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Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Nicoletti I, Trinchieri G, Bistoni F, Puccetti P. Neutrophil production of IL-12 and IL-10 in candidiasis and efficacy of IL-12 therapy in neutropenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.11.5349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Neutrophil defects predispose to severe fungal infections, yet the immunomodulatory role of these cells is poorly defined. The contribution of neutrophils to the early cytokine balance governing Th1 and Th2 cell development was examined in mice with candidiasis. Neutrophils secreted IL-12 and IL-10, correlating with the respective development of self-limiting (Th1-associated) and progressive (Th2-associated) disease. Exogenous IL-12 was effective in protecting neutropenic hosts susceptible to infection. These results suggest that 1) neutrophils, via their ability to release cytokines, play an active role in determining the qualitative development of the T cell response, and 2) their early role in anticandidal immunity can be replaced by exogenous IL-12.
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Mencacci A, Cenci E, Boelaert JR, Bucci P, Mosci P, Fè d'Ostiani C, Bistoni F, Romani L. Iron overload alters innate and T helper cell responses to Candida albicans in mice. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1467-76. [PMID: 9180188 DOI: 10.1086/516481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of iron overload on susceptibility of mice to Candida albicans infection and on the type of T helper (Th) immunity elicited was investigated. Iron overload greatly increased susceptibility to disseminated infection with low-virulence C. albicans cells of exogenous origin. The candidacidal activity and the ability to release nitric oxide and bioactive interleukin (IL)-12 were greatly impaired in neutrophils and macrophages from infected mice. CD4 T cells from spleens of iron-overloaded mice were found to produce high levels of IL-4 and IL-10 and low levels of interferon-gamma. Treatment of iron-overloaded mice with the iron chelator, deferoxamine, resulted in the cure of mice from infection, restored the antifungal effector and immunomodulatory functions of the phagocytic cells, and allowed the occurrence of CD4 Th1 protective antifungal responses. These data indicate that iron overload may negatively affect CD4 Th1 development in mice with candidiasis, a function efficiently restored by therapy with deferoxamine.
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Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Mosci P, Bistoni F, Romani L. Early T cell unresponsiveness in mice with candidiasis and reversal by IL-2: effect on T helper cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.5.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the role and effect of IL-2 in the genesis of Th1 and Th2 responses to Candida albicans in vivo, we assessed the levels of IL-2 production and the Ag-specific proliferative response in mice with healing or nonhealing infection and the effects of IL-2 neutralization or administration on the course and outcome of infection and on the type of CD4+ Th immunity elicited. High levels of IL-2 production and Ag-specific proliferation in vitro correlated with disease progression in susceptible mice. In contrast, resolution of infection in resistant mice was accompanied by the induction of Ag-specific hyporesponsiveness and impaired IL-2 production. Progression of infection did not occur in susceptible mice treated with anti-IL-2 or anti-IL-2R mAbs; conversely, disease resolution was prevented in resistant mice treated with IL-2. CD4+ Th1 cell responses were present in BALB/c mice rendered resistant by IL-2 neutralization and CD4+ Th2 responses in mice rendered susceptible by IL-2 treatment. The presence of IL-2 restored Ag-specific responsiveness in vitro and correlated in vivo with the expansion of CD4+ MEL-149(low) cells capable of producing IL-2 and IL-4 both in vitro and in vivo as observed in adult thymectomized mice. These results indicate that production of IL-2 early in infection correlates with the induction of IL-4-producing CD4+ Th2 cells, while a transient loss of T cell responsiveness, such as IL-2 production, appears to be required for CD4+ Th1 occurrence in mice with candidiasis.
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Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Del Sero G, Bistoni F, Puccetti P. An immunoregulatory role for neutrophils in CD4+ T helper subset selection in mice with candidiasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.5.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Granulocytes may serve immunoregulatory and effector roles in different limbs of the immune response to infection. Using live vaccine strain or virulent challenge in mucosal or systemic infection of mice with Candida albicans, we examined the effect of mAb-mediated depletion of neutrophils on the course of primary and secondary challenge and on development of CD4+ cell-dependent immunity. We obtained evidence of deleterious effects of neutrophil depletion occurring at the time of infection under all conditions of testing, both in naive and in previously immunized mice. In contrast, neutrophil depletion appeared to benefit the hosts late in the course of an overwhelming systemic infection. In an attempt to correlate neutrophil function with the nature of the T cell response, we tested the ability of neutrophils to produce cytokines associated with functionally distinct CD4+ Th cell responses to Candida. We found that neutrophils were endowed with the capacity to secrete IL-12 and IL-10 in vitro in response to the yeast. Neutrophil ablation early in the course of Th1-associated, self-limiting infection appeared to change the qualitative development of the T cell response, and rendered mice susceptible to infection. In addition to long recognized contributions to acute anti-candidal responses, these data suggest an important role for neutrophils both in initiation and in expression of Candida-specific immunity.
