Cosmic microwave background polarization signals from tangled magnetic fields

Tangled, primordial cosmic magnetic fields create small rotational velocity perturbations on the last scattering surface of the cosmic microwave background radiation. For fields which redshift to a present value of B0 = 3 x 10(-9) G, these vector modes are shown to generate polarization anisotropies of order 0.1-4 microK on small angular scales (500<l<2000), assuming delta function or a power law spectra with n = -1. About 200 times larger signals result for n = 2 spectra. Unlike inflation generated, scalar modes, these signals are dominated by the odd parity, B-type polarization, which could help in their detection.

Sterically stabilized polyplex: ligand-mediated activity

Synthetic vectors have been considered as a safer and more versatile alternative to viral-based gene delivery systems. A variety of very simple synthetic vector systems, e.g., cationic lipid- and polymer-complexed plasmid DNA have activity in vivo but it appears to be mediated by non-specific electrostatic interactions limiting targeting. In order to avoid these problems, we designed a sterically stabilized layered colloidal system. The steric polymer coating reduces non-specific interactions. We have synthesized a PEG conjugate of PEI that complexes DNA to form small, stable colloids with a steric polymer coat on their surface. The polymer enhances colloidal stability and reduces non-specific binding and toxicity. It also renders the complex inactive presumably due to reduced binding. Ligands are then appended to the distal end of the steric polymer to restore cell binding and expression at target cells. We prepared conjugates with RGD peptide ligands appended to the distal end of the steric polymer. The resulting conjugates also form complexes but with ligands exposed on their surface restoring binding and activity. Labeled oligonucleotides and DNA were used to measure intracellular distribution. Oligonucleotides are found localized in the nucleus, whereas the labeled plasmid DNA remained in the cytoplasm. Import of plasmid DNA into the nucleus appears to be very inefficient yet sufficient for expression.

Genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer: implications for life insurance

As the science of genetic testing progresses, the debate surrounding the uses of genetic information intensifies. In February, President Clinton signed an executive order prohibiting federal agencies from using such information to make hiring, promotion, or placement decisions. Concerns about privacy and discrimination have led many states to propose or enact statutes that prohibit health insurers from using genetic test results in their underwriting decisions. However, few statutes address access to these results by the life insurance industry. This Issue Brief summarizes the current debate on whether life insurers should have access to genetic testing information for breast and ovarian cancer, and provides actuarial insight into the potential effect of such testing on the voluntary term insurance market.

The use of silicon microfabrication technology in painless blood glucose monitoring

A unique minimally invasive system for painless blood testing is now being commercialized for measurement of blood glucose concentration by diabetics. The novel component of this system, a consumable microsampling and assay device, consists of a tough, flexible silicon microneedle comparable in cross-section to a human hair integrated with a silicon microcuvette. This microneedle is capable of reliably taking a very small sample of whole blood completely painlessly, unlike sticks with the much larger metal lancet that must be used in all other current systems. The device permits a one-step process that avoids the need to transfer blood from a skin puncture to a test strip, thus minimizing blood required and possible mess. The small hand-held instrument containing the consumable is touched to the skin of the arm or any other part of the body, not necessarily the tip of the finger, and held there for one second. During this time, the microneedle is advanced and then withdrawn under microprocessor control, puncturing the skin and drawing less than 200 nanoliters of blood into the microcuvette, where the assay is performed automatically. The instrument calculates the blood glucose concentration, displays the result, and holds it in memory for recall. The consumable is produced by silicon microelectromechanical systems technology and can be produced in high volume at low unit cost. This technology shows promise of being extended to other analytes and to continuous monitoring.

The nature of social work services in a large public medical center serving an impoverished multicultural population

The purpose of this paper is to describe the nature of social work services in a large public medical center serving an impoverished multicultural population. This monitoring evaluation was developed and conducted within the context of a research collaboration between a School of Social Work and a team of clinical workers, supervisors, and administrators from the social work department of the medical center. The paper includes a description of the development of the assessment instrument as well as the findings, including the categories of sociodemographics, assessments, and services delivered by medical social workers. Conclusions emphasize the degree of anxiety and depression in the patients and their families and the need for clinical social workers to be skilled in the multicultural assessment and treatment of these problems. This need is then put into the context of the current health care climate.

