[Investigation on diagnosis of pneumoconiosis in non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province]

Objective: To understand the incidence of pneumoconiosis in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province, and provide reference for the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis in the non-coal mining industry. Methods: The data of 7019 newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis patients in non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province from January 1956 to December 2019 were collected through the Jiangsu Province Pneumoconiosis Follow-up Network Report System, including the gender of the pneumoconiosis patients, the name of the employer and the location, the industry classification of the employer, the duration of dust exposure in dust exposure, the name of occupational pneumoconiosis disease, the date of diagnosis of pneumoconiosis, etc. The collected case data of patients with pneumoconiosis were entered into the statistical software, and the characteristics of the patients' diagnosis time, region and industry were analyzed. Results: The number of confirmed pneumoconiosis patients in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province was mostly in 2007 (395 cases) , concentrated in Wuxi City (40.96%, 2875/7019) and Suzhou City (27.72%, 1946/7019) . The industries to which the patients belonged were mainly non-metallic mining and dressing (60.95%, 4278/7019) , and the most common type of pneumoconiosis was silicosis (96.40%, 6766/7019) . The patients were mainly stageⅠpneumoconiosis (61.33%, 4305/7019) . There were statistically significant differences in the mean age of diagnosis and the average duration of dust exposure among patients with different pneumoconiosis stages (P<0.01) . The differences in the average diagnosis age and the average duration of dust exposure of patients with different types of pneumoconiosis were statistically significant (P<0.05) , the mean age of diagnosis and the average duration of dust exposure of electric welders were the smallest, which were (44.92±7.74) years old and (17.38±10.15) years, respectively. Conclusion: The regional and industry distribution characteristics of new pneumoconiosis patients in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province are obvious, and attention should be paid to the treatment of pneumoconiosis patients with young diagnosed age and short duration of dust exposure, as well as the personal protection and health protection of front-line workers such as electric welders who are exposed to productive dust in a short period of time.

[Feasibility and perioperative safety of transoral robotic surgery with da Vinci Xi platform]

Objective: To explore the feasibility and perioperative safety of transoral robotic surgery with da Vinci Xi platform for pharyngolaryngeal tumors. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 55 consecutive cases with resection of pharyngolaryngeal tumors by transoral robotic surgery with da Vinci Xi platform from July 27, 2020 to October 31, 2021 in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, including 44 males and 11 females, aged 25-79 years. There were 41 cases of oropharyngeal tumors, 9 cases of parapharyngeal space tumors, 2 cases of laryngeal tumors, 2 cases of hypopharyngeal tumors and 1 case of retropharyngeal space tumor. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, perioperative tracheotomy, nasal feeding, hemorrhage and other complications were analyzed. Results: Of the 55 patients, 54 received resection of pharyngolaryngeal tumors by da Vinci robot through oral approach, and only 1 case of pyriform sinus carcinoma underwent a conversion to open surgery due to poor exposure of lower margin. The average surgical time for the patients with transoral robotic surgeries was 64.4 min, the average blood loss was 24.8 ml, the average postoperative hospital stay was 6.9 d, and the average oral feeding time was 11.1 d. Seventeen patients (30.9%) underwent preventive tracheotomy during surgery. Among 38 cases of laryngeal cancer, 28 underwent simultaneously neck dissection. No serious complications occurred in all patients during and after operation. The follow-up time was 1-15 months. Aside from 1 patient had a relapse 10 months after surgery, other patients had no recurrence or metastasis. Conclusion: Transoral robotic surgery with da Vinci Xi is safe, effective and minimally invasive for resection of pharyngolaryngeal tumors under reasonable indications.

