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Valentine A, Akobirshoev I, Mitra M. Intimate Partner Violence among Women with Disabilities in Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060947. [PMID: 30884787 PMCID: PMC6466247 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women with disabilities is pervasive, yet a paucity of research examines intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by women with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to document the prevalence and consequences of IPV exposure among Ugandan women with disabilities. Cross sectional data from the 2011 and 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS) were used to study married and/or partnered women aged 15⁻49 who answered specific questions about lifetime intimate partner violence (N = 8592). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between disability, IPV, and indicators of maternal and child health. Compared to women without disabilities, women with disabilities were more likely to experience lifetime physical violence (odds ratio (OR) 1.4, p < 0.01), sexual violence (OR = 1.7, p < 0.01), and emotional abuse (1.4, p < 0.01) after controlling for sociodemographic and household characteristics. Study findings suggest that women with disabilities in Uganda may experience increased risk for IPV compared to women without disabilities, with concomitant risks to their health and the survival of their infants. Further research examining the prevalence and correlates of IPV in low- and middle-income countries is needed to address the needs and rights of women with disabilities.
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Mitra M, Akobirshoev I, Parish SL, Valentine A, Clements KM, Moore Simas TA. Postpartum emergency department use among women with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a retrospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2019; 73:557-563. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2018-211589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAn emerging body of evidence underscores the often-intensive perinatal healthcare needs of women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). However, population-based research examining postpartum experiences of US women with IDD is sparse. We examined emergency department (ED) use in the postpartum period among Massachusetts mothers with IDD.MethodsWe analysed 2002–2010 Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal data to compare any and ≥2 ED visits between mothers with and without IDD: within 1–42 days post partum, 1–90 days post partum and 1–365 days post partum. We also determined whether or not such ED use was non-urgent or primary-care sensitive.ResultsWe identified 776 births in women with IDD and 595 688 births in women without IDD. Across all three postpartum periods, women with IDD were vastly more likely to have any postpartum ED use, to have ≥2 ED visits and to have ED visits for mental health reasons. These findings persisted after controlling for numerous sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Women with IDD were less likely to have non-urgent ED visits during the three postpartum periods and they were less likely to have primary-care sensitive ED visits during the postpartum period.ConclusionThese findings contribute to the emerging research on perinatal health and healthcare use among women with IDD. Further research examining potential mechanisms behind the observed ED visit use is warranted. High ED use for mental health reasons among women with IDD suggests that their mental health needs are not being adequately met.
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Darnton-Hill I, Sibanda F, Mitra M, Ali MM, Drexler AE, Rahman H, Khan MAS. Distribution of Vitamin-A Capsules for the Prevention and Control of Vitamin-A Deficiency in Bangladesh. Food Nutr Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/156482658801000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sonik RA, Parish SL, Mitra M. Inpatient Medicaid Usage and Expenditure Patterns After Changes in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Benefit Levels. Prev Chronic Dis 2018; 15:E120. [PMID: 30289106 PMCID: PMC6178899 DOI: 10.5888/pcd15.180185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Food insecurity worsens health outcomes and is associated with increased health care usage and expenditures. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) reduces but does not eliminate recipients’ food insecurity. We sought to determine whether inpatient Medicaid usage and expenditure patterns responded to an April 2009 increase in SNAP benefit levels and a subsequent November 2013 decrease. Methods Interrupted time series models estimated responses to the 2009 and 2013 SNAP changes in the Medicaid population, compared responses between Medicaid and Medicare recipients, and compared responses between Medicaid recipients with different likelihoods of having a disability. Analyses used 2006 through 2014 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National (previously Nationwide) Inpatient Sample data. Results After the 2009 SNAP increase, Medicaid admission growth fell nationally from 0.80 to 0.35 percentage points per month (a difference of –0.45; 95% CI, –0.72 to –0.19), adjusting for enrollment. After the 2013 SNAP decrease, admission growth rose to 2.42 percentage points per month (a difference of 2.07; 95% CI, 0.68 to 3.46). Inflation-adjusted monthly Medicaid expenditures followed similar patterns and were associated with $26.5 billion (in 2006 dollars) in reduced expenditures over the 55 months of the SNAP increase, and $6.4 billion (in 2006 dollars) in additional expenditures over the first 14 months after the SNAP decrease. Effects were elevated for Medicaid compared with Medicare recipients and among people with a high likelihood of having a disability. Conclusion Although alternative causal explanations warrant consideration, changes in SNAP benefit levels were associated with changes in inpatient Medicaid usage and cost patterns.
