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Jones MH. The management dilemma of the mildly abnormal smear: fact or fiction? ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 1998; 27:666-70. [PMID: 9919337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
For at least 10 years, there has been much controversy regarding the management of women presenting with a first mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear. Argument has centred on many key issues, including the risk of progression to more serious disease, the anxiety caused to the patient, the risk of overtreating patients with minor disease and, more recently, the financial implications of prompt intervention and treatment. Essentially, it has been established for many years that only two main management options are appropriate. The first is a policy of referring all patients with mild dyskaryosis for prompt colposcopy and intervention. The second option is to keep such patients under cytological surveillance, with recourse to colposcopy only if the lesion persists or progresses on subsequent cytological screening. This review article aims at appraising the evidence that is currently available in an attempt to try and resolve the management dilemma posed by a mildly abnormal smear.
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Koehler JK, Platz CC, Waddell W, Jones MH, Behrns S. Semen parameters and electron microscope observations of spermatozoa of the red wolf, Canis rufus. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 1998; 114:95-101. [PMID: 9875160 DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.1140095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Semen parameters were evaluated on ejaculates of a captive population of red wolves (Canis rufus) sampled over two consecutive mating seasons. A total of 31 samples from 15 animals yielded mean sperm motility of 69.6 +/- 19.4%, mean sperm density of 131 +/- 124 x 10(6) ml-1, mean total number of spermatozoa of 470 +/- 465 x 10(6) and mean percentage morphologically abnormal spermatozoa of 35 +/- 11.8%. Restricting the data to animals sampled three times or more or limiting the samples to proven breeders resulted in statistically non-significant differences in these numbers (P < 0.05). When compared with data from other canines the seminal parameters of red wolves are at the lower extremes of the range. In particular the proportion of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa (35%) is approximately twice that seen in other canine species. Light microscopic analysis of abnormal forms revealed that almost half (45%) were bent defects, another 40% were secondary defects (coiled, detached and immature) and 15% were primary defects. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of substantial numbers of morphologically abnormal forms including double-headed and double-flagellar cells, bent or kinked forms especially in the neck region, acrosomal abnormalities and bizarre spermatids. Approximately one-third of the samples also showed the presence of white blood cells, in some cases demonstrating sperm phagocytosis (spermophagy). These results are consistent with the concept of declining sperm parameters associated with restricted gene pools in numerically limited populations. However, alternative explanations are also explored.
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He X, Jones MH, Winey M, Sazer S. Mph1, a member of the Mps1-like family of dual specificity protein kinases, is required for the spindle checkpoint in S. pombe. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 12):1635-47. [PMID: 9601094 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.12.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint pathway is not essential for normal mitosis but ensures accurate nuclear division by blocking the metaphase to anaphase transition in response to a defective spindle. Here, we report the isolation of a new spindle checkpoint gene, mph1 (Mps1p-like pombe homolog), in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, that is required for checkpoint activation in response to spindle defects. mph1 functions upstream of mad2, a previously characterized component of the spindle checkpoint. Overexpression of mph1, like overexpression of mad2, mimics activation of the checkpoint and imposes a metaphase arrest. mph1 protein shares sequence similarity with Mps1p, a dual specificity kinase that functions in the spindle checkpoint of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Complementation analysis demonstrates that mph1 and Mps1p are functionally related. They differ in that Mps1p, but not mph1, has an additional essential role in spindle pole body duplication. We propose that mph1 is the MPS1 equivalent in the spindle checkpoint pathway but not in the SPB duplication pathway. Overexpression of mad2 does not require mph1 to impose a metaphase arrest, which indicates a mechanism of spindle checkpoint activation other than mph1/Mps1p kinase-dependent phosphorylation. In the same screen which led to the isolation of mad2 and mph1, we also isolated dph1, a cDNA that encodes a protein 46% identical to an S. cerevisiae SPB duplication protein, Dsk2p. Our initial characterization indicates that S.p. dph1 and S.c. DSK2 are functionally similar. Together these results suggest that the budding and fission yeasts share common elements for SPB duplication, despite differences in SPB structure and the timing of SPB duplication relative to mitotic entry.