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Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Del Sero G, Bistoni F, Puccetti P. An immunoregulatory role for neutrophils in CD4+ T helper subset selection in mice with candidiasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1997; 158:2356-62. [PMID: 9036985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Granulocytes may serve immunoregulatory and effector roles in different limbs of the immune response to infection. Using live vaccine strain or virulent challenge in mucosal or systemic infection of mice with Candida albicans, we examined the effect of mAb-mediated depletion of neutrophils on the course of primary and secondary challenge and on development of CD4+ cell-dependent immunity. We obtained evidence of deleterious effects of neutrophil depletion occurring at the time of infection under all conditions of testing, both in naive and in previously immunized mice. In contrast, neutrophil depletion appeared to benefit the hosts late in the course of an overwhelming systemic infection. In an attempt to correlate neutrophil function with the nature of the T cell response, we tested the ability of neutrophils to produce cytokines associated with functionally distinct CD4+ Th cell responses to Candida. We found that neutrophils were endowed with the capacity to secrete IL-12 and IL-10 in vitro in response to the yeast. Neutrophil ablation early in the course of Th1-associated, self-limiting infection appeared to change the qualitative development of the T cell response, and rendered mice susceptible to infection. In addition to long recognized contributions to acute anti-candidal responses, these data suggest an important role for neutrophils both in initiation and in expression of Candida-specific immunity.
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81
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Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Mosci P, Bistoni F, Romani L. Early T cell unresponsiveness in mice with candidiasis and reversal by IL-2: effect on T helper cell development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1997; 158:2294-302. [PMID: 9036977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role and effect of IL-2 in the genesis of Th1 and Th2 responses to Candida albicans in vivo, we assessed the levels of IL-2 production and the Ag-specific proliferative response in mice with healing or nonhealing infection and the effects of IL-2 neutralization or administration on the course and outcome of infection and on the type of CD4+ Th immunity elicited. High levels of IL-2 production and Ag-specific proliferation in vitro correlated with disease progression in susceptible mice. In contrast, resolution of infection in resistant mice was accompanied by the induction of Ag-specific hyporesponsiveness and impaired IL-2 production. Progression of infection did not occur in susceptible mice treated with anti-IL-2 or anti-IL-2R mAbs; conversely, disease resolution was prevented in resistant mice treated with IL-2. CD4+ Th1 cell responses were present in BALB/c mice rendered resistant by IL-2 neutralization and CD4+ Th2 responses in mice rendered susceptible by IL-2 treatment. The presence of IL-2 restored Ag-specific responsiveness in vitro and correlated in vivo with the expansion of CD4+ MEL-149(low) cells capable of producing IL-2 and IL-4 both in vitro and in vivo as observed in adult thymectomized mice. These results indicate that production of IL-2 early in infection correlates with the induction of IL-4-producing CD4+ Th2 cells, while a transient loss of T cell responsiveness, such as IL-2 production, appears to be required for CD4+ Th1 occurrence in mice with candidiasis.
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Cenci E, Perito S, Enssle KH, Mosci P, Latgé JP, Romani L, Bistoni F. Th1 and Th2 cytokines in mice with invasive aspergillosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:564-70. [PMID: 9009314 PMCID: PMC176097 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.2.564-570.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With a murine model of invasive aspergillosis we investigated cytokine production by CD4+ T helper cells and the effects of cytokine administration or neutralization on the course and outcome of infection. Patterns of susceptibility and resistance to infection were obtained with different strains of mice injected with different inocula of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Mice surviving the primary infection also resisted a subsequent lethal infection that was associated with production of gamma interferon by CD4+ T splenocytes. Impaired neutrophil antifungal activity, observed in susceptible mice, was concomitant with a predominant production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) by CD4+ splenocytes. In these mice, exogenous administration of IL-12 failed to induce resistance to infection; in contrast, treatment with soluble IL-4 receptor cured more than 70% of the mice from primary infection and resulted in the onset of acquired resistance to a subsequent lethal infection. These findings indicate that in murine invasive aspergillosis, production of IL-4 by CD4+ T cells may be one major factor discriminating susceptibility and resistance to infection.
