem cell gene PROM1, but failed to identify a transcriptional profile associated with complete responses among TP53 mutant tumors. In patients with unresponsive tumors, mutant TP53 status predicted significantly shorter overall survival. The 15 patients with responsive TP53-mutant tumors, however, had a favorable outcome, suggesting that this chemotherapy regimen can overcome the poor prognosis generally associated with mutant TP53 status. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that, in noninflammatory breast cancers, TP53 status is a key predictive factor for response to this dose-dense epirubicin-cyclophosphamide regimen and further suggests that the basal subtype is exquisitely sensitive to this association. Given the well-established predictive value of complete responses for long-term survival and the poor prognosis of basal and TP53-mutant tumors treated with other regimens, this chemotherapy could be particularly suited for breast cancer patients with a mutant TP53, particularly those with basal features.
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91
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Abstract
The PML protein induces senescence, and, upon oncogenic stress, its absence promotes cellular transformation. In this issue of Cell, Scaglioni et al. (2006) show that phosphorylation of PML by CK2, a kinase frequently activated in human cancers, promotes PML degradation. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of CK2-induced PML loss could be used to offset tumor establishment.
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92
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Condemine W, Takahashi Y, Zhu J, Puvion-Dutilleul F, Guegan S, Janin A, de Thé H. Characterization of endogenous human promyelocytic leukemia isoforms. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6192-8. [PMID: 16778193 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) has been implicated in a variety of functions, including control of TP53 function and modulation of cellular senescence. Sumolated PML is the organizer of mature PML bodies, recruiting a variety of proteins onto these nuclear domains. The PML gene is predicted to encode a variety of protein isoforms. Overexpression of only one of them, PML-IV, promotes senescence in human diploid fibroblasts, whereas PML-III was proposed to specifically interact with the centrosome. We show that all PML isoform proteins are expressed in cell lines or primary cells. Unexpectedly, we found that PML-III, PML-IV, and PML-V are quantitatively minor isoforms compared with PML-I/II and could not confirm the centrosomal targeting of PML-III. Stable expression of each isoform, in a pml-null background, yields distinct subcellular localization patterns, suggesting that, like in other RBCC/TRIM proteins, the COOH-terminal domains of PML are involved in interactions with specific cellular components. Only the isoform-specific sequences of PML-I and PML-V are highly conserved between man and mouse. That PML-I contains all conserved exons and is more abundantly expressed than PML-IV suggests that it is a critical contributor to PML function(s).
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93
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Zhou J, Pérès L, Honoré N, Nasr R, Zhu J, de Thé H. Dimerization-induced corepressor binding and relaxed DNA-binding specificity are critical for PML/RARA-induced immortalization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9238-43. [PMID: 16757557 PMCID: PMC1474145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603324103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia involves the transcriptional repression of master genes of myeloid differentiation by the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML/RARA) oncogene. PML-enforced RARA homodimerization allows the tighter binding of corepressors, silencing RARA target genes. In addition, homodimerization dramatically extends the spectrum of DNA-binding sites of the fusion protein compared with those of normal RARA. Yet, any contribution of these two properties of PML/RARA to differentiation arrest and immortalization of primary mouse hematopoietic progenitors was unknown. We demonstrate that dimerization-induced silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid receptors (SMRT)-enhanced binding and relaxed DNA-binding site specificity are both required for efficient immortalization. Thus, enforced RARA dimerization is critical not only for triggering transcriptional repression but also for extending the repertoire of target genes. Our studies exemplify how dimerization-induced gain of functions converts an unessential transcription factor into a dominant oncogenic protein.
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94
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Nasr R, Chiari E, El-Sabban M, Mahieux R, Kfoury Y, Abdulhay M, Yazbeck V, Hermine O, de Thé H, Pique C, Bazarbachi A. Tax ubiquitylation and sumoylation control critical cytoplasmic and nuclear steps of NF-κB activation. Blood 2006; 107:4021-9. [PMID: 16424386 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax oncoprotein plays a crucial role in the proliferation and transformation of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)–infected T lymphocytes through various mechanisms, including activation of the nuclear factor (NF)–κB pathway. We found that cytoplasmic ubiquitylation of Tax C-terminal lysines is critical for Tax binding to the IkappaB kinase complex and subsequent nuclear translocation of RelA. Conversely, we demonstrate that the same lysines are sumoylated in the nucleus, an event required for the formation of RelA/p300-enriched Tax nuclear bodies and full NF-κB transcriptional activation. In contrast, Tax ubiquitylation and sumoylation are dispensable for its activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB)–dependent genes. Thus, ubiquitylation and sumoylation of the same residues of Tax regulate 2 essential steps controlling NF-κB activation, demonstrating how these posttranslational modifications can cooperate to promote Tax-induced transformation.
