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Wendt M, Hachenberg T, Albert A, Janzen R. Gemischtvenöse versus zentralvenöse Sauerstoffsättigung in der Intensivmedizin. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gründling M, Lehmann C, Saeger D, Bohnenstengel S, Pavlovic D, Bac V, Usichenko T, Meissner K, Wendt M, Hung O, Murphy M, Whynot S, Lindequist U. Response of the rat intestinal microcirculation to experimental endotoxemia is attenuated by ampicillin but not by its derivative KKP723. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2008; 38:163-170. [PMID: 18239258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
KKP723 (KKP), a derivative of ampicillin, is a newly developed beta-lactam antibiotic. Using an experimental endotoxemia model, the intestinal microcirculation in four groups of animals were evaluated using intravital microscopy (IVM). The groups included were a control group, an endotoxemic group (15 mg/kg i.v. LPS from E. coli), an ampicillin (50 mg/kg i.v.) treated endotoxemic group and an endotoxemic group treated with KKP (67.4 mg/kg i.v.). Ampicillin treatment resulted in a significant reduced number of firmly adhering leukocytes in intestinal submucosal venules. KKP treatment did not show this effect on leukocyte activation. We found no changes of the functional capillary density (FCD) of the intestinal wall by treatment with ampicillin or its derivative KKP. The increased leukocyte adherence in the KKP treated LPS animals may be explained by a loss of a possible ampicillin-related anti-inflammatory effect by the biotransformation process. The endotoxemia IVM model is useful to detect effects of antibiotics in an impaired microcirculation.
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Grüber C, Wendt M, Sulser C, Lau S, Kulig M, Wahn U, Werfel T, Niggemann B. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as treatment of atopic dermatitis in infancy. Allergy 2007; 62:1270-6. [PMID: 17919141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have suggested that supplementation of food with lactobacilli may prevent or improve atopic dermatitis in children. This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as a food supplement in infants suffering from atopic dermatitis. METHODS Infants aged 3-12 months suffering from mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (severity scoring of atopic dermatitis or SCORAD index of 15-40) without current antiinflammatory treatment were randomized to receive LGG (5 x 10(9) colony forming units b.i.d.) or placebo as a food supplement for 12 weeks. Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis index and use of hydrocortisone 1% ointment as rescue medication (2 points per application) were recorded at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment and combined as symptom load (SL). RESULTS Fifty-four infants (LGG group, mean +/- SD SCORAD index 24.6 +/- 8.8) and 48 infants (placebo group, SCORAD index 23.6 +/- 7.8) were randomized and completed the treatment period (intention-to-treat analysis). Symptom load generally improved over time at 4 weeks (LGG vs placebo, 23.8 +/- 12.4 vs 20.6 +/- 9.9), 8 weeks (22.5 +/- 14.6 vs 17.9 +/- 13.1), and 12 weeks (19.6 +/- 15.4 vs 15.1 +/- 12.1), without statistically significant group differences. When stratified for age, eczema severity or use of rescue medication, no statistically significant group differences, in improvement, were found. No significant group differences were found for the use of rescue medication (0.8 +/- 45.0 g vs 3.5 +/- 29.8 g), increase in mean logarithmic total serum IgE (0.17 +/- 0.30 kU/l vs 0.26 +/- 0.45 kU/l), and newly developed allergic sensitization against hen's egg or cow's milk (18.8%vs 10.0%). CONCLUSION This placebo-controlled trial showed no therapeutic effect of LGG against mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis in infancy.