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Mitra M, Parish SL, Akobirshoev I, Rosenthal E, Moore Simas TA. Postpartum Hospital Utilization among Massachusetts Women with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Matern Child Health J 2018; 22:1492-1501. [PMID: 29948759 PMCID: PMC6150791 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study examined the risk of postpartum hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) visits among US women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Methods We used the 2002-2012 Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal Data System and identified deliveries to women with and without IDD. Women with IDD (n = 1104) or case subjects were identified from the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 9th Revision (ICD-9 CM) codes. The study primary outcome measures were any postpartum hospital admission and any ED visit during three critical postpartum periods (1-42, 43-90, and 1-365 days). We conducted unadjusted and adjusted survival analysis using Cox proportional hazard models to compare the occurrence of first hospital admission or ED visits between women with and without IDD. Results We found that women with IDD had markedly higher rates of postpartum hospital admissions and ED visits during the critical postpartum periods (within 1-42, 43-90, and 91-365 days) after a childbirth. Conclusion for Practice Given the heightened risk of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes and the findings of this study, there is an urgent need for clinical guidelines related to the frequency and timing of postpartum care among new mothers with IDD. Further, this study provides evidence of the need for evidence-based interventions for new mothers with IDD to provide preventive care and routine assessments that would identify and manage complications for both the mother and the infant outside of the traditional postpartum health care framework.
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Mitra M, Kulsi C, Kargupta K, Ganguly S, Banerjee D. Composite of polyaniline-bismuth selenide with enhanced thermoelectric performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mitra M, Parish SL, Clements KM, Zhang J, Simas TAM. Antenatal Hospitalization Among U.S. Women With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Retrospective Cohort Study. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 123:399-411. [PMID: 30198766 PMCID: PMC9014374 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.5.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This population-based retrospective cohort study examines the prevalence of hospital utilization during pregnancy and the primary reason for antenatal hospital utilization among women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Massachusetts residents with in-state deliveries that were ≥ 20 weeks gestational age were included via data from the 2002-2009 Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal Data System. Among women with IDD, 54.8% had at least one emergency department (ED) visit during pregnancy, compared to 23% of women without IDD. Women with IDD were more likely to have an antenatal ED visit, observational stays, and non-delivery hospital stays. This study highlights the need for further understanding of the health care needs of women with IDD during pregnancy.
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Li H, Mitra M, Wu JP, Parish SL, Valentine A, Dembo RS. Female Sterilization and Cognitive Disability in the United States, 2011-2015. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 132:559-564. [PMID: 30095774 PMCID: PMC6105402 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare female sterilization among three mutually exclusive groups of females: 1) those without any self-reported disability, 2) those with noncognitive disabilities (sensory or physical disabilities), and 3) those with cognitive disabilities. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of nationally representative data from the National Survey of Family Growth 2011-2015, which surveyed individuals aged 15-44 years in the U.S. civilian population. Disability status (self-reported) was ascertained using a standard set of questions about hearing, vision, cognitive, ambulatory, self-care, and independent living difficulties. Regression models were used to calculate odds of female sterilization, hysterectomies, and age of sterilization while accounting for sociodemographic differences. RESULTS Female sterilization rates were higher among females with cognitive (22.1% [n=272]) and noncognitive disabilities (24.7% [n=150]) than among those without disabilities (14.8% [n=1,132]). After adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, females with cognitive disabilities had significantly higher odds of female sterilization (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% CI 1.19-1.98, P<.01) and hysterectomy (adjusted OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.53-4.56, P<.001) than those without cognitive disabilities. Females with cognitive disabilities also underwent sterilization at significantly younger ages (27.3 years, 95% CI 27.0-27.6) than those with noncognitive disabilities (28.3 years, 95% CI 27.9-28.8) and those without any disability (29.8 years, 95% CI 29.5-30.0). CONCLUSION U.S. females with cognitive disabilities were more likely to have undergone female sterilizations and hysterectomies and at younger ages than those with other disabilities or without disabilities. Drivers of these disability-related differences in female sterilization patterns must be explored.