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95
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Heraud JM, Mortreux F, Merien F, Contamin H, Mahieux R, Pouliquen JF, Wattel E, Gessain A, de Thé H, Bazarbachi A, Hermine O, Kazanji M. The efficacy of combined therapy of arsenic trioxide and alpha interferon in human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Antiviral Res 2006; 70:132-9. [PMID: 16540180 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) has a poor prognosis owing to its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy. Although zidovudine (AZT) and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) give rise to some response and improve the prognosis of ATLL, alternative therapies are needed. Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has been shown to synergize with IFN-alpha in arresting cell growth and inducing apoptosis of ATLL cells in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity and the efficacy of this combined treatment in HTLV-1-infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and HTLV-1 infected cell lines derived therefrom. We first show that treatment with As(2)O(3) and IFN-alpha can induce growth arrest in HTLV-1-transformed monkey T-cell lines in vitro. We then show that treatment of squirrel monkeys with As(2)O(3) in vivo is highly toxic at 0.9 or 0.3mg/day but not at 0.14mg/day for up to 2 weeks. Although the combination of As(2)O(3) and IFN-alpha did not affect significantly the HTLV-1 proviral load in infected monkeys, it reduced the absolute numbers of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells during treatment, with a significant reduction in the total number of circulating HTLV-1 flower cells in the infected monkeys with chronic ATLL-like disease.
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96
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Altucci L, Rossin A, Hirsch O, Nebbioso A, Vitoux D, Wilhelm E, Guidez F, De Simone M, Schiavone EM, Grimwade D, Zelent A, de Thé H, Gronemeyer H. Rexinoid-triggered differentiation and tumor-selective apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia by protein kinase A-mediated desubordination of retinoid X receptor. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8754-65. [PMID: 16204045 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apart from PML-retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARalpha) acute promyelocytic leukemia all other acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are unresponsive to retinoid differentiation therapy. However, elevating the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) confers onto retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective agonists ("rexinoids") the ability to induce terminal granulocyte differentiation and apoptosis of all-trans retinoic acid-resistant and insensitive AML cells and patients' blasts. Protein kinase A activation leads to corepressor release from the RAR subunit of the RAR-RXR heterodimer, resulting in "desubordination" of otherwise silent RXR, which acquires transcriptional competence in response to cognate ligands. Rexinoid-cAMP induction of endogenous RARbeta is blunted in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking RARs, but reintroduction of exogenous RARalpha reestablishes responsiveness, thus confirming that the RARalpha-RXR heterodimer is the rexinoid mediator. The apoptogenic effect of this treatment involves enhanced expression of the death receptor DR5 and its cognate ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand, both of which are known to induce apoptosis in a tumor cell-selective manner and lead to the activation of initiator caspases. Immunohistochemistry confirmed induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand and DR5 in AML patient blasts cultured ex vivo. AML patients' blasts responded to rexinoid-cAMP combination treatment with induction of maturation and apoptosis, independent of karyotype, immunophenotype, and French-American-British classification status. Clonogenic assays revealed complete inhibition of blast clonogenicity in four out of five tested samples. Our results suggest that despite the genetic, morphologic, and clinical variability of this disease, the combination of rexinoids and cAMP-elevating drugs, such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, might lead to a novel therapeutic option for AML patients by inducing a tumor-selective death pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Retinoid X Receptors/agonists
- Retinoid X Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- U937 Cells
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97
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Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Zhu J, Kogan S, Chen Z, de Thé H. Opinion: how patients have benefited from mouse models of acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5:821-7. [PMID: 16175176 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges of studying anticancer therapies is that effects observed in cell lines or mouse models are not always good indicators of clinical trial results. The mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukaemia has bucked this trend, as targeted therapies such as retinoic acid and arsenic induce differentiation and clearance of leukaemia cells in both mice and humans. This mouse model has also provided important mechanistic insights into the combinatorial effects of these agents and has promoted combined therapies that have shown recent success in the clinic.