CaMKIIbeta functions as an F-actin targeting module that localizes CaMKIIalpha/beta heterooligomers to dendritic spines

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates long-term potentiation and other forms of neuronal plasticity. Functional differences between the neuronal CaMKIIalpha and CaMKIIbeta isoforms are not yet known. Here, we use green fluorescent protein-tagged (GFP-tagged) CaMKII isoforms and show that CaMKIIbeta is bound to F-actin in dendritic spines and cell cortex while CaMKIIalpha is largely a cytosolic enzyme. When expressed together, the two isoforms form large heterooligomers, and a small fraction of CaMKIIbeta is sufficient to dock the predominant CaMKIIalpha to the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, CaMKIIbeta functions as a targeting module that localizes a much larger number of CaMKIIalpha isozymes to synaptic and cytoskeletal sites of action.

Enhancement of aquareovirus infectivity by treatment with proteases: mechanism of action

The effects of protease digestion on the polypeptide composition and on the infectivity of striped bass virus, an aquareovirus, were examined. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin enhanced the infectivity of the virus. Enhancement of infectivity was correlated with the digestion of the outer capsid protein, VP7. These studies support the assertion that VP7 is the outermost capsid protein and suggest that VP4 and VP5 are exposed on the outer surface of infectious particles. The possible role of VP7 in the variation in virulence observed among aquareovirus isolates is discussed.

Prenylation-dependent association of Ki-Ras with microtubules. Evidence for a role in subcellular trafficking

We recently identified a prenyl peptide-binding protein in microsomal membranes from bovine brain (Thissen, J. A., and Casey, P. J. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13780-13783). Through a variety of approaches, this binding protein has been identified as the cytoskeletal protein tubulin. Prenyl peptides bind to purified tubulin with a Kd of 40 nM and also bind to tubulin polymerized into microtubules. Microtubule affinity chromatography of extracts from cells in which the prenyl protein pool was metabolically labeled revealed that prenyl proteins bound to the immobilized microtubules; one, a 24-kDa protein, was tentatively identified as a GTP-binding protein. Of several prenylated GTP-binding proteins tested, including Ki-Ras4B, Ha-Ras, RhoB, RhoA, and Rap1B, only Ki-Ras was found to bind significantly to microtubules, and this was in a prenylation-dependent fashion. A potential significance of the interaction of Ki-Ras4B with microtubules was indicated from analysis of the localization of newly synthesized Ki-Ras4B and Ha-Ras, each tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP). Treatment of NIH-3T3 cells expressing GFP-Ki-Ras with Taxol (paclitaxel) resulted in accumulation of the expressed protein in intracellular locations, whereas in control cells the protein was correctly targeted to the plasma membrane. Importantly, such treatment with paclitaxel did not affect the cellular localization of expressed GFP-Ha-Ras. These results indicate that an intact microtubule network may be directly involved in Ki-Ras processing and/or targeting and provide direct evidence for a physiological distinction between Ki-Ras and Ha-Ras in cells. Additionally, the finding that paclitaxel treatment of cells disrupts Ki-Ras trafficking suggests an additional mechanism for the anti-proliferative effects of this drug.

Cloning and sequence analysis of a non-structural gene of an aquareovirus

The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of genome segment 11 encoding a nonstructural protein of an aquareovirus strain SBR have been determined. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the genome segment 11 of SBR virus is 780 nucleotides long and contains a major open reading frame that codes for a polypeptide of 236 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 25,504 Da. The second reading frame of genome segment 11 was 480 nucleotides long and codes for a polypeptide of 145 with a predicted molecular weight of 15,715 Da. The genome segment 11 contains 24 nontranslated nucleotides at the 5'-end and 48 nontranslated nucleotides at the 3'-end. This gene codes for two nonstructural polypeptides NS29 and NS15. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this gene with the published sequences of other members of the family Reoviridae indicated no sequence relatedness.