151
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Jakovcic S, Swift HH, Gross NJ, Rabinowitz M. Biochemical and stereological analysis of rat liver mitochondria in different thyroid states. J Cell Biol 1978; 77:887-901. [PMID: 681456 PMCID: PMC2110148 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.77.3.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentrations of the inner mitochondrial membrane markers cardiolipin and cytochrome alpha have been measured in liver homogenates and in purified mitochondria after thyroxine administration to thyroidectomized and normal rats. The biochemical results have been correlated with stereological electron micrographic analyses of hepatocytes in liver sections, and of isolated mitochondrial pellets. There were progressive and parallel increases in homogenate and mitochondrial cardiolipin concentration, and in mitochondrial cytochrome alpha concentration, after administration of 20 microgram of thyroxine on alternate days to thyroidectomized rats, and of 300 microgram on alternate days to normal rats. Electron microscope measurements showed marked differences in the shape of the mitochondria and in the number of cristae in different thyroid states. Hypothyroid mitochondria were shorter and wider than controls, and hyperthyroid mitochondria longer but of similar width. Mitochondrial volume per unit cell volume was virtually unchanged in hypo- and hyperthyroid animals. The most striking changes were a decrease in the area of the inner membrane plus cristae in thyroidectomized rats, and a substantial increase in membrane area after thyroxine administration. The biochemical and electron micrographic results indicate that, in rat liver, thyroid hormone administration leads to a selective increase in the relative amount of mitochondrial inner membranes, with little or no change in the mitochondrial volume per unit cell volume, or in total mitochondrial protein per unit total cell protein.
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152
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Martin NC, Rabinowitz M, Fukuhara H. Yeast mitochondrial DNA specifies tRNA for 19 amino acids. Deletion mapping of the tRNA genes. Biochemistry 1977; 16:4672-7. [PMID: 334246 DOI: 10.1021/bi00640a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified 14 aminoacyl tRNAs that are specified by yeast mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We now report four more amino acids (Arg, Cys, Trp, Thr) that acylate tRNAs which hybridize with mtDNA. Furthermore one of the two mitochondrial tRNAs that we had earlier demonstrated to be directly charged with glutamic acid responds to glutamine but not to glutamic acid codons. Thus Gln-tRNAGln appears to be formed by transamidation of a missense intermediate Glu-tRNAGln. This brings to 19 the number of amino acids which have corresponding tRNAs specified by mtDNA. Only tRNAAsn has not yet been shown to be a mtDNA transcript. We have also mapped the genes for the newly identified mitochondrial tRNAs, as well as several others that were previously identified but unmapped, by hybridization to the mtDNA of a series of petite deletion mutants. We now have ordered 20 mitochondrial tRNA genes (including two methionyl-tRNAs) wtih respect to the antibiotic resistance markers chloramphenicol (CR), erythromycin (ER), paromomycin (PR), and oligomycin I and II (ORI, ORII). Eighteen tRNA genes map between the C and E resistance markers. Only the serinyl-tRNA and glutamyl-tRNA genes are localized near the OI and OII resistance markers.
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153
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Rabinowitz M. Confessions of a wax junkie. NADL JOURNAL 1977; 24:17-21. [PMID: 273727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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154
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Morimoto R, Lewin A, Rabinowitz M. Restriction cleavage map of mitochonrial DNA from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 1977; 4:2331-51. [PMID: 333388 PMCID: PMC342570 DOI: 10.1093/nar/4.7.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cleaved by restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hpa I, Bam HI, Hind III, Pst I, and Sal I, yielding 10, 7, 5, 6, 1, and 1 fragments, respectively. A physical ordering of the restriction sites on yeast mtDNA has been derived. Yeast mtDNA cannot be isolated as intact molecules, and it contains nicks and gaps which complicate the use of conventional fragment mapping procedures. Nevertheless, the position of each of the restriction sites was obtained primarily by reciprocal redigestion of isolated restriction fragments. This procedure was supplemented by co-digestion of mtDNA with a multisite enzyme and a single-site enzyme (i.e., Sal I or Pst I) which provided a unique orientation for overlapping fragments cleaved by Sal I or Pst I. The data obtained from these approaches were confirmed by analysis of double and triple enzyme digests. Analysis of partial digest fragments was used for positioning of the smallest Eco RI fragment. A comparison of mtDNA from four grande strains (MH41-7B, 19d, TR3-15A, and MH32-12D) revealed similar, but slightly varying restriction patterns, with an identical genome size for each of approximately 5 X 10(-7) d or 75 kb. A fifth grande strain, D273-10B from S. cerevisiae, revealed restriction patterns different from those of the above strains, with a smaller genome size of 70 kb.