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Sannicandro T, Parish SL, Fournier S, Mitra M, Paiewonsky M. Employment, Income, and SSI Effects of Postsecondary Education for People With Intellectual Disability. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 123:412-425. [PMID: 30198768 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.5.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The low employment rates of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are a major concern. This study examined the effect of postsecondary education on employment atrnd earnings for individuals with ID and the effect of state variation on those outcomes. Rehabilitation Services Administration 911 (RSA-911) files for 2008-2013 were analyzed (n = 11,280 individuals with ID). Multilevel modeling techniques were used to understand state variation, such as various economic and programmatic features that influence outcomes. Postsecondary education was associated with increased employment, increased weekly earnings, decreased reliance on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. Policy implications are discussed.
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Dembo RS, Mitra M, McKee M. The psychological consequences of violence against people with disabilities. Disabil Health J 2018; 11:390-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Clements KM, Mitra M, Zhang J. Antenatal Hospital Utilization Among Women at Risk for Disability. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 27:1026-1034. [PMID: 29924659 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2017.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of potentially disabling health conditions on healthcare utilization during pregnancy. Using hospital discharge data, we identified women at risk for disability and evaluated antenatal hospital utilization, including emergency department (ED), observational stay (OS), and inpatient (IP) visits, by underlying health condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal data system linked 2007-2009 birth certificates to 2006-2009 discharges. Access Risk Classification System categorized ICD-9-CM/Current Procedural Terminology codes recorded at delivery into disability risk groups (no/low vs. medium/high). Women were further categorized based on delivery diagnoses. Cox models evaluated the association between disability risk and utilization. Utilization by prenatal care and visit reason was examined. RESULTS Of 221,867 women, 4.0% were at medium/high risk of disability. Mental illness (26.9%) and circulatory system (25.2%) diagnoses were most common. More than 2% had comorbid mental/physical conditions. Women at risk for disability were more likely than women not at risk to have an antenatal ED (37.1% vs. 25.0%), OS (19.1% vs. 13.1%), or nondelivery IP visit (11.5% vs. 4.0%) (p ≤ 0.001 for each). Utilization varied by diagnosis. In adjusted analyses, women with two or more physical conditions had highest rate of ED visit (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.8-2.8) and OS/IP visit (HR = 2.9, 95% 2.3-3.6) compared with women not at risk. Inadequate prenatal care was associated with increased utilization across all disability risk groups. ED visits for mental illness were high across groups. CONCLUSIONS Disability risk identified in discharge data is associated with elevated antenatal hospital utilization. Utilization varies by underlying diagnosis.
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Powell RM, Mitra M, Smeltzer SC, Long-Bellil LM, Smith LD, Rosenthal E, Iezzoni LI. Breastfeeding Among Women With Physical Disabilities in the United States. J Hum Lact 2018; 34:253-261. [PMID: 29166569 DOI: 10.1177/0890334417739836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of breastfeeding are well established, and breastfeeding is now widely practiced in the United States. Although increasing numbers of women with physical disabilities are having children, little information is available about breastfeeding practices among these women. Nonetheless, the children of women with physical disabilities should benefit from breastfeeding just as children of nondisabled mothers do. Research aim: This study aimed to explore the facilitators and barriers to breastfeeding among women with physical disabilities. METHODS This study involved semistructured telephone interviews with a convenience sample of women ( N = 25) with diverse physical disabilities from across the United States. All participants had given birth within the past 10 years. Interviews were audio-recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS Analyses found four broad themes indicating facilitators to breastfeeding: (a) adaptations and equipment, (b) use of breast pump, (c) physical assistance from others, and (d) peer support. We also found five broad themes suggesting barriers to breastfeeding: (a) lack of supports, (b) disability-related health considerations, (c) limited information, (d) difficulties with milk production, and (e) difficulties latching. CONCLUSION The need for greater supports for women with physical disabilities who desire to breastfeed as well as information for women and their clinicians about facilitating breastfeeding.