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83
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Mencacci A, Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Enssle KH, Cassone A, Bistoni F, Romani L. CD4+ T-helper-cell responses in mice with low-level Candida albicans infection. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4907-14. [PMID: 8945525 PMCID: PMC174467 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.12.4907-4914.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance and susceptibility to Candida albicans infection have been shown to be dependent upon the activation of CD4+ T helper (Th) type 1 or Th2 cells, respectively. To study the type, kinetics, and cytokine dependency of CD4+ Th-cell responses in low-level C. albicans infection, susceptible mice were infected with sublethal doses of C. albicans and assessed for parameters of CD4+ Th-dependent immunity. Interleukin (IL)-12 and gamma interferon were always produced early in infection regardless of the pathogen load. In contrast, production of IL-4, and hence Th2-cell reactivity, was strictly dose dependent, being induced at the higher dose of the fungus. Production of IL-12 correlated with a successful control of infection in mice exposed to the lower doses of C. albicans but not with the development of acquired immunity. An antigenic stimulus appeared to be required for IL-12 to induce a protective anticandidal response. Cytokine depletion in vivo revealed that neutralization of IL-4 was protective early but not late in infection, suggesting a different role for IL-4 in the induction versus maintenance of an ongoing anticandidal Th response. Late in infection, an exacerbative effect was also observed upon IL-12 neutralization. These results indicate that the fungal burden and timing of cytokine appearance greatly influence CD4+ Th induction and effector functions in mice with candidiasis.
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84
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Mencacci A, Cenci E, Spaccapelo R, Tonnetti L, del Sero G, d'Ostiani CF, Bistoni F, Romani L. Neutrophils producing interleukin-10 antagonize the effect of interleukin-12 in mice with candidiasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 795:394-6. [PMID: 8958965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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85
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Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. Neutrophils and the adaptive immune response to Candida albicans. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 147:512-8. [PMID: 9127882 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(97)85216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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86
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Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Spaccapelo R, Toniatti C, Puccetti P, Bistoni F, Poli V. Impaired neutrophil response and CD4+ T helper cell 1 development in interleukin 6-deficient mice infected with Candida albicans. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1345-55. [PMID: 8666893 PMCID: PMC2192497 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.4.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To define the role of interleukin (IL)6 in Candida albicans infection, IL-6 deficient mice were assessed for susceptibility to systemic or gastrointestinal infection, as well as for parameters of elicited T helper cell (Th) immunity. IL-6-deficient mice were more susceptible than wild-type mice to either type of infection caused by virulent C. albicans. In response to systemic challenge with a live vaccine strain of yeast, IL-6-deficient mice failed to mount Th1-associated protective immunity, but the resulting Th2-biased response could be redirected to the Th1 phenotype by IL-10 neutralization. Severe impairment of the macrophage and neutrophil response to infection was observed in IL-6-deficient mice, but administration of IL-6 would increase both neutrophil response and resistance to infection. IL-6 seems to oppose the Th2-promoting role of IL-10 in candidiasis, its early regulatory activity involving effects on neutrophil function.
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87
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Romani L, Bistoni F, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Spaccapelo R, Puccetti P. IL12 in Candida albicans infections. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 146:532-8. [PMID: 8839158 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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88
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Spaccapelo R, Romani L, Tonnetti L, Cenci E, Mencacci A, Del Sero G, Tognellini R, Reed SG, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. TGF-beta is important in determining the in vivo patterns of susceptibility or resistance in mice infected with Candida albicans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1995; 155:1349-60. [PMID: 7636200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Resistance and susceptibility of mice to systemic infection with the fungus Candida albicans are associated with the preferential expansion of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. In this study, endogenous production of TGF-beta was found to be increased soon after infection of healer mice with a live vaccine strain of the fungus, but down-regulated in nonhealer mice with virulent yeast challenge. Although not affecting the outcome of primary challenge, serologic ablation of TGF-beta in the former animals abrogated development of acquired resistance and resulted in impaired production of IL-12/IFN-gamma and higher expression of IL-4/IL-10 at the time of reinfection with virulent yeast. A CD4+ population expressing the memory phenotype, CD44highMEL-14low, which appeared to be expanded by yeast infection of nonhealer mice, was similarly increased in the healer mice by anti-TGF-beta treatment. In vitro rTGF-beta impaired the candidacidal function of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages. Yet in nonhealer mice infected with virulent C. albicans, administration of rTGF-beta delayed progression of the disease, which was concomitant with the detection of lower levels of IL-4. In addition to previous evidence for an obligatory role of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in Candida-driven Th1 cell differentiation in vivo, the present data establish TGF-beta as a third cytokine, the presence of which may be required for optimal Th1 development leading to long-lived anticandidal resistance.