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155
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Martin AF, Rabinowitz M, Blough R, Prior G, Zak R. Measurements of half-life of rat cardiac myosin heavy chain with leucyl-tRNA used as precursor pool. J Biol Chem 1977; 252:3422-9. [PMID: 863888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of labeling of myosin heavy chain, following a single intravenous injection of L-[4,5-3H]leucine, were analyzed with the help of a computer, in conjunction with the labeling kinetics of the specific radioactivities of the precursor amino acid pool. As precursor we used leucyl-tRNA which, as we show here, differs significantly from the intracellular free leucine pool. The half-life of myosin heavy chain was determined from the initial period (0 to 60 min) of incorporation of label into protein after a single injection of tritiated leucine, and also from the period (7 to 14 days) when there is exponential decay of the labeled protein. Myosin heavy chain was separated from other myofibrillar proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before measurement of leucine specific radioactivity. The specific radioactivity was measured in both protein and precursor pools by a sensitive isotope dilution procedure (range, 100 to 1500 pmol). The values for the half-life of myosin heavy chain determined at both intervals were similar (5.4 and 5.9 days). Substitution of the specific radioactivity of the intracellular free leucine pool decreased the half-life to 2.7 dyas. Similar values were obtained when the half-life was calculated by simple graphical integration of the experimental curves.
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156
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Zak R, Martin AF, Prior G, Rabinowitz M. Comparison of turnover of several myofibrillar proteins and critical evaluation of double isotope method. J Biol Chem 1977; 252:3430-5. [PMID: 863889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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157
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Martin AF, Rabinowitz M, Blough R, Prior G, Zak R. Measurements of half-life of rat cardiac myosin heavy chain with leucyl-tRNA used as precursor pool. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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158
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Zak R, Martin AF, Prior G, Rabinowitz M. Comparison of turnover of several myofibrillar proteins and critical evaluation of double isotope method. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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159
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Rabinowitz M. New hue '77. NADL JOURNAL 1977; 24:21, 23, 42-3. [PMID: 269309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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160
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Rabinowitz M. The dental student inquires. NADL JOURNAL 1977; 24:23. [PMID: 273722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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161
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Rabinowitz M. The big fat gold tooth. NADL JOURNAL 1976; 23:7-9. [PMID: 1075368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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162
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Rabinowitz M, Wetherill G, Kopple J. Delayed appearance of tracer lead in facial hair. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1976; 31:220-3. [PMID: 942265 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1976.10667223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three adult men were fed 204 Pb - a rare, stable isotope of lead - daily for about 100 days. Simultaneous blood and facial hair measurements of this tracer and of total lead concentrations were made by mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis. Although the blood showed an immediate response to the intake of the tracer, the facial hair showed a more gradual response and a delay of approximately 35 days. Since the pattern of appearance of lead in hair does not appear to represent a simple time delay of blood lead concentration, the existence of a physiological pool of lead fed by the blood and giving rise to the content in hair is suggested. Hair lead values should, therefore, be interpreted as the integral of the blood lead values over the mean life of this intermediate pool - about 100 days.