Quantum optimization of maximum independent set using Rydberg atom arrays

Realizing quantum speedup for practically relevant, computationally hard problems is a central challenge in quantum information science. Using Rydberg atom arrays with up to 289 qubits in two spatial dimensions, we experimentally investigate quantum algorithms for solving the Maximum Independent Set problem. We use a hardware-efficient encoding associated with Rydberg blockade, realize closed-loop optimization to test several variational algorithms, and subsequently apply them to systematically explore a class of graphs with programmable connectivity. We find the problem hardness is controlled by the solution degeneracy and number of local minima, and experimentally benchmark the quantum algorithm's performance against classical simulated annealing. On the hardest graphs, we observe a superlinear quantum speedup in finding exact solutions in the deep circuit regime and analyze its origins.

[Analysis on mortality and premature death rates of 4 major chronic diseases in Ji'nan, 2015-2020]

Objective: To understand the characteristics and trend of the premature death rate of 4 major chronic diseases in Ji'nan from 2015 to 2020. Methods: The death cause surveillance data and population data during 2015-2020 in Ji'nan were collected, and abbreviated life table, Joinpoint regression analysis and other methods were used to analyze the characteristics and change trends of the premature death rates of 4 major chronic diseases. Results: The crude mortality rate and age standardized mortality rate changes for the 4 major chronic diseases from 2015 to 2020 range from 568.65/100 000 to 604.06/100 000 and 366.77/100 000 to 432.48/100 000, respectively. The annual premature death rate of 4 major chronic diseases declined by 3.33% averagely from 2015 to 2020 (95%CI: -6.25%--0.32%), which might be explained by the declines of the premature death rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [average annual percentage change (AAPC)=-3.23%, 95%CI: -6.32%--0.05%] and cancer (AAPC=-3.58%,95%CI:-6.83%--0.21%). The average decline rate in women (AAPC=-4.19%,95%CI:-7.56%- -0.70%) was higher than that in men (AAPC=-2.92%,95%CI: -5.65%--0.11%). Conclusions: The premature death rate of 4 major chronic diseases showed a downward trend in Ji'nan from 2015 to 2020. Men should be considered as a key population in the prevention and control of 4 major chronic diseases, and attention should also be paid to the non-significant declines in the premature death rates of chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.

Joint Determination of Reactor Antineutrino Spectra from ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu Fission by Daya Bay and PROSPECT

A joint determination of the reactor antineutrino spectra resulting from the fission of ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu has been carried out by the Daya Bay and PROSPECT Collaborations. This Letter reports the level of consistency of ^{235}U spectrum measurements from the two experiments and presents new results from a joint analysis of both data sets. The measurements are found to be consistent. The combined analysis reduces the degeneracy between the dominant ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu isotopes and improves the uncertainty of the ^{235}U spectral shape to about 3%. The ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu antineutrino energy spectra are unfolded from the jointly deconvolved reactor spectra using the Wiener-SVD unfolding method, providing a data-based reference for other reactor antineutrino experiments and other applications. This is the first measurement of the ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu spectra based on the combination of experiments at low- and highly enriched uranium reactors.

[Model selection and curative effect judgment criteria for artificial liver in the treatment of liver failure]

Artificial liver is one of the effective methods to treat liver failure. Patients with liver failure are critically ill and have great individualized differences. Therefore, the specific program for the treatment of liver failure with artificial liver should be individualized. The commonly used non-biological artificial liver models include simple plasmapheresis, double filtration plasmapheresis, plasma filtration with dialysis, double plasma molecular adsorption system, molecular absorbent recirculating system, hemodiafiltration, continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration, hybrid, etc. The curative effect should be properly judged from patient's symptoms, laboratory test indicators, survival rate and other aspects after artificial liver therapy.