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89
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Spaccapelo R, Romani L, Tonnetti L, Cenci E, Mencacci A, Del Sero G, Tognellini R, Reed SG, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. TGF-beta is important in determining the in vivo patterns of susceptibility or resistance in mice infected with Candida albicans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.3.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Resistance and susceptibility of mice to systemic infection with the fungus Candida albicans are associated with the preferential expansion of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. In this study, endogenous production of TGF-beta was found to be increased soon after infection of healer mice with a live vaccine strain of the fungus, but down-regulated in nonhealer mice with virulent yeast challenge. Although not affecting the outcome of primary challenge, serologic ablation of TGF-beta in the former animals abrogated development of acquired resistance and resulted in impaired production of IL-12/IFN-gamma and higher expression of IL-4/IL-10 at the time of reinfection with virulent yeast. A CD4+ population expressing the memory phenotype, CD44highMEL-14low, which appeared to be expanded by yeast infection of nonhealer mice, was similarly increased in the healer mice by anti-TGF-beta treatment. In vitro rTGF-beta impaired the candidacidal function of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages. Yet in nonhealer mice infected with virulent C. albicans, administration of rTGF-beta delayed progression of the disease, which was concomitant with the detection of lower levels of IL-4. In addition to previous evidence for an obligatory role of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in Candida-driven Th1 cell differentiation in vivo, the present data establish TGF-beta as a third cytokine, the presence of which may be required for optimal Th1 development leading to long-lived anticandidal resistance.
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Abstract
In the past year, significant advances have been made in our understanding of immune defenses to fungal infections, which may be instrumental in the development of rational approaches to immunodiagnosis and therapy of these infections. The highlights have been the result of the direct application of advances in molecular biology and basic immunology, particularly cytokine research, leading to improved definition of fungal antigens and increased understanding of the roles of functionally distinct T-cell subsets, the activity of which may be either host-protective or disease-promoting.
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91
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Romani L, Cenci E, Menacci A, Bistoni F, Puccetti P. T helper cell dichotomy to Candida albicans: implications for pathology, therapy, and vaccine design. Immunol Res 1995; 14:148-62. [PMID: 8530878 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acquired immunity to Candida albicans is believed to prevent mucosal colonization of adult immunocompetent individuals from progressing to symptomatic infection. Resistance to disease appears to correlate with the detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in vivo and a T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine secretion profile in vitro. Cellular immunodeficiency, particularly HIV infection, greatly increases the risk of mucosal infection, confirming that CD(4+)-cell-directed immunity is effective locally in controlling infectivity of the yeast. While Th1-type CD4+ cell activation resulting in phagocyte-dependent immunity clearly represents an important mechanism of anticandidal resistance, clinical observations suggest that Th2-type CD4+ cell reactivity may be triggered by Candida antigens in several disease states, including symptomatic infections and immunopathology. This may imply that a Th1-type pattern of reactivity characterizes the saprophytic yeast carriage and resistance to disease by healthy humans, whereas Th2-type responses would be mostly associated with pathology. Moreover, Candida-specific T helper responses, namely humoral and cell-mediated immunity, appear to be reciprocally regulated, as typically occurs in experimental models of parasitic and retroviral infection, where the Th1/Th2 paradigm of acquired immunity has been best characterized. Recent studies, besides providing direct evidence for the occurrence of cross-regulatory Th1 and Th2 responses in mice with candidiasis, emphasize the potential of cytokine/anticytokine therapy for recruiting Candida-specific responses toward protective, Th1-type CD4+ cell reactivity. At the same time, these studies call attention to the possible consequences of C. albicans infection for immunopathology, allergy, and coinfection.