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Schara U, Deschauer M, Wendt M, Strigl-Pill N, Müller J, Abicht A, Lochmüller H. G.P.10.03 Therapeutic effects of ephedrine in congenital myasthenic syndrome due to DOK7 mutations. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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80
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Wendt M, Taylor R, Rokicka A, Zierz S, Deschauer M. M.P.1.07 Detection of single mtDNA deletions by Long-Range-PCR in blood of patients with CPEO. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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81
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Krasnianski M, Wendt M, Müller T, Zierz S. Raymond-Cestan syndrome in pontine ischemia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007; 109:834-5. [PMID: 17698284 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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82
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Usichenko TI, Pavlovic D, Wendt M. Auricular acupuncture. CMAJ 2007. [DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.1070011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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83
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Cehak A, Müller J, Wendt M, Ohnesorge B, Feige K. Proliferative enteropathy due to an infection with Lawsonia intracellularis in a Warmblood filly. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 2007. [DOI: 10.21836/pem20070509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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84
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Lehmann C, Hammann T, Adamek O, Erber H, Manthey M, Wenzel T, Stier A, Wendt M, Pavlovic D. Tyrosine phosphorylation modulates rat vascular response to experimental endotoxemia in vivo and in vitro. Crit Care 2007. [PMCID: PMC4095060 DOI: 10.1186/cc5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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85
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Deschauer M, Bau V, Clajus C, Rokicka A, Wendt M, Kornhuber ME, Zierz S. Chronisch progressive externe Ophthalmoplegie: Phänotypische Unterschiede zwischen Patienten mit singulären und multiplen Deletionen der mitochondrialen DNA. AKTUELLE NEUROLOGIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-987615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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86
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Szöcs K, Wenzel P, Wendt M, Lassegue B, Münzel T, Baldus S. Decreased ALDH2 expression contributes to increased vascular reactive oxygen species in nitrate tolerance. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-967596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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87
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Stock UA, Attmann T, Hartrumpf M, Kuehnel RU, Wendt M, Pohl M, Albes JM, Lutter G. Haemodynamic in vitro characteristics of heart valves for percutaneous applications. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-967496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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88
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Arellano-Garcia H, Drews A, Wendt M, Kraume M, Wozny G. Optimierungsbasierte Prozessführung eines Membranbioreaktors zur kontinuierlichen Ferrichromproduktion. CHEM-ING-TECH 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200650308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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89
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Grüber C, Wendt M, Lau S, Kulig M, Wahn U, Werfel T, Niggemann B. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as Treatment of Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis in Infancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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90
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Schulze Johann R, Verspohl J, Wendt M. Epidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Lawsonia-intracellularis-Infektionen in Schweinebeständen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1621074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung:
Gegenstand und Ziel: Anhand serologischer Screening-Untersuchungen in Schweinebeständen wird eine Übersicht zur Prävalenz von Lawsonia-(L.-)intracellularis-Infektionen in Deutschland gegeben. In acht Betrieben mit geschlossenem System wurde zudem in einer Querschnittsstudie der zeitliche Ablauf der Serokonversion überprüft. Der Nachweis von Lawsonien in Kot- und Darmproben aus Betrieben mit Durchfallproblematik sollte mit dem Vorkommen von Brachyspiren, Salmonellen und Escherichia (E.) coli verglichen werden. Material und Methoden: Die serologische Untersuchung von Blutproben (Herdenscreening: n = 7546 aus 694 Betrieben, Querschnittsstudie: n = 936 aus acht Betrieben) auf Antikörper gegen L. intracellularissowie der Nachweis von L. intracellularisaus Kot- und Darmproben (n = 826 aus 403 Betrieben) erfolgte mittels indirektem Immunfluoreszenztest. Der Nachweis von Brachyspiren, Salmonellen und E. coli wurde mithilfe kultureller Verfahren durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Serologisch positive Reagenten ergaben sich bei 43,2% der Blutproben und bei 81,3% der untersuchten Bestände. Sauen haltende Bestände und reine Mastbetriebe waren häufiger seropositiv als Ferkelaufzuchtbetriebe mit und ohne Mast. Antikörper gegen L. intracellularis fanden sich ähnlich häufig in Herden mit klinischer Symptomatik einer porzinen proliferativen Enteropathie (PPE) wie in Herden ohne oder mit anderen klinischen Erkrankungen. Die Querschnittsuntersuchung ergab, dass erste Reagenten schon zur 10. Lebenswoche auftreten, der Hauptanteil jedoch zwischen der 13. und 16. Lebenswoche. Die bakteriologischen Untersuchungen belegen, dass in Beständen mit Durchfallproblematik hämolysierende E. coli(48,4%) und L. intracellularis (33,7%) wesentlich häufiger nachweisbar sind als B. hyodysenteriae (21,1%), Salmonellen (17,3%) oder B. pilosicoli (2,5%). Mischinfektionen von B. hyodysenteriae (3,5%), B. pilosicoli (1,0%) oder Salmonellen (5,6%) zusammen mit L. intracellularis waren selten. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die sehr weite Verbreitung von L. intracellularis in Deutschland in klinisch unauffälligen Herden wie auch in Beständen mit Durchfall- und Kümmererproblematik erfordert eine gezielte Diagnostik zum Ausschluss anderer Durchfallerreger.
