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Higashi K, Seo A, Egami K, Otsuka N, Limwikrant W, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Mechanistic insight into the dramatic improvement of probucol dissolution in neutral solutions by solid dispersion in Eudragit E PO with saccharin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 68:655-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Solid dispersion using Eudragit E PO (EPO) improves the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs in acidic solutions; however, the dissolution extremely decreases in neutral solutions. In this report, ternary solid dispersions containing probucol (PBC), EPO, and saccharin (SAC) were prepared to enable high drug dissolution at neutral pH.
Methods
Cryogenic-grinding was used to obtain ternary solid dispersions. Dissolution tests at neutral pH values were conducted to confirm the usefulness of the cryogenic-ground mixture (cryo-GM). The molecular state of each component and intermolecular interactions in the ternary cryo-GM were evaluated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and 13C solid-state NMR including spin-lattice relaxation time evaluation.
Key findings
PBC dispersed in ternary cryo-GM had an improved dissolution in neutral solutions. PBC and SAC were in amorphous states in EPO polymer matrices. The weak hydrophobic interaction between PBC and EPO and the ionic bond or hydrogen bond between EPO and SAC were demonstrated. These two molecular interactions improved the dissolution of PBC in neutral solutions.
Conclusion
Preparation of ternary solid dispersion is a potential method of improving drug solubility and absorption.
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Egami K, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Crystallization of Probucol in Nanoparticles Revealed by AFM Analysis in Aqueous Solution. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2972-80. [PMID: 26106951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization behavior of a pharmaceutical drug in nanoparticles was directly evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) force curve measurements in aqueous solution. A ternary spray-dried sample (SPD) was prepared by spray drying the organic solvent containing probucol (PBC), hypromellose (HPMC), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The amorphization of PBC in the ternary SPD was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and solid-state 13C NMR measurements. A nanosuspension containing quite small particles of 25 nm in size was successfully prepared immediately after dispersion of the ternary SPD into water. Furthermore, solution-state 1H NMR measurements revealed that a portion of HPMC coexisted with PBC as a mixed state in the freshly prepared nanosuspension particles. After storing the nanosuspension at 25 °C, a gradual increase in the size of the nanoparticles was observed, and the particle size changed to 93.9 nm after 7 days. AFM enabled the direct observation of the morphology and agglomeration behavior of the nanoparticles in water. Moreover, AFM force-distance curves were changed from (I) to (IV), depending on the storage period, as follows: (I) complete indentation within an applied force of 1 nN, (II) complete indentation with an applied force of 1-5 nN, (III) partial indentation with an applied force of 5 nN, and (IV) nearly no indentation with an applied force of 5 nN. This stiffness increase of the nanoparticles was attributed to gradual changes in the molecular state of PBC from the amorphous to the crystal state. Solid-state 13C NMR measurements of the freeze-dried samples demonstrated the presence of metastable PBC Form II crystals in the stored nanosuspension, strongly supporting the AFM results.
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Otsuka N, Ueda K, Ohyagi N, Shimizu K, Katakawa K, Kumamoto T, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. An Insight into Different Stabilization Mechanisms of Phenytoin Derivatives Supersaturation by HPMC and PVP. J Pharm Sci 2015. [PMID: 26059285 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24527.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the stabilization mechanism of drug supersaturation by hypromellose (HPMC) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP). The poorly water-soluble drugs, phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH), and its synthesized derivatives monomethylphenytoin (MDPH) and dimethylphenytoin (DMDPH) were used. DPH supersaturation was efficiently maintained by both HPMC and PVP. HPMC maintained the supersaturation of MDPH and DMDPH in a similar manner to that of DPH, whereas the ability of PVP to maintain drug supersaturation increased as follows: DPH > MDPH > DMDPH. Caco-2 permeation studies and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements revealed that the permeability and molecular state of the drug in a HPMC solution barely changed. In fact, the solubilization of the drug into PVP changed its apparent permeability and molecular state. The drug solubilization efficiency by PVP was higher and followed the order: DPH > MDPH > DMDPH. The different drug solubilization efficiencies most likely result from the different strengths in the intermolecular interaction between the DPH derivatives and PVP. The difference in the stabilization mechanism of drug supersaturation by HPMC and PVP could determine whether the efficient maintenance of the drug supersaturation was dependent on the drug species.