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163
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Sims JM, Patzer B, Kumudavalli-Reddy M, Martin AF, Rabinowitz M, Zak R. The pathways of protein synthesis and degradation in normal heart and during development and regression of cardiac hypertrophy. RECENT ADVANCES IN STUDIES ON CARDIAC STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM 1976; 12:19-28. [PMID: 145638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The half-life of cardiac myosin heavy chains (HC) was determined, with leucyl-tRNA as precursor, to be 5.4 days. Myosin HC are labeled more rapidly than actin; myosin light chains (LC1 and LC2) are labeled more slowly than HC. The observed differences are attributable to heterogeneity in the half-lives, e.g., actin, and to the effect of dilution by the existing macromolecular precursor pool (LC1 and LC2). Cardiac and skeletal muscle contain a population of filaments that can be released from myofibrils by ATP-relaxing solution. The easily released filaments (ERF) are devoid of alpha-actinin and M-protein. Labeling of ERF is more rapid than that of residual myofibrils. Cardiac and skeletal muscle contains calcium-activated neutral protease, which selectively removes alpha-actinin when incubated with isolated myofibrils. During development of pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy, the labeling of LC2 is increased. In regressing cardiac hypertrophy the activities of free and total cathepsin D and of acidic RNase are unaltered.
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164
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Zak R, Martin AF, Reddy MK, Rabinowitz M. Control of protein balance in hypertrophied cardiac muscle. Circ Res 1976; 38:I145-50. [PMID: 178459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The levels of intracellular proteins are determined by a balance between their rates of synthesis and degradation. During the development of regression of cardiac hypertrophy, both of these rates can be expected to change. Possible control sites of synthetic and degradation processes are discussed in this article. The following experimental results are presented: (1) Cardiac mitochondrial cytochromes accumulate early after imposition of pressure overload, as a result of an increased rate of synthesis and decreased rate of degradation. (2) The half-life of myosin heavy chains (HC) in the steady state was determined from incorporation kinetics, using leucyl-tRNA as precursor, to be 5-6 days. (3) The existence of a pool of newly synthesized myofilaments which are not fully incorporated into the core of myofibrils is indicated by the incorporation data.
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165
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Martin N, Rabinowitz M, Fukuhara H. Isoaccepting mitochondrial glutamyl-tRNA species transcribed from different regions of the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 1976; 101:285-96. [PMID: 768489 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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166
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Faye G, Kujawa C, Fukuhara H, Rabinowitz M. Mapping of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene and its expression in the cytoplasmic petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 68:476-82. [PMID: 766756 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)91170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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167
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Rosenfield RE, Wong KY, Rabinowitz M. Effect of ABO incompatibility on mean coulter S and bilirubin values of cord blood. THE MOUNT SINAI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, NEW YORK 1976; 43:21-6. [PMID: 1082087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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168
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Hendler FJ, Padmanaban G, Patzer J, Ryan R, Rabinowitz M. Yeast mitochondrial RNA contains a short polyadenylic acid segment. Nature 1975; 258:357-9. [PMID: 1105196 DOI: 10.1038/258357a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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169
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Padmanaban G, Hendler F, Patzer J, Ryan R, Rabinowitz M. Translation of RNA that contains polyadenylate from yeast mitochondria in an Escherichia coli ribosomal system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:4293-7. [PMID: 172902 PMCID: PMC388707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.11.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA that contains poly(A) [poly(A)-RNA] has been isolated from yeast mitochondria by poly(U) Sepharose-4B column chromatography. Pulse-labeled poly(A)-RNA shows 8-10 discrete peaks by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity of mitochondrial poly(A)-RAN is six to eight times greater than that of mitochondrial rRNA after pulse labeling of protoplasts with [3H-]uridine. Ethidium bromide inhibits incorporation by over 90%. The total mitochondrial RNA preparation was contaminated with 5-15% cytoplasmic rRNA as determined by gel electrophoresis, but RNA exhaustion hybridization experiments indicated little or no cytoplasmic contamination of the mitochondrial poly(A)-RNA. The poly(A)-RNA stimulates [3H]leucine incorporation into protein in an E. coli cell-free system. A fraction of the labeled product is precipitated with antibody directed toward yeast cytochrome oxidase, but not with antibody directed toward bovine serum albumin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitated material reveals labeled peptides having the mobility of the three larger cytochrome oxidase peptides, which are known to be translated by mitochondrial ribosomes.