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Jones MH, Barik S, Mangune HH, Jones P, Gregory SJ, Spring JE. Do birth plans adversely affect the outcome of labour? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.12968/bjom.1998.6.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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155
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Brown GM, Furlong RA, Sargent CA, Erickson RP, Longepied G, Mitchell M, Jones MH, Hargreave TB, Cooke HJ, Affara NA. Characterisation of the coding sequence and fine mapping of the human DFFRY gene and comparative expression analysis and mapping to the Sxrb interval of the mouse Y chromosome of the Dffry gene. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7:97-107. [PMID: 9384609 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/7.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DFFRY (the Y-linked homologue of the DFFRX Drosophila fat-facets related X gene) maps to proximal Yq11.2 within the interval defining the AZFa spermatogenic phenotype. The complete coding region of DFFRY has been sequenced and shows 89% identity to the X-linked gene at the nucleotide level. In common with DFFRX , the potential amino acid sequence contains the conserved Cys and His domains characteristic of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases. The human DFFRY mRNA is expressed in a wide range of adult and embryonic tissues, including testis, whereas the homologous mouse Dffry gene is expressed specifically in the testis. Analysis of three azoospermic male patients has shown that DFFRY is deleted from the Y chromosome in these individuals. Two patients have a testicular phenotype which resembles Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and the third diminished spermatogenesis. In all three patients, the deletions extend from close to the 3' end into the gene, removing the entire coding sequence of DFFRY. The mouse Dffry gene maps to the Sxrb deletion interval on the short arm of the mouse Y chromosome and its expression in mouse testis can first be detected between 7.5 and 10.5 days after birth when type A and B spermatogonia and pre-leptotene and leptotene spermatocytes are present.
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Jones MH, Numata M, Shimane M. Identification and characterization of BRDT: A testis-specific gene related to the bromodomain genes RING3 and Drosophila fsh. Genomics 1997; 45:529-34. [PMID: 9367677 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The RING3 gene encodes a 90-kDa mitogen-activated nuclear protein. In proliferating cells, including in leukemia, RING3 has serine-threonine kinase and autophosphorylation activities. The cloning of D26362, a gene closely related to RING3, suggests a gene family. RING3 and D26362 are also related to the Drosophila developmental gene fsh. A database search for further members of the RING3 family identified an EST derived from a testis-specific library. cDNA clones representing the full coding sequence of the gene were isolated. The gene encodes a protein of 947 amino acids with extensive homology to RING3, D26362, and fsh. Similar to these proteins, it possesses two bromodomain motifs and a PEST sequence. Northern analysis of 16 normal tissues and eight cancer cell lines shows transcripts of 3.5 and 4.0 kb expressed specifically in testis. The gene has been named BRDT (for bromodomain, testis specific). PCR analysis of a panel of monochromosomal human/rodent hybrid cell lines and the GeneBridge 4 panel of radiation hybrids localizes the gene to chromosome 1p between markers WI-7719 and WI-3099 (D1S2154).
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Nezu J, Oku A, Jones MH, Shimane M. Identification of two novel human putative serine/threonine kinases, VRK1 and VRK2, with structural similarity to vaccinia virus B1R kinase. Genomics 1997; 45:327-31. [PMID: 9344656 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library enriched for human fetal-specific liver genes was constructed by suppressive subtractive hybridization. EST fls223 generated from this library was found to represent a novel putative serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase. A full-length clone isolated for this gene encodes a protein of 396 amino acids. The amino acid sequence has 40% identity over 305 amino acids with the B1R Ser/Thr protein kinase of vaccinia virus. This gene has therefore been named VRK1 (vaccinia virus B1R kinase related kinase). VRK1 was also found to have sequence identity (62.0% over 481 nucleotides) to a database EST. A full-length clone for this EST was isolated and sequenced. Conceptual translation predicts a protein of 508 amino acids that, like VRK1, has similarity to B1R kinase (38.7% identity over 300 amino acids). This gene has been named VRK2. Comparison of VRK1 with VRK2 indicates that they encode structurally related putative Ser/Thr protein kinases. Northern analysis shows that expression of both genes is widespread and elevated in highly proliferative cells, such as testis, thymus, and fetal liver. B1R kinase is reported to be essential for DNA replication of vaccinia virus. The similarity of VRK1 and VRK2 to B1R indicates that these genes may have similar functions.