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92
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Puccetti P, Romani L, Bistoni F. A TH1-TH2-like switch in candidiasis: new perspectives for therapy. Trends Microbiol 1995; 3:237-40. [PMID: 7648032 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(00)88931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance in TH1-type and TH2-type responses may allow Candida albicans to modify the host response to favor its own persistence. This hypothesis has important consequences for allergy, autoimmunity and co-infection, and also highlights a potential role for cytokine and anti-cytokine therapy in Candida-related pathology.
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93
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Tonnetti L, Spaccapelo R, Cenci E, Mencacci A, Puccetti P, Coffman RL, Bistoni F, Romani L. Interleukin-4 and -10 exacerbate candidiasis in mice. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1559-65. [PMID: 7614983 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neutralization of endogenous interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-10 in mice with Candida albicans infection initiates or accelerates development of a T helper (Th)1-associated protective response. Here, we report the effect of IL-4 and IL-10 administration on the course of systemic or gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis and on the development of Th immunity using yeast/host combinations that result either in Th1-associated self-limiting infection (healer mice) or in Th2-associated progressive disease (nonhealer mice). Treatment with IL-4 or IL-10 greatly exacerbated the course of systemic infection in nonhealer mice and rendered healer mice, inoculated with attenuated yeast cells, susceptible to infection. Under the latter conditions of yeast challenge and IL-4/IL-10 administration, the development of a fatal disease was associated with inhibition of IL-12 production and detection of progressive Th2 cell dominance. In contrast, in healer mice allowed to resolve their infections and to develop long-lived anti-candidal resistance, the expression of this acquired resistance was not impaired by IL-4 and/or IL-10, as shown by the outcome of reinfection with virulent yeast cells. In the GI model of infection, both IL-4 and IL-10 were found to exacerbate the course of infection and to induce the appearance of CD4+ T cells producing high levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in Peyer's patches. These findings demonstrate that exogenous IL-4 and IL-10 may greatly affect the development of Th responses to C. albicans in vivo, but do not modify the expression of established and predominant Th1 cell reactivity.
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94
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Screpanti I, Romani L, Musiani P, Modesti A, Fattori E, Lazzaro D, Sellitto C, Scarpa S, Bellavia D, Lattanzio G. Lymphoproliferative disorder and imbalanced T-helper response in C/EBP beta-deficient mice. EMBO J 1995; 14:1932-41. [PMID: 7744000 PMCID: PMC398292 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
C/EBP beta is considered a key element of interleukin-6 (IL-6) signalling as well as an important transcriptional regulator of the IL-6 gene itself. We describe here how mice lacking C/EBP beta develop a pathology similar to mice overexpressing IL-6 and nearly identical to multicentric Castleman's disease in human patients, with marked splenomegaly, peripheral lymphadenopathy and enhanced haemopoiesis. Humoral, innate and cellular immunity are also profoundly distorted, as shown by the defective activation of splenic macrophages, the strong impairement of IL-12 production, the increased susceptibility to Candida albicans infection and the altered T-helper function. Our data show that C/EBP beta is crucial for the correct functional regulation and homeostatic control of haemopoietic and lymphoid compartments.
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95
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Cenci E, Mencacci A, Spaccapelo R, Tonnetti L, Mosci P, Enssle KH, Puccetti P, Romani L, Bistoni F. T helper cell type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-like responses are present in mice with gastric candidiasis but protective immunity is associated with Th1 development. J Infect Dis 1995; 171:1279-88. [PMID: 7751704 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/171.5.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contributions of local T helper cell type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-like responses to the course of primary and secondary gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis were examined in adult immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Both Th1 cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and the Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5, were produced by CD4+ cells from Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes at a time when the fungus was cleared from the stomach and intestine. Augmentation of antigen-specific Th2-like responses by treatment with cholera toxin did not modify the course of disease. In contrast, treatment with soluble IL-4 receptor, which increased Th1 cells, was associated with enhanced yeast clearance. In addition, IFN-gamma but not IL-4 mRNA was present in PP and spleen CD4+ cells in mice resistant to subsequent GI inoculation. Activation of Th1- but not Th2-like responses may be responsible locally for controlling GI candidiasis and generating protective immunity.