[Clinicopathological characteristics of natural killer cell enteropathy: report of two cases and review of literature]

Objective: To study the clinicopathological and genetic features of natural killer (NK)-cell enteropathy for better understanding of this rare disease and prevention of its misdiagnosis. Methods: Two cases of NK-cell enteropathy were diagnosed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China from October 2017 to February 2021. The clinical characteristics, morphology, immunohistochemistry, Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization and T cell receptor gene rearrangement were analyzed. The patients were followed up by a telephone interview. Results: The patients were both male, aged 40 and 28 years, respectively. Both patients were admitted to the hospital for an annual checkup without obvious gastrointestinal symptoms. The endoscopy showed that the gastric body of case 1 had a mucosal bulge, small area of congestion and erosion, while the rectum of case 2 had congestion and erosion. Microscopically, the lesions of the 2 cases were relatively limited. Many lymphoid cells infiltrated within the lamina propria of the mucosa and into the muscularis mucosa in case 2. In case 1, the glands were reduced in the lesion, and the glandular cavity was slightly compressed and deformed. There was no infiltration or destruction of the glands in either case. Lymphoid cells were atypical, with medium-to-large cell sizes. Their cytoplasm was medium-to-slightly abundant and appeared eosinophilic or translucent. In case 2, characteristic eosinophilic granules were seen in the cytoplasm of a few cells. The nuclei in both cases were round, oval and irregular, with fine chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and no mitotic figures were noted. Necrosis was seen in case 1 while both cases had no central growth or destruction of blood vessels. Immunophenotyping showed that CD56, granzyme B and TIA-1 were positive in both cases, part of the cells was CD3-positive, and some cells were weakly CD4-positive in case 2. The CD5, CD8, CD30, ALK and B-lineage markers (CD20, CD79α) were all negative. The Ki-67 proliferation index was about 60% and 30%, respectively. Both cases were EBER negative. TCR gene rearrangement was polyclonal. Follow-up showed that none of the 2 patients had any special treatments and stayed well. Conclusions: NK-cell enteropathy is rare, with biological behaviors similar to benign tumors, and occasional recurrence. Its histology and immunophenotype are easily confused with NK/T cell-derived lymphomas. Combination of its unique endoscopic features, EBER negativity, polyclonal TCR gene rearrangement and good prognosis can confirm the diagnosis and avoid misdiagnosis and overtreatment.

[Survival outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with salvage surgery for hypopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy]

Objective: To investigate the survival outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with salvage surgery for hypopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed, including 26 patients treated in Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital between January 2010 and December 2015. All patients were males, aged 48-83 years, of whom 8 cases were local residual after radiotherapy alone, 8 cases were local recurrence after postoperative radiotherapy, 2 cases were residual of cervical lymph nodes after radiotherapy alone, 2 cases were recurrence of cervical lymph nodes after radiotherapy alone, 2 cases were recurrence of cervical lymph nodes after postoperative radiotherapy and 4 cases were recurrence of tracheal stoma. The salvage operations included: local resection, local resection with neck dissection, simple neck dissection, tumor resection of tracheostomy, and additional repair according to the defect. Chi square test was used for recurrence and metastasis analysis, Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis, Log-rank test for univariate analysis, and Cox regression model for multivariate analysis. Results: The complication rate of salvage surgery was 23.1% (6/26). The recurrence rate was 65.4% (17/26) and the distant metastasis rate was 42.3% (11/26) in the 5-year follow-up after salvage surgery. Patient's age and tumor invasion extent were correlated with recurrence. Initial treatment, tumor persistence or recurrence after radiotherapy, recurrence location and tumor invasion extent were correlated with distant metastasis (all P<0.05). Overall, 3 year and 5 year survival rates were 42.3% and 23.1% respectively. Age, recurrence location, surgical margin and tumor invasion extent were related to prognosis (χ²=6.56, 10.68, 9.32, and 7.90 respectively, all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that surgical margin and tumor invasion extent were independent risk factors for prognosis (OR (95%CI) = 3.19 (1.03-9.84), 14.37 (2.46-84.08), both P<0.05). Conclusion: Salvage surgery is the first choice for patients with recurrence after radiotherapy for hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Safe surgical margin should be ensured, especially in tumors invading muscle, bone tissue or lymph node capsule.

[Effectiveness of FibroTouch combined with four hepatic fibrosis biomarkers for evaluation of the liver fibrosis degree among patients with chronic schistosomiasis-induced liver disorders]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the performance of FibroTouch in combination with four hepatic fibrosis biomarkers for assessment of the degree of hepatic fibrosis among patients with chronic schistosomiasis-induced liver disorders.