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158
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Jones MH. Evidence of cannibalism? Science 1997; 277:1746. [PMID: 9324753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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159
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Jones MH, Zhang Y, Tirosvoutis KN, Davey PM, Webster AR, Walsh D, Spurr NK, Affara NA. Chromosomal assignment of 311 sequences transcribed in human adult testis. Genomics 1997; 40:155-67. [PMID: 9070934 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 311 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from human adult testis have been assigned to human chromosomes by Southern analysis of a monochromosome somatic cell hybrid panel. Over 70% of the ESTs show conservation to hamster and mouse DNA, and the overall distribution of transcripts correlates well with physical chromosome size and to a greater extent with male meiotic chromosome length. The notable exception is the X chromosome, for which the number of testis-derived ESTs is greatly underrepresented. This finding may reflect inactivation of the X chromosome during the meiotic phase of spermatogenesis and a consequent selection against large numbers of X-linked germ cell transcripts. Further analysis of the distribution of testis ESTs showed that the EST density remains significantly correlated with the recombination density of each autosome. Analysis of a comparable number (320) of brain EST autosome assignments showed no similar correlation. These data suggest a specific association between transcription in testis tissue and male meiotic recombination.
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160
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Jones MH, Furlong RA, Burkin H, Chalmers IJ, Brown GM, Khwaja O, Affara NA. The Drosophila developmental gene fat facets has a human homologue in Xp11.4 which escapes X-inactivation and has related sequences on Yq11.2. Hum Mol Genet 1996; 5:1695-701. [PMID: 8922996 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/5.11.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
EST 221 derived from human adult testis detects homology to the Drosophila fat facets gene (fat) and has related sequences on both the X and Y chromosomes mapping to Xp11.4 and Yq11.2 respectively. These two loci have been termed DFFRX and DFFRY for Drosophila fat facets related X and Y. The major transcript detected by EST 221 is-8 kb in size and is expressed widely in a range of 16 human adult tissues. RT-PCR analysis of 13 different human embryonic tissues with primers specific for the X and Y sequences demonstrates that both loci are expressed in developing tissues and quantitative RT-PCR of lymphoblastoid cell lines carrying different numbers of X chromosomes reveals that the X-linked gene escapes X-inactivation. The amino acid sequence (2547 residues) of the complete open reading frame of the X gene has 44% identity and 88% similarity to the Drosophila sequence and contains the conserved Cys and His domains characteristic of deubiquitinating enzymes, suggesting its biochemical function may be the hydrolysis of ubiquitin from protein-ubiquitin conjugates. The requirement of faf for normal oocyte development in Drosophila combined with the map location and escape from X-inactivation of DFFRX raises the possibility that the human homologue plays a role in the defects of oocyte proliferation and subsequent gonadal degeneration found in Turner syndrome.
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161
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Milisav I, Jones MH, Affara NA. Characterization of a novel human dynein-related gene that is specifically expressed in testis. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:667-72. [PMID: 8703119 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel dynein-related transcript (designated DNEL1) from human adult testis has been identified that can encode a protein with a size of 91087 Da. The complete nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame is the first to be described for a human dynein-related gene. Northern blot analysis of mRNA from 16 different tissues has shown that DNEL1 is expressed specifically in testis. Analysis of somatic cell hybrids has mapped DNEL1 to Chromosome (Chr) 17. Analysis of a panel of 129 whole genome radiaton hybrid clones including 17q22-q25.3 has placed DNEL1 in 17q distal to the ERBA2L locus. DNEL1 shares a high degree of sequence identity and amino acid similarity with the C-terminal region of the outer arm axonemal dynein beta-heavy chains derived from sea urchin and other species, but not to any gene encoding dynein intermediate or light chains described to date. The close similarity of DNEL1 to the C-terminal part of the axonemal beta-heavy chain may suggest an origin from a common progenitor gene and the testis-specific pattern of expression a possible role in sperm development or motility.