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96
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Romani L, Mencacci A, Tonnetti L, Spaccapelo R, Cenci E, Puccetti P, Wolf SF, Bistoni F. IL-12 is both required and prognostic in vivo for T helper type 1 differentiation in murine candidiasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1994; 153:5167-75. [PMID: 7963574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In murine models of systemic candidiasis, healing and nonhealing patterns of disease are associated with preferential expansion of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. As previous studies have shown IL-12 to be expressed transcriptionally in healer mice and to be required for Th1 development in vitro, this cytokine might play a role in Candida-driven Th1 cell differentiation in vivo. In the present study, IL-12-neutralizing Abs or recombinant IL-12 were administered to mice with healing or progressive candidiasis, respectively, and the animals were monitored for mortality, resistance to reinfection, serum levels of specific Abs, and IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 message/protein expression by CD4+ cells. In self-limiting infection by a yeast vaccine strain, neutralization of IL-12 ablated development of acquired anticandidal resistance and led to appearance of Candida-specific IgE and IL-4-producing cells. In mice with progressive systemic disease as well as in a mucosal infection model, administration of IL-12 did not result in therapeutic activity under conditions of yeast infection that would instead be resolved by serologic ablation of IL-4 or IL-10. Yet, in systemically infected mice cured by anti-IL-4 or anti-IL-10 therapy, the emergence of a Th1 response correlated with the detection of high levels of circulating IL-12 and splenic IL-12 transcripts. Although exogenous IL-12 may not be sufficient for Th conversion in the presence of an overwhelming IL-4/IL-10 response, endogenous production of IL-12 may be both required and prognostic for Th1 differentiation in vivo.
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97
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Mencacci A, Torosantucci A, Spaccapelo R, Romani L, Bistoni F, Cassone A. A mannoprotein constituent of Candida albicans that elicits different levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity, cytokine production, and anticandidal protection in mice. Infect Immun 1994; 62:5353-60. [PMID: 7960114 PMCID: PMC303275 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.12.5353-5360.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify major immunogenic constituents of Candida albicans, the effect of a mannoprotein fraction (MP-F2) on the elicitation of a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, cytokine production, and protection from a virulent Candida challenge in a mouse candidiasis model was studied. In mice immunized with whole cells of a low-virulence strain of C. albicans and thus protected against a challenge with a highly virulent strain of this fungus, MP-F2 was able to elicit a strong DTH response that was accompanied by splenocyte proliferation in vitro in the presence of Candida antigen. The supernatants of MP-F2-stimulated splenocyte cultures contained gamma interferon (IFN-gamma, a typical CD4+ T helper-1 (Th1) cytokine, but no interleukin-4, (IL-4), a typical CD4+ Th2 cytokine. IFN-gamma was produced by CD4+ cells, and its level could be greatly increased by the addition of anti-IL-4 or, mostly, anti-IL-10 antibodies to the CD4+ cell cultures. Upon a suitable schedule of immunization, MP-F2 was also able to induce a vigorous DTH response in Candida-uninfected mice, a response that could be efficiently transferred into naive recipients by CD4+ cells from the spleens of MP-F2-immunized mice. The immunization described above also conferred to mice a low degree of protection against a virulent Candida challenge, both in terms of median survival time and in the number of Candida cells in the kidney. However, while DTH induction by MP-F2 was as strong as that induced by whole cells, MP-F2-induced protection was significantly weaker than that conferred by Candida whole-cell immunization. Mice immunized with either MP-F2 or Candida whole cells had an inverted ratio between the number of CD4+ splenocytes producing IFN-gamma and that of cells producing IL-4, compared with nonimmunized animals. However, the number of IL-4-producing CD4+ cells was significantly higher in MP-F2-vaccinated, weakly protected mice than in Candida whole-cell-vaccinated, highly protected animals. Overall, our data suggest that the MP-F2 fraction contains one or more major immunogens of C. albicans which are capable of interfering with the balance of CD4+ Th1 and Th2 responses that is so critical in the outcome of host-Candida relationship and are thus potentially relevant in the mechanisms of Candida-specific DTH regulation and protection.