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170
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Morimoto R, Lewin A, Hsu HJ, Rabinowitz M, Fukuhara H. Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA from grande and genetically characterized cytoplasmic petite clones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:3868-72. [PMID: 1105566 PMCID: PMC433097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.10.3868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestion of grande mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) BY EcoRI restriction endonuclease gives rise to nine fragments with a total molecular weight of 51.8 x 10(6). HindIII digestion yields six fragments with a similar total molecular weight. Specific restriction fragments can be detected despite the fact that yeast mtDNA consists of a heterogeneous distribution of randomly broken molecules. Digestion patterns of 10 genetically characterized petite clones containing various combinations of five antiobiotic resistance markers indicate that the petite mtDNA predominantly represents deletion of the grande genome. The petite mtDNAs contained up to seven EcoRI restriction fragments which comigrate with grande restriction fragments, and at least one fragment that did not correspond to any in the grande. Some strains contained multiple fragments with mobility different from that of grande; these fragments were usually present in less than molar concentrations. The genetic markers were associated with individual sets of restriction fragments. However, several internal inconsistencies prevent the construction of a definitive genetic fragment map. These anomalies, together with the digestion patterns, provide strong evidence that, in addition to single contiguous deletion, other changes such as multiple deletion and heterogeneity of mtDNA populations are present in some of the petite mtDNAs.
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171
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Cottrell SF, Rabinowitz M, Getz GS. Cytochrome synthesis in synchronous cultures of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1975; 250:4087-94. [PMID: 165191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of cytochromes aa3, b, and c has been investigated during synchronous growth in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These cytochromes increase in concentration continuously throughout each cell cycle, with an approximate doubling in rate during successive cycles. The rates of cytochrome formation are considerably higher in galactose-grown cultures than in cells grown in glucose. Although cytochrome aa3 increases at a continuous rate, its functional counterpart, cytochrome c oxidase, increases in stepwise fashion, with the increments occurring at the beginning of each new cell cycle. Chloramphenicol, a specific inhibitor of intramitochondrial protein synthesis, inhibits the formation of cytochrome aa3 at all stages of the cell cycle, but does not inhibit cytochrome c. Chloramphenicol exhibits a somewhat intermediate effect on cytochrome b synthesis, with transient inhibition occurring only when the drug is added prior to or during the initial part of the first cell cycle. After this time, chloramphenicol had no effect on the rate of cytochrome b synthesis. The data indicate that under our conditions of cell synchrony mitochondrial membrane formation as reflected by increments in mitochondrial cytochromes occurs by continuous accretion of new material throughout the cell cycle. Intramitochondrially synthesized polypeptide products, responsible for the formation of new cytochrome aa3, appear to be synthesized throughout the cell cycle.
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172
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Reddy MK, Etlinger JD, Rabinowitz M, Fischman DA, Zak R. Removal of Z-lines and alpha-actinin from isolated myofibrils by a calcium-activated neutral protease. J Biol Chem 1975; 250:4278-84. [PMID: 805138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A calcium-activated factor (CaAF) has been isolated and partially purified from the post-myofibrillar supernatant fraction of rabbit skeletal muscle. The 200-fold purified CaAF hydrolyzed denatured casein, [3-H]acetyl hemoglobin, and N-ethyl[3-H]maleimide-labeled alpha-actinin. The proteolytic activity has a pH optimum at 6.9 and is dependent on the presence of Ca2+ (optimum concentration, 10 mM). Digestion of isolated myofibrils with CaAF results in removal of Z-lines and in a parallel loss of a 90, 000-dalton protein that has a mobility identical with that of alpha-actinin as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A protein with the properties of alpha-actinin (identical electrophoretic mobility, and ability to accelerate the Mg2+-activated ATPase of reconstituted actomyosin) was isolated from the supernatant of CaAF-treated myofibrils. The release of alpha-actinin from myofibrils by the calcium-activated neutral protease occurs in the absence of detectable change in the electrophoretic profiles of the other myofibrillar proteins, or in the ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N' tetraacetic acid (EGTA) sensitivity of Mg2+-activated ATPase. In contrast to the specific removal of Z-lines and of alpha-actinin by CaAF, trypsin treatment of myofibrils results in extensive degradation of myosin heavy chains and of the inhibitory component of troponin (TN-I), and in loss of EGTA sensitivity of myofibrillar ATPase. The degradation of TN-I and loss of EGTA sensitivity occur before the Z-line disappearance.