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Lehmann C, Bac VH, Pavlovic D, Lustig M, Maier S, Feyerherd F, Usichenko TI, Meissner K, Haase H, Jünger M, Wendt M, Heidecke CD, Gründling M. Metronidazole improves intestinal microcirculation in septic rats independently of bacterial burden. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2006; 34:427-38. [PMID: 16614467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effects of metronidazole (Me) on intestinal microcirculation in septic rats, intravital microscopy (IVM) following 16 hours of colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP model) was used. Four groups of animals were studied: control group (sham operation) and CASP group, each with and without Me treatment (10 mg/kg i.v.). In order to investigate the substance-specific effects of Me independently of the antibacterial effects within a pathologically altered microcirculation, a second experimental series with lipopolysaccharide challenge (LPS model) was carried out. The LPS model consisted of the four groups (control animals and LPS animals (15 mg/kg i.v. LPS from E. coli) with and without Me). IVM in the LPS experiments was performed following a two hour observation period. Me treated CASP or LPS animals, as compared with untreated, demonstrated significant improvement of functional capillary density (FCD) of the intestinal wall. The increase in the number of leukocytes firmly adhered to the endothelium (leukocyte sticking) in the untreated CASP or LPS animals within the V1 venules of the intestinal submucosal layer, was significantly reduced in the Me treated animals. In conclusion, Me exerts beneficial anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects within the septic microcirculation.
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92
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Kühnel R, Pohl A, Wendt M, Hartrumpf M, Pohl M, Albes J. Opening and closure characteristics of different types of stented biological valves. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-861907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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93
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Hartrumpf M, Kühnel R, Puchner R, Wendt M, Pohl M, Albes J. Different tilting disc valves show similar rotation-dependent impairment in hemodynamic performance under a tilted implantation position. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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94
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Dockmann J, Matthes HF, Wendt M. Serologische Untersuchungen auf Antikörper gegen Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in Sauen haltenden Betrieben mit unterschiedlichen Behandlungsstrategien gegen Ektoparasiten. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1624076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Einschätzung des Räudestatus in Betrieben mit unterschiedlicher Ektoparasitenbekämpfung mittels eines serologischen Herdenscreenings bei Zuchtsauen zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis. Material und Methoden: Nach einem Stichprobenschlüssel wurden 1269 Serumproben aus 25 Betrieben mit 13884 Sauen mit dem Sarcoptes-ELISA 2001® (AFOSA GmbH, Luckenwalde) untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Alter, klinische Hautveränderungen und Scheueraktivität der Sauen erfasst. Von seropositiven, zum Teil auch von klinisch auffälligen Sauen wurden Hautgeschabsel auf Milben untersucht. Es erfolgte eine Einteilung der Bestände in drei Kategorien: Kategorie 1 (als räudefrei geltende Betriebe ohne Einsatz von Antiektoparasitika seit mind. 18 Monaten); Kategorie 2 (Betriebe mit regelmäßiger Ektoparasitenbehandlung, unterteilt in 2a: reproduktionsgebundene und 2b: bestandsweise Therapie); Kategorie 3 (Betriebe mit sporadischer Ektoparasitenbekämpfung). Ergebnisse: Die sechs Betriebe aus Kategorie 1 (4× ohne, 2× mit je einer seropositiven Probe) wurden als räudeunverdächtig eingestuft. In Beständen der Kategorien 2a und 2b schwankten die Prävalenzen positiv getesteter Tiere zwischen 1,7 und 25,4%. Bei fünf dieser Bestände konnte eine Milbeninfektion mittels Hautgeschabsel nachgewiesen werden. Betriebe der Kategorie 3 waren bis auf eine Ausnahme (alle Proben negativ) serologisch als positiv einzustufen (Prävalenzen von 31–46%). Hautgeschabsel bestätigten in diesen drei Beständen eine Infektion mit Sarcoptes-Milben. Die höchsten Einzeltiter fanden sich ebenfalls in Betrieben der Kategorie 3. Insgesamt war die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auffindens seropositiver Tiere bei Sauen mit hochgradigen Hautveränderungen und Sauen mit ≥ 6 Würfen am höchsten. Der Scheuerindex korrelierte mit der Prävalenz der Seroreagenten und mit der mittleren Titerhöhe in den Beständen. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Mithilfe des Sarcoptes-ELISA 2001® ermittelte Seroprofile geben eine wertvolle diagnostische Interpretationshilfe bei der Einschätzung von Sauenherden bezüglich des Räudestatus auf Bestandsebene.