METHODS

A total of 63 patients with chronic schistosomiasis-induced liver diseases admitted to The Third People's Hospital of Kunshan City from January to March 2021 were enrolled as the observation group, while 50 healthy volunteers receiving health examinations in the hospital during the study period were randomly selected as the control group. The liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was determined using the FibroTouch technique, and the serum levels of four hepatic fibrosis biomarkers were detected using chemilumi-nescence immunoassay, including type IV collagen (IV-C), type III procollagen (PC-III), hyaluronidase (HA) and laminin (LN). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of LSM and four hepatic fibrosis biomarkers alone and in combination for assessing the degree of hepatic fibrosis among patients with chronic schistosomiasis-induced liver disorders were plotted and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was estimated to examine the value of LSM and four hepatic fibrosis biomarkers alone and in combination for assessing the degree of hepatic fibrosis.

RESULTS

There were 63 subjects in the observation group, including 28 men and 35 women, and the participants had a mean age of (65.34 ± 12.56) years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of (24.47 ± 11.05) kg/m². There were 50 subjects in the control group, including 22 men and 28 women, and the participants had a mean age of (64.28 ± 13.10) years and a mean BMI of (25.12 ± 11.64) kg/m². There were no significant differences between the observation and control groups in terms of gender ratio (χ² = 0.002, P > 0.05), age (t = 0.437, P > 0.05) or BMI (t = 0.303, P > 0.05). The LSM [(8.65 ± 5.22) vs. (3.24 ± 1.10) kPa; t = 8.013, P < 0.05], IV-C [(51.80 ± 9.45) vs. (30.10 ± 10.34) ng/L; t = 11.506, P < 0.05], PC-III [(77.28 ± 17.22) vs. (48.62 ± 9.54) ng/L; t = 11.224, P < 0.05], HA [(39.55 ± 5.32) vs. (84.89 ± 10.34) ng/L; t = 30.158, P < 0.05] and LN [(99.47 ± 7.37) vs. (61.93 ± 9.80) ng/L; t = 22.496, P < 0.05] were significantly greater in the observation group than in the control group, and Spearman correlation analysis showed that the degree of liver fibrosis positively correlated with LSM (r_s = 0.675, P < 0.01), IV-C (r_s = 0.421, P < 0.01), PC-III (r_s = 0.517, P < 0.01), HA (r_s = 0.550, P < 0.01) and LN (r_s = 0.539, P < 0.01) among patients with chronic schistosomiasis-induced liver diseases. ROC curve analysis revealed that the AUC of LSM for assessment of the hepatic fibrosis degree was 0.884 (P < 0.001), and the LSM cutoff, sensitivity and specificity were 11.75 kPa, 71.43% and 84.00% at the highest Youden index, respectively. In addition, the AUC of four hepatic fibrosis biomarkers for assessment of the hepatic fibrosis degree was 0.577 to 0.670, with 70.174 to 115.237 ng/L cutoff values, 17.46% to 68.25% sensitivity and 71.01% to 96.00% specificity. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of LSM combined with four hepatic fibrosis biomarkers were 92.06% and 95.07% for assessment of the hepatic fibrosis degree among patients with chronic schistosomiasis-induced liver diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

FibroTouch in combination with detection of four hepatic fibrosis biomarkers has a high sensitivity and specificity for assessing the degree of hepatic fibrosis among patients with chronic schistosomiasis-induced liver diseases, which deserves widespread clinical uses.