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Otsuka N, Ueda K, Ohyagi N, Shimizu K, Katakawa K, Kumamoto T, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. An Insight into Different Stabilization Mechanisms of Phenytoin Derivatives Supersaturation by HPMC and PVP. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2574-82. [PMID: 26059285 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the stabilization mechanism of drug supersaturation by hypromellose (HPMC) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP). The poorly water-soluble drugs, phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH), and its synthesized derivatives monomethylphenytoin (MDPH) and dimethylphenytoin (DMDPH) were used. DPH supersaturation was efficiently maintained by both HPMC and PVP. HPMC maintained the supersaturation of MDPH and DMDPH in a similar manner to that of DPH, whereas the ability of PVP to maintain drug supersaturation increased as follows: DPH > MDPH > DMDPH. Caco-2 permeation studies and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements revealed that the permeability and molecular state of the drug in a HPMC solution barely changed. In fact, the solubilization of the drug into PVP changed its apparent permeability and molecular state. The drug solubilization efficiency by PVP was higher and followed the order: DPH > MDPH > DMDPH. The different drug solubilization efficiencies most likely result from the different strengths in the intermolecular interaction between the DPH derivatives and PVP. The difference in the stabilization mechanism of drug supersaturation by HPMC and PVP could determine whether the efficient maintenance of the drug supersaturation was dependent on the drug species.
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80
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Fusama M, Yukioka K, Kuroiwa T, Yukioka C, Yukioka T, Inoue M, Nakanishi T, Takai N, Higashi K, Miura Y, Murata N, Kuritani T, Maeda K, Sano H, Yukioka M, Nakahara H. FRI0631-HPR Patient Satisfaction is Correlated with Role, Psychological State and Patient Global Assessment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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81
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Yukioka C, Nakahara H, Fusama M, Yukioka K, Kuroiwa T, Yukioka T, Inoue M, Nakanishi T, Takai N, Higashi K, Miura Y, Murata N, Kuritani T, Maeda K, Sano H, Yukioka M. AB1216-HPR A Study of Possible Correlations of Sleep Disturbance with Disease Activity, Psychological State and Health Status in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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82
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Hasegawa Y, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Direct Evaluation of Molecular States of Piroxicam/Poloxamer Nanosuspension by Suspended-State NMR and Raman Spectroscopies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1564-72. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500872g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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83
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Sato T, Takeuchi H, Sakurai T, Tanaka K, Matsuki K, Higashi K, Moribe K, Yamamoto K. Characterization of a riboflavin non-aqueous nanosuspension prepared by bead milling for cutaneous application. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:88-94. [PMID: 25748779 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the non-aqueous nanosuspension of a hydrophilic drug prepared by bead milling for cutaneous application. Riboflavin was used as the model hydrophilic drug. The non-aqueous nanosuspensions were prepared by grinding riboflavin with zirconia beads using eight non-aqueous bases. The mean particle size of riboflavin in the suspensions ranged from 206 to 469 nm, as determined by the dynamic light scattering method. Among the well-dispersed samples, riboflavin nanosuspension prepared in oleic acid was selected for evaluation of the drug permeability through rat skin. The cumulative amount and permeation rate of riboflavin from the nanosuspension were approximately three times higher than those for unprocessed riboflavin in oleic acid. Fluorescence imaging of the riboflavin nanosuspension suggested improved penetration of riboflavin into the stratum corneum. Furthermore, the addition of polysorbate 65 or polyglyceryl-6 polyricinoleate to the nanosuspension prepared in oleic acid markedly improved the riboflavin dispersibility. These results show that the preparation of a nanosuspension in a non-aqueous base by bead milling is one of the simple methods to improve the skin permeability of hydrophilic drugs.