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Mitra M, Akobirshoev I, Moring NS, Long-Bellil L, Smeltzer SC, Smith LD, Iezzoni LI. Access to and Satisfaction with Prenatal Care Among Pregnant Women with Physical Disabilities: Findings from a National Survey. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:1356-1363. [PMID: 28832265 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous qualitative studies suggest that women with physical disabilities face disability-specific barriers and challenges related to prenatal care accessibility and quality. This study aims to examine the pregnancy and prenatal care experiences and needs of U.S. mothers with physical disabilities and their perceptions of their interactions with their maternity care clinicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted the first survey of maternity care access and experiences of women with physical disabilities from 37 states. The survey was disseminated in partnership with disability community agencies and via social media and targeted U.S. women with a range of physical disabilities who had given birth in the past 10 years. The survey included questions regarding prenatal care quality and childbirth and labor experiences. RESULTS A total of 126 women with various physical disability types from 37 states completed the survey. Almost half of the respondents (53.2%) reported that their physical disability was a big factor in their selection of a maternity care provider and 40.3% of women reported that their prenatal care provider knew little or nothing about the impact of their physical disability on their pregnancy. Controlling for maternal demographic characteristics and use of mobility equipment, women who reported that their prenatal care provider lacked knowledge of disability and those who felt they were not given adequate information were more likely to report unmet needs for prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study suggest the need for training and education for clinicians regarding the prenatal care needs of women with physical disabilities.
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Long-Bellil L, Mitra M, Iezzoni LI, Smeltzer SC, Smith L. The Impact of Physical Disability on Pregnancy and Childbirth. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:878-885. [PMID: 28661774 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with physical disabilities increasingly aspire to become pregnant and bear children. Limited information about the potential interaction of their disabling conditions with pregnancy and childbirth exists to guide these women and their clinicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS The interview guide was created with questions on topics such as pregnancy complications and secondary conditions, the impact of prior surgeries, experiences with pain relief during labor, and the impact on women's independence and participation in life activities. Interviews were conducted by telephone with 25 women with physical disabilities. They were subsequently transcribed verbatim and analyzed by using Atlas TI. RESULTS Women generally reported a relatively modest impact of disabling conditions on their pregnancies. Most women were satisfied with the mode of delivery, but they experienced challenges during the labor and delivery process. The women found that careful advanced planning was helpful in managing the impact of their disabling conditions. The involvement of clinicians with disability-related expertise was, in some cases, another factor that contributed to a positive outcome. CONCLUSIONS The importance of advanced planning and the utility of involving clinicians with disability-related expertise suggest that the use of integrated, interdisciplinary team approaches could promote quality care by facilitating improved planning and management. Additional clinical research is needed to provide women and their clinicians with more information on potential complications and options for labor and delivery.
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Akobirshoev I, Parish SL, Mitra M, Rosenthal E. Birth outcomes among US women with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Disabil Health J 2017; 10:406-412. [PMID: 28404230 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are bearing children at increasing rates. However, there is very little research about pregnancy experiences and birth outcomes among women with IDD. No studies to date have examined birth outcomes with a US population-based sample. OBJECTIVE The main objective was to estimate the national occurrence of deliveries in women with IDD and to compare their birth outcomes to women without IDD. METHODS We examined the 2007-2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to compare birth outcomes in women with and without IDD. Birth outcomes included preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth. Multivariable regression analyses compared birth outcomes between women with and without IDD controlling for race/ethnicity, maternal age, household income, health insurance status and type, comorbidity, region and hospital location, teaching status, ownership, and year. RESULTS Of an estimated 20.6 million deliveries identified through the HCUP 2007-2011 data 10,275 occurred in women with IDD. In adjusted regression analyses, women with IDD compared to those without IDD were significantly more likely to have preterm birth (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.26-1.69, p < 0.001), low birth weight (OR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.27-2.05, p < 0.001), and stillbirth (OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.70-3.40, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study provides a first examination of the birth outcomes among women with IDD in the United States using a largest population-based sample. There are significant differences in birth outcomes between women with and without IDD. Understanding the causes of these differences and addressing these causes are critical to improving pregnancy outcomes among women with IDD.