[Preliminary effects of toripalimab combined with axitinib in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma]

Objective: To analyze the efficacy and safety of toripalimab combined with axitinib in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Methods: Clinical data of 50 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma who received axitinib combined with toripalimab were retrospectively collected from the database of Peking University Cancer Hospital. ORR, DCR, PFS, and OS were analyzed. Results: Among the 50 patients, 37 were males; median age was 56 (22-73) years; 38 were pathologically diagnosed as clear cell renal cell carcinoma and 12 were non-clear cell carcinoma. Common metastatic sites included lung, bone, lymph node, liver, and so on. 90% of the patients had received at least one-line of systemic therapy. With a median follow-up time of 11.9 months (0.8-24), 27 of the 50 patients are still on treatment, ORR was 34%, DCR was 86%, median PFS was 13.1 months (95%CI 5.8-20.4), and median OS has not yet reached. One-year OS rate was 84.6%. Common adverse reactions were proteinuria, diarrhea, hypertension, abnormal thyroid function, elevated transaminase, and hand-foot syndrome. Most adverse events were grade 1-2. Conclusion: Toripalimab combined with axitinib was efficient in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, and had manageable adverse reactions.

Ginkgolic acid induces apoptosis and autophagy of endometrial carcinoma cells via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in vivo and in vitro

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the fourth most common malignancy in women in developed countries. The prognosis of EC is extremely poor, and it is an important factor that contributes to the death of patients. Therefore, studying EC pathogenesis and therapeutic targets, and exploring effective drugs are the primary tasks to improve the prognosis of EC. In the present study, we aimed to explore the function of ginkgolic acid (GA) in EC cell apoptosis and autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, MTT assay and clone formation assay were employed to analyze the Ishikawa and HEC-1-B cell viabilities and proliferation after treatment with GA. The results showed that GA inhibited endometrial cancer cell survival. Flow cytometry assay and western blot assay were applied to examine the apoptosis and apoptosis related protein Bcl-2, Bax, Cleaved caspase-3 expression levels of Ishikawa and HEC-1-B cells after treatment with GA. Next, we applied western blot assay to analyze the autophagy associated proteins LC3I, LC3II, p62 and Beclin-1 in GA treated Ishikawa and HEC-1-B cells. We found that GA promoted apoptosis and induced autophagy of endometrial cancer cells. Meanwhile, western blot assay was also used to determine the expression levels of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway related protein and the results revealed that GA inhibited the activity of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Finally, we found that GA inhibited tumor growth in vivo through immunohistochemistry assay. In conclusion, GA induces apoptosis and autophagy of EC cells via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in vivo and vitro.

Acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on postexercise intramuscular lipid metabolism in rats

Recovery from exercise refers to the period between the end of a bout of exercise and the subsequent return to a resting or recovered state. It is a dynamic period in which many physiological changes occur. A large amount of research has evaluated the effect of training on intramuscular lipid metabolism. However, data are limited regarding intramuscular lipid metabolism during the recovery period. In this study, lipid metabolism-related proteins were examined after a single bout of exercise in a time-dependent way to explore the mechanism of how exercise induces intramuscular lipid metabolism adaptation. Firstly, all rats in the exercise group underwent a five-week training protocol (HIIT, five times/week), and then performed a more intense HIIT session after 72 h of the last-time five-week training. After that, rats were sampled in a time-dependent way, including 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h following the acute training session. Our results discovered that five weeks of HIIT increased the content of intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and enhanced the lipolytic and lipogenesis-related proteins in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, IMTG content decreased immediately post HIIT and gradually increased to baseline levels 48 h postexercise, continuing to over-recover up to 96 h postexercise. Following acute exercise, lipolytic-related proteins showed an initial increase (6-12 h) before decreasing during recovery. Conversely, lipogenesis-related proteins decreased following exercise (6-12 h), then increased in the recovery period. Based on the changes, we speculate that skeletal muscle is predominated by lipid oxidative at the first 12 h postexercise. After this period, lipid synthesis-related proteins increased, which may be the result of body recovery. Together, these results may provide insight into how the lipid metabolism-related signaling changes after chronic and acute HIIT and how protein levels lipid metabolism correlates to IMTG recovery.