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Romani L, Mencacci A, Tonnetti L, Spaccapelo R, Cenci E, Puccetti P, Wolf SF, Bistoni F. IL-12 is both required and prognostic in vivo for T helper type 1 differentiation in murine candidiasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.11.5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In murine models of systemic candidiasis, healing and nonhealing patterns of disease are associated with preferential expansion of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. As previous studies have shown IL-12 to be expressed transcriptionally in healer mice and to be required for Th1 development in vitro, this cytokine might play a role in Candida-driven Th1 cell differentiation in vivo. In the present study, IL-12-neutralizing Abs or recombinant IL-12 were administered to mice with healing or progressive candidiasis, respectively, and the animals were monitored for mortality, resistance to reinfection, serum levels of specific Abs, and IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 message/protein expression by CD4+ cells. In self-limiting infection by a yeast vaccine strain, neutralization of IL-12 ablated development of acquired anticandidal resistance and led to appearance of Candida-specific IgE and IL-4-producing cells. In mice with progressive systemic disease as well as in a mucosal infection model, administration of IL-12 did not result in therapeutic activity under conditions of yeast infection that would instead be resolved by serologic ablation of IL-4 or IL-10. Yet, in systemically infected mice cured by anti-IL-4 or anti-IL-10 therapy, the emergence of a Th1 response correlated with the detection of high levels of circulating IL-12 and splenic IL-12 transcripts. Although exogenous IL-12 may not be sufficient for Th conversion in the presence of an overwhelming IL-4/IL-10 response, endogenous production of IL-12 may be both required and prognostic for Th1 differentiation in vivo.
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Romani L, Puccetti P, Mencacci A, Spaccapelo R, Cenci E, Tonnetti L, Bistoni F. Tolerance to staphylococcal enterotoxin B initiated Th1 cell differentiation in mice infected with Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1994; 62:4047-53. [PMID: 7914883 PMCID: PMC303066 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.9.4047-4053.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a bacterial superantigen that specifically activates T cells bearing V beta 8 T-cell receptor domains, which eventually leads to a long-lasting state of clonal anergy accompanied by selective cell death in the targeted CD4+ subset. Because the superantigen is known to promote Th1 cell differentiation in vitro, we have investigated the effect of SEB treatment on the course of Th2-associated progressive disease in mice infected systemically with Candida albicans. On the basis of the kinetics of SEB-induced changes in CD4+ cells and production in sera of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10, and gamma interferon, we obtained evidence that V beta 8+ cell anergy concomitant with infection abolished the early IL-4/IL-10 response of the host to the yeast, ultimately leading to a state of resistance characterized by gamma interferon secretion in vitro by antigen-specific CD4+ cells. In contrast, SEB administered near the time of challenge resulted in accelerated mortality. Significant resistance to infection was also afforded by exposure of mice to a retrovirally encoded endogenous superantigen. These data suggest that CD4+ V beta 8+ T cells play an important role in vivo in the initiation of a Th2 response to C. albicans and that suppression of their activity may alter the qualitative development of the T-cell response and the outcome of infection.
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D'Atri S, Romani L, Bonmassar E, Grohmann U, Tricarico M, Christmas SE, Moore M. Untreated or drug-treated tumor cells are differentially recognized by allogeneic lymphocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1994; 16:569-79. [PMID: 7928005 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)90108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Murine tumor cells treated with triazene compounds (TZC), in vivo or in vitro, are capable of eliciting specific transplantation resistance in syngeneic hosts, and T-cell-mediated proliferative and cytotoxic responses, directed against novel drug-induced antigen(s). Since this phenomenon, referred to as chemical xenogenization (CX) could open up new perspectives in the immunochemotherapy of human neoplasias, it was of interest to investigate whether CX could also occur in human tumors. However, established human tumor cell lines along with fully immunocompetent autologous lymphocytes, are seldom available. Therefore studies were carried out to test whether parental or TZC-treated tumor cells could be differentially recognized by allogeneic lymphocytes. Experiments were performed in both human and murine models, using a lung adenocarcinoma line treated in vitro with TZC, or an established xenogenized mouse lymphoma, respectively. The results indicate that allogeneic cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) recognize specifically murine TZC-treated tumor cells. This was supported by the finding that antisera directed against the drug-treated cells abrogated the generation and the cytolytic activity of allogeneic CTL reactive against the TZC-treated tumor. In addition it was found that changes of the antigenic pattern of cell membrane recognizable by cloned allogeneic CTL occur in the TZC-treated human carcinoma cell line.
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