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Long-Bellil L, Mitra M, Iezzoni LI, Smeltzer SC, Smith LD. Experiences and unmet needs of women with physical disabilities for pain relief during labor and delivery. Disabil Health J 2017; 10:440-444. [PMID: 28428112 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childbirth is widely acknowledged as one of the most painful experiences most women will undergo in their lifetimes. Alleviating labor and delivery pain for women with physical disabilities can involve an additional level of complexity beyond that experienced by most women, but little research has explored their experiences. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of women with physical disabilities with respect to pain relief during labor and delivery with the goal of informing their care. METHODS Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with twenty-five women with physical disabilities from across the United States. RESULTS Women expressed specific preferences for the method of pain relief. Some confronted systemic barriers in exploring their options for pain relief, while others were given a choice. At times, anesthesiologists lacked knowledge and experience in caring for women with disabilities. Conversely, some women described how the administration of anesthesia was meticulously planned and attributed their positive labor and delivery experiences to this careful planning. CONCLUSIONS Advanced, individualized planning and evaluation of their options for pain relief was most satisfying to women and enabled them to make an informed choice. This approach is consistent with the recommendations of clinicians who have successfully provided pain relief during labor to women with complex physical disabilities. Clinicians who have successfully delivered babies of women with these and similar disabilities emphasize the importance of a team approach where the anesthesiologist and other specialists are involved early on in a woman's care.
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Mitra M. Postpartum Health of Women with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Call to Action. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:303-304. [PMID: 28355095 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2017.6382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Powell RM, Mitra M, Smeltzer SC, Long-Bellil LM, Smith LD, Iezzoni LI. Family Attitudes and Reactions toward Pregnancy among Women with Physical Disabilities. Womens Health Issues 2017; 27:345-350. [PMID: 28215842 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, people with disabilities who become parents have confronted discriminatory societal attitudes and public policies. Today, although more women with disabilities are bearing children, little is known about the perceptions of their pregnancies, even among their family members. In addition, little is understood about how family members' attitudes and reactions affect women with physical disabilities around the time of pregnancy. METHOD This qualitative study involved interviews with 25 women with physical disabilities from across the United States who had a baby within the past 10 years. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted. Interviews were audio-recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed using an iterative, interpretive process. FINDINGS Women reported a wide range of physical disabilities. Before, during, and after pregnancy, participants reported experiencing wide-ranging attitudes and reactions from family members concerning their pregnancies. These responses fell into six categories: 1) initial negative reactions, 2) concern about mother's well-being, 3) questioning of parenting capability, 4) negative perceptions of disability, 5) genetic concerns, and 6) excited and supportive. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on the attitudes and reactions toward pregnancy that women with physical disabilities experience from family members. Our findings suggest the need for increased social support and family education. Greater availability of peer supports as well as information for women with disabilities considering pregnancy is also needed.
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Mitra M, Smith LD, Smeltzer SC, Long-Bellil LM, Sammet Moring N, Iezzoni LI. Barriers to providing maternity care to women with physical disabilities: Perspectives from health care practitioners. Disabil Health J 2017; 10:445-450. [PMID: 28089188 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with physical disabilities are known to experience disparities in maternity care access and quality, and communication gaps with maternity care providers, however there is little research exploring the maternity care experiences of women with physical disabilities from the perspective of their health care practitioners. OBJECTIVE This study explored health care practitioners' experiences and needs around providing perinatal care to women with physical disabilities in order to identify potential drivers of these disparities. METHODS We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with 14 health care practitioners in the United States who provide maternity care to women with physical disabilities, as identified by affiliation with disability-related organizations, publications and snowball sampling. Descriptive coding and content analysis techniques were used to develop an iterative code book related to barriers to caring for this population. Public health theory regarding levels of barriers was applied to generate broad barrier categories, which were then analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS Participant-reported barriers to providing optimal maternity care to women with physical disabilities were grouped into four levels: practitioner level (e.g., unwillingness to provide care), clinical practice level (e.g., accessible office equipment like adjustable exam tables), system level (e.g., time limits, reimbursement policies), and barriers relating to lack of scientific evidence (e.g., lack of disability-specific clinical data). CONCLUSION Participants endorsed barriers to providing optimal maternity care to women with physical disabilities. Our findings highlight the needs for maternity care practice guidelines for women with physical disabilities, and for training and education regarding the maternity care needs of this population.