[Discussion on the evaluation of occupational disease diagnostic criteria]

Occupational disease diagnosis standards are an important basis for occupational disease diagnosis, occupational health surveillance, occupational health supervision, occupational disease treatment, occupational disease disability assessment, and handling of occupational disease diagnosis disputes in conjunction with the "Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law of the People's Republic of China". With the successive promulgation of the "Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China" and the "Administrative Measures on Health Standards", the establishment of a mandatory standard implementation evaluation mechanism has gradually been paid attention to. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the evaluation of diagnostic criteria for occupational diseases. Therefore, this article combines the current status of the diagnostic standards for occupational diseases in China, and proposes reasonable suggestions on how to carry out the evaluation of the implementation of this type of standard in terms of evaluation methods and content.

Comprehensive evaluation of factors that induce gingival enlargement during orthodontic treatment: A cross-sectional comparative study

Background

Gingival enlargement (GE) is one of the most common soft tissue problems encountered during fixed orthodontic treatment. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the factors affecting GE in adolescents and young adults, compared with their normal peers.

Subjects and Methods

This is a cross-sectional comparative study. The sample consisted of 329 subjects (ages 10-30 years) of both genders, which was divided into four main groups: The control group (G0) with no orthodontic treatment; subjects who underwent orthodontic treatment were divided according to treatment duration into G1 (4-12 months), G2 (13-24 months), and G3 (>24 months). The clinical examinations included the level of debris, calculus (simplified oral hygiene), and GE indices. Regression analyses were used to assess the GE association in all the studied groups.

Results

The mean GE score increased significantly with increased treatment duration (0.42 ± 0.29 for G0 and 1.03 ± 0.52 for G3). GE scores of the lower arch were significantly higher in the anterior segment than in the posterior segment among all treatment groups. Regression analysis revealed that gender, age, oral hygiene, and treatment duration had a significant effect on GE (P < 0.05), while angle classification, overjet, overbite, treatment stage, bracket type, and therapeutic extraction did not show significant associations (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Gender, age, oral hygiene, and treatment duration were the most important risk factors for GE during fixed orthodontic treatment.

[Clinical application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of burn patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective analysis and systematic review]