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173
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Reddy MK, Etlinger JD, Rabinowitz M, Fischman DA, Zak R. Removal of Z-lines and alpha-actinin from isolated myofibrils by a calcium-activated neutral protease. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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174
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Jakovcic S, Casey J, Rabinowitz M. Sequence homology of the mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA cistron in different organisms. Biochemistry 1975; 14:2037-42. [PMID: 1096932 DOI: 10.1021/bi00681a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sequence divergence of the mitochondrial leucytl-tRNA cistron in several eukaryotes has been examined by RNA-DNA hybridized. Rat mitochondria Leucyl-tRNA was hybridized with rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, chicken, and yeast mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) immobilized onfilters. Hybridization was carried out in 50% formamide (Tm -12degrees) or in 20% fromamide (Tm -21degrees). melting profiles of the hybrids were obtained for evaluation of the extent of base sequence micmatching. Under the more stringent hybridization conditions (50% formamide, Tm -12degrees), only mouse and quines pig mtDNAs hybridized with rat mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA. The Tm's of the heterohybrids were depressed by 2 and 9 degrees, respectively. Under less stringent hybridization conditions (Tm-21 degrees), monkey mtDNA also hybridized, and the Tm was depressed by about 15 degrees. Chicken and yeast mtDNAs did not form specific hybrids with rat mibochondrial leucyl-tRNA under these hybridization conditions. Mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA sequences in different eukaryotes appear to be conserved to a less extent than cytoplasmic rRNA, 5S RNA, or hemoglobin mRNA sequences.
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175
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Jakovcic S, Casey J, Rabinowitz M. Sequence homology between mitochondrial DNAs of different eukaryotes. Biochemistry 1975; 14:2043-50. [PMID: 1148157 DOI: 10.1021/bi00681a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, and chicken has been examined by DNA-DNA hybridization. mtDNAs, isolated as closed circular molecules by propidium iodide-CsCl centrifugation, were labeled in vitro by use of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, and renatured (Tm-35 degrees) in the presence of a 2500-fold excess of heterologous mtDNA. Single-stranded and duples DNA were separated by hydroxylapatite chromatography. The thermal stability of heteroduplexes was compared to the homoduplex by thermal elution chromatography on hydroxylapatite columns. Heteroduplex fromation between the tritiated myDNAs and a 2500-fole excess of rar mtDNA were 70, 59, 37, and 22%, respectively, for mouse, guinea pig, monkey, and chicken. Similar results were obrained in reciprocal hybridizations where one of the other mtDNAs was present in excess. Considerable mismatching of sequences in all the heterohybrids was indicated by a 18-24 degrees depression in the te50 of the heteroduplexes compared with the homoduplex. There was no apparent change in heteroduplex formation when the concentration ratio of driving DNA in excess to [3H]mtDNA was varied between 1250 and 7500. Furthermore, a second renaturation with excess driving DNA after completion of the first reaction resulted in no detectable augmenting of heteroduplex formation. Similar sequences appear to be conserved preferentially in different organisms, since the presence of two of fouf different heterologous mtDNAs in excess resulted in only moderate and nonadditive increases in heteroduplex formation. Evolutionary divergence of mtDNA sequences appears to have occurred at rates similar to that for unique sequences nuclear DNA.