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Mitra M, Sen TN, Datta T, Bhattacharjee R, Singh LSK, Ghatak KP. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Intense Electric Field, Heavily Doped Optoelectronic Quantized Structures and the Electron Statistics. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 17:256-259. [PMID: 29620339 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2017.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we show that the direct application of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (HUP) leads to the expression of the electron statistics (ES) under extreme degeneracy and intense electric field in bulk, quantum wells, nano wires and in the presence of quantizing magnetic field in III–V, ternary and quaternary materials on the basis of a newly formulated electron dispersion laws without using the usual density-of-states (DOS) function approach for finding out the ES under different physical lattice matched to InP conditions. It appears taking HD InSb, InAs, Hg1−xCdxTe, In1−xGaxAsyP1−y as examples that the Fermi energy increases with increasing electron concentration and the surface electric field in all the cases. Besides the Fermi energy decreases with increasing alloy composition and film thickness in different manners which depend totally on the values of the energy band constants. The Fermi energy oscillates with inverse quantizing magnetic field due to SdH effect. We have also shown that under certain limiting conditions all our generalized results lead to the well known formulas as given in the literature.
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Li H, Parish SL, Mitra M, Nicholson J. Health of US parents with and without disabilities. Disabil Health J 2016; 10:303-307. [PMID: 28027884 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health of parents with disabilities is not well understood. Existing research has used small, non-representative samples. The lack of research using national representative data has hindered advocacy and policy-making efforts. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we used nationally-representative data to examine the prevalence rates of chronic physical health conditions among parents with disabilities and compared them to parents without disabilities. METHODS We analyzed pooled and linked data from the 2007-2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the corresponding National Health Interview Survey. We conducted logistic regression analyses to examine age-adjusted health differences of US parents with and without disabilities, controlling for covariates. Outcome measures included obesity, arthritis, asthma, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, emphysema, high cholesterol, hypertension, and stroke. RESULTS After controlling for all model covariates and adjusting for age, parents with disabilities had significantly higher odds (aOR ranging from 1.69 to 4.82) of having each of the chronic conditions (P < 0.001). Parents with disabilities also have significant higher odds of having 2 conditions (aOR = 1.63), 3 conditions (aOR = 2.44), and 4 or more conditions (aOR = 5.56). CONCLUSIONS Parents with disabilities have significantly poorer health than parents without disabilities.
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Smeltzer SC, Mitra M, Iezzoni LI, Long-Bellil L, Smith LD. Perinatal Experiences of Women With Physical Disabilities and Their Recommendations for Clinicians. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2016; 45:781-789. [PMID: 27619410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the perinatal experiences of women with physical disabilities (WWPD) and their associated recommendations for maternity care clinicians to improve care. DESIGN A mixed-methods study was conducted with a semistructured interview guide to identify the experiences of WWPD. This qualitative descriptive study was part of a larger study of the unmet needs and barriers to perinatal care experienced by WWPD SETTING: Telephone interview. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five women with physical disabilities who gave birth within the last 10 years and were 21 to 55 years of age were recruited and agreed to participate in the study. METHODS Participants were asked about their interactions with clinicians during pregnancy and their recommendations for clinicians to improve perinatal care for women with physical disabilities. Content analysis was used to analyze transcribed interviews. Themes that emerged from analysis of the interviews were identified and coded. Kurasaski's coding was used to establish the reliability of the coding. RESULTS Three themes emerged from analysis of the interview data: Clinicians' lack of knowledge about pregnancy-related needs of WWPD; Clinicians' failure to consider women's knowledge, experience, and expertise about their own disabilities; and Clinicians' lack of awareness of the reproductive concerns of WWPD. Women provided recommendations that warrant attention from clinicians who provide perinatal care for women who live with physical disabilities. CONCLUSION Participants experienced problematic interactions with clinicians related to pregnancy and identified recommendations for maternity care clinicians to address those problems with the goal of improving perinatal health care for WWPD.