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84
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Equilibrium State at Supersaturated Drug Concentration Achieved by Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate: Molecular Characterization Using 1H NMR Technique. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1096-104. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500588x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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85
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86
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Moribe K, Makishima T, Higashi K, Liu N, Limwikrant W, Ding W, Masuda M, Shimizu T, Yamamoto K. Encapsulation of poorly water-soluble drugs into organic nanotubes for improving drug dissolution. Int J Pharm 2014; 469:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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87
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Fusama M, Yukioka K, Kuroiwa T, Yukioka C, Inoue M, Nakanishi T, Murata N, Takai N, Higashi K, Miura Y, Kuritani T, Maeda K, Sano H, Yukioka M, Nakahara H. THU0580-HPR Psychological Remission May BE Effective to Attain Remission of Boolean-Based Definition of Patient Global Assessment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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88
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Fusama M, Yukioka K, Kuroiwa T, Yukioka C, Inoue M, Nakanishi T, Murata N, Takai N, Higashi K, Miura Y, Kuritani T, Maeda K, Sano H, Yukioka M, Nakahara H. THU0579-HPR Psychological State and Health Status Account for the Discrepancy between Patient Global Assessment and Evaluator Global Assessment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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89
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Yukioka C, Nakahara H, Fusama M, Yukioka K, Kuroiwa T, Nakanishi T, Inoue M, Ohsawa S, Murata N, Takai N, Higashi K, Miura Y, Kuritani T, Maeda K, Sano H, Yukioka M. SAT0126 Correlation of Sleep Disturbance with Disease Activity, Psychological State, Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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90
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Higashi K, Janssen K, Jansen J, Angyalosi G, Balp MM, Calado F, Debonnett L, Sagkriotis A, Döring G, Elborn J. 75 Efficacy of inhaled antibiotics in CF patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infection: a network meta-analysis (NMA). J Cyst Fibros 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(14)60211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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91
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Moribe K, Ueda K, Limwikrant W, Higashi K, Yamamoto K. Nano-sized crystalline drug production by milling technology. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:6246-58. [PMID: 23470002 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319350003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nano-formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs has been developed to enhance drug dissolution. In this review, we introduce nano-milling technology described in recently published papers. Factors affecting the size of drug crystals are compared based on the preparation methods and drug and excipient types. A top-down approach using the comminution process is a method conventionally used to prepare crystalline drug nanoparticles. Wet milling using media is well studied and several wet-milled drug formulations are now on the market. Several trials on drug nanosuspension preparation using different apparatuses, materials, and conditions have been reported. Wet milling using a high-pressure homogenizer is another alternative to preparing production-scale drug nanosuspensions. Dry milling is a simple method of preparing a solid-state drug nano-formulation. The effect of size on the dissolution of a drug from nanoparticles is an area of fundamental research, but it is sometimes incorrectly evaluated. Here, we discuss evaluation procedures and the associated problems. Lastly, the importance of quality control, process optimization, and physicochemical characterization are briefly discussed.
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92
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. The effect of HPMCAS functional groups on drug crystallization from the supersaturated state and dissolution improvement. Int J Pharm 2014; 464:205-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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93
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Chiba R, Kuroiwa Y, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Characterization of as-synthesized mesoporous silica using NMR and solid-state fluorescence spectroscopy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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94
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Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Pandey MK, Mroue KH, Moribe K, Yamamoto K, Ramamoorthy A. Insights into atomic-level interaction between mefenamic acid and eudragit EPO in a supersaturated solution by high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:351-7. [PMID: 24283196 DOI: 10.1021/mp4005723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The intermolecular interaction between mefenamic acid (MFA), a poorly water-soluble nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and Eudragit EPO (EPO), a water-soluble polymer, is investigated in their supersaturated solution using high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The stable supersaturated solution with a high MFA concentration of 3.0 mg/mL is prepared by dispersing the amorphous solid dispersion into a d-acetate buffer at pH 5.5 and 37 °C. By virtue of MAS at 2.7 kHz, the extremely broad and unresolved (1)H resonances of MFA in one-dimensional (1)H NMR spectrum of the supersaturated solution are well-resolved, thus enabling the complete assignment of MFA (1)H resonances in the aqueous solution. Two-dimensional (2D) (1)H/(1)H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and radio frequency-driven recoupling (RFDR) under MAS conditions reveal the interaction of MFA with EPO in the supersaturated solution at an atomic level. The strong cross-correlations observed in the 2D (1)H/(1)H NMR spectra indicate a hydrophobic interaction between the aromatic group of MFA and the backbone of EPO. Furthermore, the aminoalkyl group in the side chain of EPO forms a hydrophilic interaction, which can be either electrostatic or hydrogen bonding, with the carboxyl group of MFA. We believe these hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between MFA and EPO molecules play a key role in the formation of this extremely stable supersaturated solution. In addition, 2D (1)H/(1)H RFDR demonstrates that the molecular MFA-EPO interaction is quite flexible and dynamic.