Objective: To analyze the clinical effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the treatment of burn patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods: The retrospective observational study and the systematic review were applied. From March 2014 to July 2020, five burn patients with ARDS received ECMO treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University). All the five patients were male, aged from 40 to 62 years. The average total burn surface area was 58.8% total body surface area (TBSA) and four cases had severe inhalation injury. Patient's ECMO starting time, duration and mode, and whether successfully weaned or the cause of death, and others. were recorded. Furthermore, the changes of oxygenation and infection before, during, and after utilizing ECMO were analyzed. PubMed and Web of Science from the establishment of each database to August 2021 were searched using "Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation", "ECMO", "burn", "inhalation" as the search terms and "Title/Abstract" as the field to retrieve the clinical articles that meet the selection criteria . Basic information were extracted from the articles, including sample size, gender, age, total burn area, inhalation injury, the indication of ECMO, the start and lasting time of ECMO, ECMO mode, rate of successful weaning, complications of ECMO, mortality, the combined application of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Results: Five patients started venovenous ECMO on an average of 10.2 days after injury and lasted an average of 180.4 hours. Three out of 5 patients were weaned successfully with one patient survived. Four patients died of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and septic shock. Compared with those before ECMO treatment, the arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2) of three successfully weaned patients obviously increased during and after ECMO treatment. The fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) decreased below 50% and PaO2/FiO2 ratio increased above 200 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) during and after ECMO. Furthermore, lactic acid and respiratory rate decreased, basically. Compared with those before ECMO, PaO2 and SaO2 in the other two patients during ECMO, who failed to be weaned, continuously decreased while lactic acid increased. Before and during ECMO, the PaO2/FiO2 ratios of unsuccessfullg weaned cases were less than 200 mmHg, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) were more than 40 mmHg. Compared with those before ECMO, there were no significant changes in body temperature during and after ECMO, which were less than 38 ℃. Compared with those before ECMO, the leucocyte number (the index without this in unsuccessfully weaned cases was omitted, the same as below) in four patients showed a significant decrease during ECMO, but rose after removal of ECMO. The proportion of neutrophils in three patients were slightly higher during ECMO than before ECMO, and did not change significantly after removal of ECMO. Compared with those before ECMO, platelet counts in three patients were significantly reduced during ECMO, and all five patients during ECMO were below normal levels. Compared with those before ECMO, the procalcitonin levels in four deaths were significantly increased during ECMO. Catheter culture of microorganism was performed in three successfully weaned patients, all of which were negative. A total of 13 literature were included, ranging from 1990 to 2019. The sample size in 6 studies was less than 10, and the sample size in 4 studies was between 10 and 20, and only 2 literatures had a sample size larger than 50. ECMO was applied in 295 burn patients with overall mortality of 48.8% (144/295), including 157 adults and 138 children. The most common indication of ECMO was severe ARDS. Among 157 adult burn patients (95 males and 65 females), 36 cases had inhalation injury. The average burn area was 27%-37%TBSA in 5 reported studies and was more than 50%TBSA in 2 reported studies. The most common mode was venovenous ECMO. ECMO treatment began 26.5 hours to 7.4 days after injury and lasted from 90 hours to 18 days, and the rate of successful weaning ranged from 50% to 100%. The most common complications were bleeding and infection. The mortality was 52.9% (83/157). MODS and sepsis were the leading causes of death. Among 138 pediatric burn patients (77 boys and 61 girls), 29 patients had inhalation injury. The average burn area was 17%-50.2%TBSA in 3 studies. ECMO treatment lasted from 165.2 hours to 324.4 hours. Bleeding was the most common complication. The mortality was 44.2% (61/138). Conclusions: ECMO is an effective strategy for the salvage treatment of burns complicated with ARDS. Furthermore, the prevention and treatment of bleeding, infection and organ dysfunction should be emphasized during the use of ECMO. More importantly, evidence-based guidelines for burns are urgently needed to further improve the clinical effect of ECMO.

Screening and detection of antimicrobials from Dai pharmaceuticals against clinical diseases by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Oroxylum indicum is one of the valuable Dai pharmaceuticals; the dry seeds and bark of O. indicum were used to treat acute cough, sore throat and so on. Of the seven compounds from O. indicum were determined and obtained using the bioassay-guided method. Among them, compound 7 was obtained from the plant for the first time. Eight bacterial strains and one yeast fungi were exposed to the compounds. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) or minimum fungicidal concentrations were determined according to the standard broth microdilution method. Baicalein (2) exhibited relative strong antibacterial activities with MIC of 8 μg ml^-1 and MBC of 16 μg ml^-1 against three MRSA strains of Staphylococcus aureus of SCCmec III type, whereas flavonoids 3, 5 and 7 showed some degree of activities against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA, ATCC 25923). The findings may offer new evidence that why O. indicum was used widely in Dai peoples' life.

An in vivo model of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and erythema: clinical, colorimetric and molecular characteristics

BACKGROUND

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a common, acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin associated with significant quality-of-life impairment, especially in individuals with skin of colour. Current treatment for PIH is limited, largely due to a poor understanding of disease pathogenesis and the lack of a representative disease model.

OBJECTIVES

This study is intended to further develop, update and validate our previously designed in vivo model of acne-induced PIH/postinflammatory erythema (PIE) using different concentrations of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a medium-depth chemical peel.

METHODS

Twenty-nine patients with skin types II-VI and clinician-confirmed presence of two or more truncal acne pustules and PIH/PIE were included. On the basis of Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA), clinical polarized photography (CPP), colorimetry and Skindex, we experimentally determined an optimum TCA concentration and assessed our model's ability to exhibit a dose-response relationship between degree of inciting insult and severity of resulting pigmentation. We also performed differential microRNA profiling and pathway analysis to explore the potential of microRNAs as molecular adjuncts to our model.