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Erber H, Lehmann C, Gruendling M, Wenzel T, Stier A, Wendt M, Pavlovic D. Crit Care 2005; 9:P78. [DOI: 10.1186/cc3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Fogliata M, Feyerherd T, Pavlovic D, Gruendling M, Wendt M, Lehmann C. Crit Care 2005; 9:P144. [DOI: 10.1186/cc3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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97
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Geuther E, Raschke A, Wendt M. [Establishment of an immunological labelling of pigs using synthetic peptides]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 2004; 111:238-43. [PMID: 15287576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a suitable combination consisting of synthetic peptides, carrier protein and adjuvant for immunological labelling of pigs. Specific antibody titres were evaluated by ELISA technique. From 9 peptides 4 were excluded from following investigations showing cross reactivity or low immunogenic effects, sufficient anti-peptide titres were achieved by 5 peptides. Labelling control is possible after 7 days at the earliest and can be used for the whole fattening period after single immunization using an effective carrier-adjuvant-combination. Mixing of peptides in one labelling dose had no negative influence on titres against single peptides. Different combinations of 4 carriers (keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), palmitic-acid-3-cystein-acid (Pam3Cys), palmitic acid (Pam) and dextran) and 4 adjuvants (Montanide IMS 1313, Montanide ISA 25, Quil A and Diluvac forte) were tested. Optimal labelling could be seen by combination of 50 nmol peptide, KLH as carrier and Montanide IMS 1313 as adjuvant. Generally after booster injection titres were higher, however, a booster dose was not necessary using most effective adjuvants. A less immunogenic, but cost effective alternative for short time labelling (7 weeks) was a peptide-Pam3Cys-conjugate (75 nmol) combined with Quil A as an adjuvant (2 mg/ml). Immunological labelling of pigs is recommended as a good method for tracing back the origin of animals and meat products. It may be also used for vaccine labelling to prove vaccination of pigs.
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Li P, Wendt M, Wozny G. Optimal Production Planning for Chemical Processes under Uncertain Market Conditions. Chem Eng Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gründling M, Kuhn SO, Nees J, Westphal K, Pavlovic D, Wendt M, Feyerherd F. PercuTwist-Dilatationstracheotomie. Anaesthesist 2004; 53:434-40. [PMID: 15057427 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-004-0665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) is considered to be an accepted method in intensive care patients. In 2002 Frova and Quintel described a method of dilation that employed controlled rotation of the PercuTwist dilational device. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the new technique employed by an experienced team. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective, observational clinical study in 54 intensive care patients who required PDT. All tracheostomies were accompanied by bronchoscopic control. Vital parameters and perioperative complications were registered. RESULTS In all 54 consecutive PercuTwist tracheostomies no severe complications were noted. Accidental tracheal ring fracture was noted in 7 patients while bleeding that needed surgical care occurred in 1 patient. CONCLUSION The PercuTwist tracheostomy is a safe procedure for intensive care patients. More prospective studies that would compare the PercuTwist tracheostomy with the other PDT methods are necessary.
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Pleschakowa V, Leibold W, Amtsberg G, Konine D, Wendt M. [The prevalence of Actinobaculum suis in boars of breeding herds in the Omsk region (Russian Federation) by indirect immunofluorescence technique]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 2004; 111:67-9. [PMID: 15032264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Actinobaculum suis (Corynebacterium suis, Eubacterium suis, Actinomyces suis) was detected in the preputial diverticulum of 64,8% of 162 boars investigated in 8 districts of the region Omsk (Russian Federation) by indirect immunofluorescent technique. Until yet no informations were available about the prevalence of Actinobaculum (A.) suis in swine herds of the Russian Federation. The study shows that A. suis, as a main aetiological factor of cystitis and pyelonephritis in sows, is widely spread among the boars of the region Omsk. Prevalence of A. suis was not influenced by housing conditions, age or breed of investigated boars. Indirect immunofluorescent technique for detection of A. suis provides a good method for screening investigations with high numbers of samples.
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