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176
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Etlinger JD, Zak R, Fischman DA, Rabinowitz M. Isolation of newly synthesised myosin filaments from skeletal muscle homogenates and myofibrils. Nature 1975; 255:259-61. [PMID: 1143326 DOI: 10.1038/255259a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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177
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178
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Casey JW, Hsu HJ, Rabinowitz M, Getz GS, Fukuhara H. Transfer RNA genes in the mitochondrial DNA of cytoplasmic petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 1974; 88:717-33. [PMID: 4610157 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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179
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Casey JW, Hsu HJ, Getz GS, Rabinowitz M. Transfer RNA genes in mitochondrial DNA of grande (wild-type) yeast. J Mol Biol 1974; 88:735-47. [PMID: 4372363 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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180
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Locker J, Rabinowitz M, Getz GS. Electron microscopic and renaturation kinetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA of cytoplasmic petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 1974; 88:489-507. [PMID: 4616091 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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181
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Martin AF, Reddy MK, Zak R, Dowell RT, Rabinowitz M. Protein metabolism in hypertrophied heart muscle. Circ Res 1974; 35 Suppl 3:32-42. [PMID: 4370300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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182
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183
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Rabinowitz M. Overview on pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 1974; 35:suppl II:3-11. [PMID: 4367295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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184
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Rabinowitz M, Wetherill GW, Kopple JD. Studies of human lead metabolism by use of stable isotope tracers. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1974; 7:145-153. [PMID: 4831137 PMCID: PMC1475140 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.747145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of lead metabolism were studied by replacement of a portion of the dietary lead with stable isotope tracers, and maintaining subjects on controlled diets for about 6 months. Results for one subject have been previously reported. Preliminary data are now available for a second subject. Although the data on the two subjects are basically similar, there are also significant differences. The two subjects have different blood lead concentrations (0.25 and 0.18 mug/g). Both subjects received the same dietary and similar atmospheric lead exposure, and the lead concentration of their blood was shown to be nearly in a steady state. The difference in blood lead concentration appears primarily attributable to differences in the fraction of lead absorbed from the gut, although there are also differences in other physiological parameters, as well as probable small differences in their intake of atmospheric lead. The quantity of lead absorbed from a typical urban atmosphere (Pb concentration = 1-2 mug/m(3)) has been shown by our isotopic data and balance studies to be 15+/-3 mug/day. Measurement of the contribution of atmospheric lead to the lead intake of the second subject was also carried out by removal of lead from the atmosphere. Decline in the blood concentration of lead of normal isotopic composition was shown to be equivalent to the removal of 15 g/day. Measurements made during the course of a day show complexities in the absorption and distribution of lead, which are averaged out on a time scale of ca. 5 days.
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Rabinowitz M. Upwardly mobile. NADL JOURNAL 1974; 21:8-9. [PMID: 4525786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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186
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Locker J, Rabinowitz M, Getz GS. Tandem inverted repeats in mitochondrial DNA of petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:1366-70. [PMID: 4598302 PMCID: PMC388229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.4.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Denatured mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a grande (wild-type) yeast strain and a series of derived genetically characterized cytoplasmic petite mutants was examined in the electron microscope as DNA-protein monolayers prepared under conditions that permitted little bimolecular renaturation. In the grande and some petite strains, the mtDNA remained predominantly single-stranded. However, in several petite strains, a large proportion of molecules contained double-stranded segments indicative of unimolecular renaturation due to the presence of inverted repeat sequences. The length of the double-stranded segments of strain E41 was compared to the periodicity seen on denaturation maps. A repeat spacing twice the length of the inverted repeats was observed in the denaturation map. Inverted repeat length was similar to contour length of circular mtDNA molecules in this strain. On the basis of these observations most of the mtDNA from petite strain E41 appeared to consist of polymers of tandem inverted repeats interspersed with a small single-stranded "spacer" sequence between the repeat segments. In contrast, petite strain F13 mtDNA had few or no inverted repeats and showed a regular periodicity of 0.14 mum in the denaturation map, similar in length to the 0.13-mum circles present in the isolated mtDNA.