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162
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Jones MH, Singer A, Jenkins D. The mildly abnormal cervical smear: patient anxiety and choice of management. J R Soc Med 1996; 89:257-60. [PMID: 8778432 PMCID: PMC1295776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Argument continues over the best management of women with a first mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear: should they be referred for prompt colposcopy, or should they be kept under cytological review, with recourse to colposcopy if the abnormality persists? One consideration is the amount of anxiety generated. We measured anxiety, retrospectively, in two groups of women who had been managed by one or other method. Colposcopy caused more anxiety than cytological surveillance. When told that their smear was mildly abnormal, 47% of the immediate-colposcopy group (n = 182), compared with 33% of the surveillance group (n = 163), thought they had cancer. None the less, there was a general preference for immediate colposcopy. Whatever the relative merits of these two strategies for clinical management, it is clear that both forms of screening, and especially colposcopy, demand better information for patients.
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Jones MH, Jenkins D, Singer A. Regular audit of colposcopic biopsies from women with a mildly dyskaryotic or borderline cervical smear results in fewer cases of CINIII. Cytopathology 1996; 7:17-24. [PMID: 8833870 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2303.1996.37582375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two years after introducing mandatory review of cases in which the cervical smear was discrepant with subsequent colposcopic or histological finding, the predictive accuracy of a first abnormal smear and the need for treatment were analysed. The results were compared with performance figures prior to this form of audit policy. Over 12 months 415 women referred for colposcopy were studied. Three per cent of patients with a single borderline smear and 6% with mild dyskaryosis had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III (CINIII) revealed in histopathological examinations after colposcopy. Only 25% with a borderline smear and 33% with mild dyskaryosis required treatment. Of women with moderate dyskaryosis, 18% had a biopsy showing CINIII and 46% were treated. Of women with severe dyskaryosis in their cervical smear, 61% were shown to have CINIII or invasive cancer on biopsy and 90% were treated. Regular audit improved cytological prediction of grade of epithelial abnormality found on biopsy, allowing accurate, safe surveillance for minor smear abnormalities.
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Jones MH, Frank DN, Guthrie C. Characterization and functional ordering of Slu7p and Prp17p during the second step of pre-mRNA splicing in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:9687-91. [PMID: 7568198 PMCID: PMC40867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.21.9687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive alleles in four genes (slu7-1, prp16-2, prp17-1, and prp18-1) are known to confer a specific block to the second chemical step of pre-mRNA splicing in vivo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous studies showed that Prp16p and Prp18p are required solely for the second step in vitro. The RNA-dependent ATPase, Prp16p, functions at a stage in splicing when ATP is required, whereas Prp18p functions at an ATP-independent stage. Here we use immunodepletion to show that the roles of Slu7p and Prp17p are also confined to the second step of splicing. We find that extracts depleted of Prp17p require both Prp17p and ATP for slicing complementation, whereas extracts depleted of Slu7p require only the addition of Slu7p. These different ATP requirements suggest that Prp16p and Prp17p function before Prp18p and Slu7p. Although SLU7 encodes an essential gene product, we find that a null allele of prp17 is temperature-sensitive for growth and has a partial splicing defect in vitro. Finally, high-copy suppression experiments indicate functional interactions between PRP16 and PRP17, PRP16 and SLU7, and SLU7 and PRP18. Taken together, the results suggest that these four factors may function within a multi-component complex that has both an ATP-dependent and an ATP-independent role in the second step of pre-mRNA splicing.
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165
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Jones MH, Davey PM, Aplin H, Affara NA. Expression analysis, genomic structure, and mapping to 7q31 of the human sperm adhesion molecule gene SPAM1. Genomics 1995; 29:796-800. [PMID: 8575780 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1995.9931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the course of systematic sequence tag analysis of clones isolated from an adult testis cDNA library, clones 296 and 576 were found to detect 71-74% sequence identity to the guinea pig sperm surface protein PH-20. This surface protein is involved in sperm-egg adhesion in the guinea pig. Nucleotide sequence for 1919 bp of human DNA from a series of overlapping cDNA clones isolated from a testis cDNA library confirmed the sequence identity within a 1527-bp open reading frame to be 71-74% to the guinea pig gene and the similarity to be 60% for the predicted protein of 509 amino acids. Southern blot analysis of human genomic DNA and DNA from somatic cell hybrids indicates that the gene (SPAM1) is unique and does not form part of a larger family and that it maps to chromosome 7. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones isolated from the CEPH megaYAC library has refined this localization to 7q31. PCR analysis of genomic DNA and YAC clone DNA has shown that the 1919 bp of the gene that has been cloned covers approximately 11 kb of genomic DNA and is encoded by at least 4 exons. Northern analysis of poly(A)+ mRNA from a range of 16 human tissues has demonstrated that expression of the gene as a single 2.4-kb transcript is strictly limited to the testis.