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Clements KM, Mitra M, Zhang J, Iezzoni LI. Pregnancy Characteristics and Outcomes among Women at Risk for Disability from Health Conditions Identified in Medical Claims. Womens Health Issues 2016; 26:504-10. [PMID: 27477954 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with disabilities are at risk for poor birth outcomes. Little is known about specific potentially disabling health conditions and their effects on pregnancies. Using hospital claims, we identified women at risk for disability and evaluated the relationship between disability risk and demographic characteristics, pregnancy risks, and infant and maternal outcomes. METHODS The 2006 through 2009 Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal data system linked birth certificate and hospital claims one year pre-pregnancy through delivery. Access Risk Classification System categorized International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification/Current Procedural Terminology codes into disability risk groups (no/limited vs. medium/high). Generalized estimating equations evaluated the association between disability risk and infant and maternal outcomes. RESULTS Of 221,867 women, 14,701 (6.6%) were at medium or high risk of disability. Health conditions were classified as circulatory (23%), musculoskeletal (10%), nervous system/sensory (13%), other physical (19%), two or more physical (5%), mental illness (24%), and comorbid mental/physical (6%). Women at risk of disability were more likely than others to have socioeconomic and pregnancy risks, and adverse infant and maternal outcomes. Socioeconomic and risk profile varied by health condition category. Adjusted risk ratios for preterm birth ranged from 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.4) for women with nervous system/sensory diagnoses to 1.6 (95% CI, 1.4-1.9) for women with two or more physical diagnoses; risk ratios for maternal delivery hospitalization for more than 5 days ranged from 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2-1.9) for women with musculoskeletal diagnoses to 3.0 (95% CI, 2.5-3.6) for women with comorbid mental/physical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Disability risk identified through claims is associated with poor infant and maternal outcomes. Risk profiles vary by underlying health condition.
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Mitra M, Clements KM, Zhang J, Smith LD. Disparities in Adverse Preconception Risk Factors Between Women with and Without Disabilities. Matern Child Health J 2016; 20:507-15. [PMID: 26518009 PMCID: PMC4754136 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of select preconception health indicators among women with and without disabilities. METHODS 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were used to estimate the prevalence of health behaviors, health status indicators, and preventive health care among non-pregnant women ages 18-44 years with (N = 8370) and without (N = 48,036) disabilities. Crude percentages were compared with Chi square statistics. Multivariable logistic regressions adjusted for socio-demographic factors. RESULTS Women with disabilities were more likely than women without disabilities to currently smoke (30.5 vs. 14.5 %, p < 0.0001) and less likely to exercise in the past month (67.1 vs. 79.8 %, p < 0.0001). Heavy drinking was similar in the two groups (4.4 vs. 4.5 %, p = 0.9). Health status indicators were worse among women with disabilities, with 35.0 % reporting fair/poor health and 12.4 % reporting diabetes, compared with 6.7 and 5.6 %, respectively, among women with no disabilities (p < 0.0001 for both). Frequent mental distress, obesity, asthma, and lack of emotional support were also higher among women with disabilities compared with their non-disabled counterparts. Women with disabilities were more likely to receive some types of preventive care, (HIV), but less likely to receive others (recent dental cleaning, routine checkup). Disparities in health behaviors and health status indicators between the two groups remained after adjusting for socio-demographic factors. CONCLUSION Women with disabilities at reproductive age are more vulnerable to risk factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to their counterparts without disabilities. Our findings highlight the need for preconception health care for women with disabilities.
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Mitra M, Mouradian VE, Fox MH, Pratt C. Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence Against Men with Disabilities. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:311-317. [PMID: 26474667 PMCID: PMC4762736 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have examined lifetime and past-year sexual violence against men with disabilities and the types of perpetrator-survivor relationships among men with disabilities. The purpose of this study is to document the prevalence of lifetime and past-year sexual violence against men with disabilities in the U.S., compare these estimates with those of men without disabilities and women with and without disabilities, and examine the gender and relationship of the perpetrator of sexual violence against men with disabilities relative to perpetrator characteristics identified in incidents against other adults. METHODS Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2005-2007 data were analyzed in 2014 using domain analysis and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Men with a disability were more likely than men without a disability to report lifetime sexual violence (8.8% vs 6.0%). They were also more likely than men without a disability to report lifetime experience of attempted or completed nonconsensual sex (5.8% and 2.3% vs 4.1% and 1.4%, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups of men's reports of their relationship to the perpetrator of the most recent incident of sexual violence or perpetrator gender. CONCLUSIONS Men with disabilities are at heightened risk for lifetime and current sexual violence compared with men without disabilities. Given the relatively high prevalence of sexual violence among people with disabilities of both genders, sexual assault screening, prevention, and response efforts need to be inclusive and attentive to all people with disabilities.
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