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98
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Lehmann-Che J, Giron ML, Delelis O, Löchelt M, Bittoun P, Tobaly-Tapiero J, de Thé H, Saïb A. Protease-dependent uncoating of a complex retrovirus. J Virol 2005; 79:9244-53. [PMID: 15994819 PMCID: PMC1168774 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.9244-9253.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although retrovirus egress and budding have been partly unraveled, little is known about early stages of the replication cycle. In particular, retroviral uncoating, a process during which incoming retroviral cores are altered to allow the integration of the viral genome into host chromosomes, is poorly understood. To get insights into these early events of the retroviral cycle, we have used foamy complex retroviruses as a model. In this report, we show that a protease-defective foamy retrovirus is noninfectious, although it is still able to bud and enter target cells efficiently. Similarly, a retrovirus mutated in an essential viral protease-dependent cleavage site in the central part of Gag is noninfectious. Following entry, wild-type and mutant retroviruses are able to traffic along microtubules towards the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). However, whereas nuclear import of Gag and of the viral genome was observed for the wild-type virus as early as 8 hours postinfection, incoming capsids and genome from mutant viruses remained at the MTOC. Interestingly, a specific viral protease-dependent Gag cleavage product was detected only for the wild-type retrovirus early after infection, demonstrating that cleavage of Gag by the viral protease at this stage of the virus life cycle is absolutely required for productive infection, an unprecedented observation among retroviruses.
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99
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Zhu J, Zhou J, Peres L, Riaucoux F, Honoré N, Kogan S, de Thé H. A sumoylation site in PML/RARA is essential for leukemic transformation. Cancer Cell 2005; 7:143-53. [PMID: 15710327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has been proposed to involve transcriptional repression through enhanced corepressors binding onto RARA moieties of PML/RARA homodimers. Unexpectedly, we show that the K160 sumoylation site in the PML moiety of PML/RARA is required for efficient immortalization/differentiation arrest ex vivo, implying that RARA homodimerization is insufficient to fully immortalize primary hematopoietic progenitor cells. Similarly, PML/RARAK160R transgenic mice develop myeloproliferative syndromes, but never APL. The Daxx repressor no longer binds PML/RARAK160R, but fusion of these two proteins restores the differentiation block ex vivo. Thus, transcriptional repression dependent on a specific sumoylation site in PML is critical for the APL phenotype, while forced RARA dimerization could control expansion of the myeloid compartment.
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100
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Nasr R, El-Sabban ME, Karam JA, Dbaibo G, Kfoury Y, Arnulf B, Lepelletier Y, Bex F, de Thé H, Hermine O, Bazarbachi A. Efficacy and mechanism of action of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in T-cell lymphomas and HTLV-I associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Oncogene 2004; 24:419-30. [PMID: 15543232 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-I associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-negative peripheral T-cell lymphomas are associated with poor prognosis. Using pharmacological concentrations of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341, we demonstrate inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in fresh ATL cells, HTLV-I transformed and HTLV-I-negative malignant T cells, while normal resting or activated T lymphocytes were resistant. Combination of PS-341 and doxorubicin or etoposide resulted in an additive growth inhibition. In HTLV-I-negative malignant cells, PS-341 treatment significantly downregulated the antiapoptotic protein X-IAP and to a lesser extent c-IAP-1 and bcl-X(L) and resulted in caspase-dependent apoptosis. In HTLV-I transformed cells, the inhibition of the proteasomal degradation of Tax by PS-341 likely explains the relative protection of HTLV-I infected cells against caspase-dependent apoptosis. PS-341 treatment of these cells stabilized IkappaBalpha, IkappaBbeta, IkappaBvarepsilon, p21, p27 and p53 proteins and selectively inhibited Rel-A DNA binding NF-kappaB complexes. In both HTLV-I-positive and -negative cells, PS-341 treatment induced ceramide accumulation that correlated with apoptosis. We conclude that PS-341 affects multiple pathways critical for the survival of HTLV-I-positive and -negative malignant T cells supporting a potential therapeutic role for PS-341 in both ATL and HTLV-I-negative T-cell lymphomas, whether alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
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