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Carlan SJ, O'Brien WF, Jones MH, O'Leary TD, Roth L. Outpatient oral sulindac to prevent recurrence of preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85:769-74. [PMID: 7724111 DOI: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00016-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of oral sulindac in preventing the recurrence of preterm labor. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of patients between 24-34 weeks' gestation with preterm labor treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate. After successful tocolysis, patients were randomized by the pharmacy to receive either oral sulindac (200 mg) or placebo (once orally every 12 hours) for 7 days. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients were enrolled (34 in the sulindac group, 35 controls). No significant differences were found with respect to time gained in utero (40 +/- 4.4 versus 31 +/- 3.4 days, P = .1), delivery at more than 35 weeks' gestation (20 versus 18, P = .70), recurrent preterm labor (11 versus 13, P = .88), birth weight (2528 +/- 646 versus 2459 +/- 707 g, P = .68), or time spent in the neonatal intensive care unit (4.2 +/- 12.9 versus 5.7 +/- 13.5 days, P = .63) for the sulindac and control groups, respectively. However, in women who failed therapy (ie, those who delivered before 37 weeks' gestation or required readmission for tocolysis), there was a significantly longer interval between the start of therapy and failure in the sulindac group (25.9 +/- 3.4 days, n = 26) than in the control group (15.2 +/- 2.8 days, n = 25; P < .05). CONCLUSION The use of oral sulindac for 1 week after successful parenteral tocolysis failed to reduce the overall rate of preterm birth. In women who delivered prematurely or required readmission for tocolysis, oral sulindac significantly prolonged the interval from the start of therapy until delivery or readmission. Moreover, this benefit was achieved without observable adverse effects on the fetus.
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167
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Jones MH, Khwaja OS, Briggs H, Lambson B, Davey PM, Chalmers J, Zhou CY, Walker EM, Zhang Y, Todd C. A set of ninety-seven overlapping yeast artificial chromosome clones spanning the human Y chromosome euchromatin. Genomics 1994; 24:266-75. [PMID: 7698748 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Contiguous arrays of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) extending from proximal heterochromatic Yq into the pseudoautosomal portion of the Y chromosome and separated by a small interval at the centromere have been constructed. A total of 97 YACs have been aligned along the Y chromosome by STS content analysis using 222 sequence tagged sites (STSs) that detect 263 loci. Forty-five of the STSs used are novel. Their inclusion provides a significant improvement over previously available maps on the density of STS coverage along the Y chromosome, reducing the average spacing to 120 kb assuming a length of 30 Mb for the euchromatin. The average size of 61 YACs determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis was at least 0.9 Mb. Minor differences noted between the ordering of STSs on this map compared with those previously reported may be attributed to inherent polymorphism between the Y chromosomes used to construct the YAC libraries.