RESULTS

Application of TCA 30% produced lesions indistinguishable from acne-induced PIH and PIE lesions on the basis of colorimetry data without causing epidermal necrosis. Application of progressively increasing TCA doses from 20% to 30% resulted in concentration-dependent increases in CPP, IGA and colorimetry scores at all timepoints during the study. miRNA-31 and miRNA-23b may play a role in PIH pathogenesis, although further validation is required.

CONCLUSIONS

Our TCA-based in vivo model, using TCA concentrations between 20% and 30% with an optimum of 30%, enables the quantitative assessment of the pigmentary response to varying degrees of cutaneous inflammation in a fashion that mirrors natural acne-induced PIH and PIE.

Characterization of a phospholipase D from Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003 suitable for phosphatidylserine synthesis

A phospholipase D high producing strain with transphosphatidylation activity that is suitable for phosphatidylserine synthesis was screened by our laboratory and named as Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003. The enzyme structural and biochemical properties were investigated using the molecular biology method. A 1521-bp fragment of the phospholipase D gene from Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003 was amplified by PCR and encoded for 506 amino acids. The primary structure contained two conserved HKD and GG/S motifs. The pld gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme exhibited the highest activity at a pH value of 6.0 andtemperature of 60°C. The enzyme was stable within a pH range of 4-7 for 24 h or at temperatures below 50°C. In addition, Triton X-100, Fe²⁺ , and Al³⁺ were beneficial to the enzyme activity, whereas Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ dramatically inhibited its activity. In a two-phase system, the enzyme could convert phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylserine with a 92% transformation rate.

[The analysis of related factors on the unilateral aldosterone secretion in the functional diagnosis of primary aldosteronism and establishment of a predictive model]

Objective: To explore related factors associated with unilateral aldosterone secretion of patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) and construct a predictive model. Methods: The clinical data of patients who were diagnosed as PA in West China Hospital from April 2016 to September 2020 was analyzed retrospectively. According to the results of the adrenal enhancement CT, patients were divided into 3 groups, namely non-nodular group with no bilateral adrenal glands lesions, only with unilateral adrenal hyperplasia or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, unilateral nodule group with unilateral adrenal nodules and the contralateral adrenal glands with hyperplasia or not, and bilateral nodules group with nodules in both adrenal glands. Regarding the related factors of dominant side of aldosterone secretion, univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were used. Receiver operating characteristic curve and nomogram were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of regression models. Results: A total of 237 patients with PA were included, of which, 118 males and 119 females, the median age was 39 years, and the body mass index (BMI) was (25.2±3.5) kg/m². There were 157 (66.2%) of 237 patients with typical imaging findings. There were 32 cases in no-nodular group, 183 cases in unilateral nodule group, and 22 cases in bilateral nodules group. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR=0.876, P<0.001), blood potassium concentration (OR=0.430, P=0.004), and typical imaging findings (OR=2.202, P=0.035) were associated with unilateral aldosterone secretion. As for unilateral nodule group, multivariate analysis showed that age (OR=0.900, P<0.001), plasma aldosteronism concentration (PAC) (OR=1.050, P=0.018), and typical imaging findings (OR=2.637, P=0.025) were associated with unilateral aldosterone secretion. The agreement rate between the dominant side of the adrenal CT and AVS was only 50.2%. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR=0.954, P=0.001), BMI (OR=0.893, P=0.024) and PAC (OR=1.043, P=0.011) were independently associated with concordance between AVS and CT. The cut-off value of the ROC curve was 0.43; the model sensitivity was 56.3%; the specificity was 86.7% and the area under the ROC curve was 0.742. Conclusions: Age is an important predictor in the diagnosis of PA subtypes. It is recommended to refer to subgroup based on imaging results for clinical decision. For patients with no obvious lesions or bilateral lesions on CT, AVS should be performed as far as possible to confirm the subtypes in diagnosis of PA.