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187
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Gordon P, Casey J, Rabinowitz M. Characterization of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid from a series of petite yeast strains by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Biochemistry 1974; 13:1067-75. [PMID: 4592468 DOI: 10.1021/bi00703a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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188
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Rabinowitz M. Why didn't anyone tell me about bottle mouth cavities? CHILDREN TODAY 1974; 3:18-20. [PMID: 4820290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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189
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Fauman MA, Rabinowitz M. DNA-DNA hybridization studies of mitochondrial DNA of ethidium-bromide-induced petite mutants of yeast. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 42:67-71. [PMID: 4598106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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190
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Rabinowitz M, Berenson ML. A Comparison of Various Methods of Obtaining Random Order Statistics for Monte Carlo Computations. AM STAT 1974. [DOI: 10.2307/2683528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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191
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Rabinowitz M, Berenson ML. A Comparison of Various Methods of Obtaining Random Order Statistics for Monte Carlo Computations. AM STAT 1974. [DOI: 10.1080/00031305.1974.10479061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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192
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Albin R, Dowell RT, Zak R, Rabinowitz M. Synthesis and degradation of mitochondrial components in hypertrophied rat heart. Biochem J 1973; 136:629-37. [PMID: 4360715 PMCID: PMC1165998 DOI: 10.1042/bj1360629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of inner mitochondrial components of rat heart was studied 1 and 3 days after constriction of the ascending aorta of rats. By 1 day after aortic constriction, the activities of three mitochondrial respiratory enzymes/mg of cardiac homogenate protein were increased; after 3 days, specific activities had levelled off or decreased. Selective accumulation of inner mitochondrial membrane components 24h after aortic constriction was further indicated by increased left ventricular cytochrome c concentration (nmol/mg of protein). By 3 days after surgery, cytochrome c concentration was significantly diminished. Low-temperature spectroscopy of isolated mitochondria showed that the ratios of cytochromes c, b and a+a(3) remained unchanged after aortic constriction, suggesting that cytochrome c was a good indicator of the response of the other mitochondrial inner-membrane cytochromes as well. The effect of cardiac hypertrophy on the turnover of cytochrome c was also examined. Cytochrome c was labelled in its haem group with delta-amino[2,3-(3)H(2)]laevulinate 3 days before aortic constriction. By 1 day after surgery the total ventricular radioactivity in cytochrome c of aortic banded animals was significantly higher than in sham-operated controls, indicating a decreased degradation rate in the former during the first postoperative day. delta-Aminolaevulinate was shown to be a particularly suitable precursor for such turnover studies, since it results in rapid pulse-labelling of cytochrome c (peak activity in 90min), is rapidly removed from the precursor pool (t((1/2))=30min) and is not reutilized.
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193
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Cottrell S, Rabinowitz M, Getz GS. Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in a temperature-sensitive mutant of deoxyribonucleic acid replication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 1973; 12:4374-8. [PMID: 4584325 DOI: 10.1021/bi00746a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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194
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Faye G, Fukuhara H, Grandchamp C, Lazowska J, Michel F, Casey J, Getz GS, Locker J, Rabinowitz M, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Coen D, Deutsch J, Dujon B, Netter P, Slonimski PP. Mitochondrial nucleic acids in the petite colonie mutants: deletions and repetition of genes. Biochimie 1973; 55:779-92. [PMID: 4589243 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(73)80030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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195
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Rabinowitz M. Impressions from the back of the classroom. NADL JOURNAL 1973; 20:8-9 passim. [PMID: 4514911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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196
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Jacobs L, Feldman M, Rabinowitz M, Bender MB. Alterations of the corneo-fundal potential of the eye during sleep. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1973; 34:579-86. [PMID: 4122393 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(73)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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197
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198
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Fauman MA, Rabinowitz M, Swift HH. Comparison of the mitochondrial ribonucleic acid from a wild-type grande and a cytoplasmic peptide yeast by ribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Biochemistry 1973; 12:124-8. [PMID: 4566925 DOI: 10.1021/bi00725a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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199
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Gordon P, Rabinowitz M. Evidence for deletion and changed sequence in the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid of a spontaneously generated petite mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 1973; 12:116-23. [PMID: 4566924 DOI: 10.1021/bi00725a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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200
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