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Jones MH, Sato T, Saito H, Tanigami A, Nakamura Y. Six microsatellite polymorphisms at candidate and confirmed tumour suppressor gene loci. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:1911. [PMID: 7849726 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/3.10.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Satellite/genetics
- Databases, Factual
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
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Jones MH, Jones JJ, Jenkins D. Cigarette smoking on histological outcome in women with mildly dyskaryotic cervical smears. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1994; 101:927-8. [PMID: 7999707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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170
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Saha A, Maresh M, Thomas MA, Reay LM, Jones MH, Robertson JJJJH, Woodend B, Herbert A, Jenkins D, Gallivan S, Johnson CS, Wilkinson C, Peters T, Raffle AE, MacKenzie EFD, MacKenzie EFD. Management of cervical dyskaryosis National guidelines are not followed. West J Med 1994. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.309.6949.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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171
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Jones MH, Jones JJ. Management of cervical dyskaryosis. Colposcopy is not cost effective. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1994; 309:268. [PMID: 8069147 PMCID: PMC2540730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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172
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Affara NA, Bentley E, Davey P, Pelmear A, Jones MH. The identification of novel gene sequences of the human adult testis. Genomics 1994; 22:205-10. [PMID: 7959769 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the characterization of genetic expression in human adult testis, expressed sequence tag analysis of cDNAs from this tissue has been undertaken. Over 180 kb of DNA sequence has been determined and used to search the GenBank database. The results from the first 359 cDNA clones analyzed indicate that the sequences could be sorted into several categories with a high proportion being novel. Twenty-five clones (7%) showed 100% identity with human genes, 11 (3%) with prokaryotic sequences, 21 (5%) with between 60 and 95% similarity to human genes, 27 (8%) with between 60 and 95% similarity to genes from other species, and 33 (9%) with matches to human repeat sequences. Two hundred forty-two (67%) showed no significant matches and thus are likely to represent novel transcripts. In comparison to similar studies on human brain tissue and a hepatoma cell line, the findings indicate that the matches in the testis transcript population appear to be identifying a different spectrum of gene sequences.
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Jones MH. The management of the mildly dyskaryotic smear. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1994; 101:474-6. [PMID: 8018634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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174
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Sherlaw-Johnson C, Gallivan S, Jenkins D, Jones MH. Cytological screening and management of abnormalities in prevention of cervical cancer: an overview with stochastic modelling. J Clin Pathol 1994; 47:430-5. [PMID: 8027396 PMCID: PMC502020 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.47.5.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a mathematical model of the histological changes of precancer and the development of invasive cancer and how these are related to cytological findings. To use this to investigate the effects on incidence of cervical cancer, number of smear tests and colposcopies, of different schedules for cervical screening, and the clinical management policies for dyskaryosis. METHODS A stochastic model was developed relating the available data on tissue progression to the cytological findings. Two strategies, A and B, were compared: under A, women with any abnormal smear receive immediate colposcopy and treatment; under B, women with mild or borderline dyskaryosis have repeated smears at six monthly intervals with colposcopy only for persistent abnormalities. RESULTS The model predicted an incidence of invasive cervical cancer in an unscreened population of women aged over 18 years of 5.9 per 10,000 per year. With 70% coverage and three yearly screening under strategy A, the incidence fell to 2.00 and under B to 2.10. The number of smears required was similar but A required two to three times as many colposcopies as B. Raising the coverage to 90% reduced the incidence to around 1 per 10,000 per year but changing the screening interval, the specificity or sensitivity of cytology had much less effect. CONCLUSION The model has been tested under a wide range of possible variations in natural history, specificity and sensitivity of cytology. For low grade smear abnormalities, open colposcopic referral is predicted to reduce invasive cancer only slightly more than repeat cytology, at the expense of much additional colposcopy. Improving cytological coverage is suggested as more effective in reducing invasive cancer than increased use of colposcopy or more frequent screening.
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Koehler JK, Platz CC, Waddell W, Jones MH, Smith R, Behrns S. Spermophagy in semen in the red wolf, Canis rufus. Mol Reprod Dev 1994; 37:457-61. [PMID: 8011330 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080370413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The red wolf (Canis rufus) is an endangered species with 194 individuals remaining in the wild and in various captive facilities. Breeding efforts at the Graham, WA site (Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium) have involved artificial insemination with fresh or frozen semen in an effort to increase population and maximize the genetic potential of the stock. Electron microscopic observations were made in semen specimens obtained by electro-ejaculation from mature males prior to their use in an effort to determine semen parameters that might be useful in guiding breeding procedures. Sperm samples were either fixed immediately or treated with capacitating media and fixed after 4 to 7 hr of incubation. Many of the specimens examined were pyospermic (white cell in semen) and showed evidence of spermophagy, primarily by neutrophils. Of the six animals surveyed, only one showed little evidence of spermophagy, and three had extensive pyospermia and spermophagy but this finding was not correlated with fertility. Samples fixed immediately as well as those incubated for several hours showed evidence of spermophagy, indicating that the phagocytosis was not the result of culture. Gene pool restriction and/or captive stress may be contributing factors of reduced semen quality.