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95
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Tsujikawa M, Sone T, Egawa M, Ueda N, Higashi K. Hardness profile improvement of plasma nitrided high speed steel by glow discharge heating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/174951411x13203192450304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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96
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Inhibitory effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate on drug recrystallization from a supersaturated solution assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Mol Pharm 2013. [PMID: 24025080 DOI: 10.1021/mp400278j.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the inhibitory effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) on drug recrystallization from a supersaturated solution using carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT) as model drugs. HPMC-AS HF grade (HF) inhibited the recrystallization of CBZ more strongly than that by HPMC-AS LF grade (LF). 1D-1H NMR measurements showed that the molecular mobility of CBZ was clearly suppressed in the HF solution compared to that in the LF solution. Interaction between CBZ and HF in a supersaturated solution was directly detected using nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). The cross-peak intensity obtained using NOESY of HF protons with CBZ aromatic protons was greater than that with the amide proton, which indicated that CBZ had hydrophobic interactions with HF in a supersaturated solution. In contrast, no interaction was observed between CBZ and LF in the LF solution. Saturation transfer difference NMR measurement was used to determine the interaction sites between CBZ and HF. Strong interaction with CBZ was observed with the acetyl substituent of HPMC-AS although the interaction with the succinoyl substituent was quite small. The acetyl groups played an important role in the hydrophobic interaction between HF and CBZ. In addition, HF appeared to be more hydrophobic than LF because of the smaller ratio of the succinoyl substituent. This might be responsible for the strong hydrophobic interaction between HF and CBZ. The intermolecular interactions between CBZ and HPMC-AS shown by using NMR spectroscopy clearly explained the strength of inhibition of HPMC-AS on drug recrystallization.
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97
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Inhibitory effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate on drug recrystallization from a supersaturated solution assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3801-11. [PMID: 24025080 DOI: 10.1021/mp400278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the inhibitory effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) on drug recrystallization from a supersaturated solution using carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT) as model drugs. HPMC-AS HF grade (HF) inhibited the recrystallization of CBZ more strongly than that by HPMC-AS LF grade (LF). 1D-1H NMR measurements showed that the molecular mobility of CBZ was clearly suppressed in the HF solution compared to that in the LF solution. Interaction between CBZ and HF in a supersaturated solution was directly detected using nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). The cross-peak intensity obtained using NOESY of HF protons with CBZ aromatic protons was greater than that with the amide proton, which indicated that CBZ had hydrophobic interactions with HF in a supersaturated solution. In contrast, no interaction was observed between CBZ and LF in the LF solution. Saturation transfer difference NMR measurement was used to determine the interaction sites between CBZ and HF. Strong interaction with CBZ was observed with the acetyl substituent of HPMC-AS although the interaction with the succinoyl substituent was quite small. The acetyl groups played an important role in the hydrophobic interaction between HF and CBZ. In addition, HF appeared to be more hydrophobic than LF because of the smaller ratio of the succinoyl substituent. This might be responsible for the strong hydrophobic interaction between HF and CBZ. The intermolecular interactions between CBZ and HPMC-AS shown by using NMR spectroscopy clearly explained the strength of inhibition of HPMC-AS on drug recrystallization.
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98
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Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, Iwasa M, Higashi K, Baba S, Ushikoshi H, Aoyama T, Nishigaki K, Takemura G, Minatoguchi S. Post-infarct administration of erythropoietin-encapsulated liposomes with Sialyl Lewis X (SLX) but not without SLX repairs infarcted myocardium in rabbits. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht309.p4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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99
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Higashi K, Yamada Y, Baba S, Minatoguchi S, Aoyama T, Nishigaki K, Takemura G, Akao Y, Minatoguchi S. Post-infarct treatment with microRNA145 reduces myocardial infarct size through acceleration of myocyte autophagy in rabbits. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht310.p5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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100
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Umino M, Higashi K, Masu H, Limwikrant W, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Characterization of Cromolyn Sodium Hydrates and Its Formulation by 23Na-Multiquantum and Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2738-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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