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Jones MH, Koi S, Fujimoto I, Hasumi K, Kato K, Nakamura Y. Allelotype of uterine cancer by analysis of RFLP and microsatellite polymorphisms: frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 3p, 9q, 10q, and 17p. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 9:119-23. [PMID: 7513541 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870090207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers in which mutations have been identified in putative tumor suppressor genes, such as the TP53 gene, the retinoblastoma (RBI) gene, the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, and the Wilms tumor (WTI) gene, frequently show loss of the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. To identify locations of tumor suppressor genes involved in uterine cancer, we examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by using genomic probes detecting RFLPs in 35 uterine cancers at 29 loci throughout the genome, and with highly informative microsatellite markers in 21 uterine cancers at nine putative or known tumor suppressor gene loci. High frequencies of allelic loss found at loci on 3p (71%), 9q (38%), 10q (35%), and 17p (35%) suggest that tumor suppressor genes involved in uterine carcinogenesis exist in these regions. There were no significant differences in frequencies of LOH between cancers of the uterine cervix and cancers of the uterine endometrium at any of the loci tested.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Alleles
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/ultrastructure
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Satellite/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis/genetics
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Deletion
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
- Uterine Neoplasms/genetics
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Foster K, Crossey PA, Cairns P, Hetherington JW, Richards FM, Jones MH, Bentley E, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA, Maher ER. Molecular genetic investigation of sporadic renal cell carcinoma: analysis of allele loss on chromosomes 3p, 5q, 11p, 17 and 22. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:230-4. [PMID: 8297719 PMCID: PMC1968700 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of tumour-suppressor genes on the short arm of chromosome 3 in the mechanism of tumorigenesis in non-familial renal cell carcinoma, we analysed 55 paired blood-tumour DNA samples for allele loss on chromosome 3p and in the region of known or putative tumour-suppressor genes on chromosomes 5, 11, 17 and 22. Sixty-four per cent (35/55) of informative tumours showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of at least one locus on the short arm of chromosome 3, compared with only 13% at the p53 tumour-suppressor gene and 6% at 17q21. LOH at chromosome 5q21 and 22q was uncommon (2-3%). Detailed analysis of the regions of LOH on chromosome 3p suggested that, in addition to the VHL gene in chromosome 3p25-p26, mutations in one or more tumour-suppressor genes in chromosome 3p13-p24 may be involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We also confirmed previous suggestions that chromosome 3p allele loss is not a feature of papillary RCC (P < 0.05).
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Crossey PA, Foster K, Richards FM, Phipps ME, Latif F, Tory K, Jones MH, Bentley E, Kumar R, Lerman MI. Molecular genetic investigations of the mechanism of tumourigenesis in von Hippel-Lindau disease: analysis of allele loss in VHL tumours. Hum Genet 1994; 93:53-8. [PMID: 8270255 DOI: 10.1007/bf00218913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome characterised by the development of retinal and central nervous system haemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), phaeochromocytoma and pancreatic tumours. The VHL disease gene maps to chromosome 3p25-p26. To investigate the mechanism of tumourigenesis in VHL disease, we analysed 24 paired blood/tumour DNA samples from 20 VHL patients for allele loss on chromosome 3p and in the region of tumour suppressor genes on chromosomes 5, 11, 13, 17 and 22. Nine out of 24 tumours showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at at least one locus on chromosome 3p and in each case the LOH included the region to which the VHL gene has been mapped. Chromosome 3p allele loss was found in four tumour types (RCC, haemangioblastoma, phaeochromocytoma and pancreatic tumour) suggesting a common mechanism of tumourigenesis in all types of tumour in VHL disease. The smallest region of overlap was between D3S1038 and D3S18, a region that corresponds to the target region for the VHL gene from genetic linkage studies. The parental origin of the chromosome 3p25-p26 allele loss could be determined in seven tumours from seven familial cases; in each tumour, the allele lost had been inherited from the unaffected parent. Our results suggest that the VHL disease gene functions as a recessive tumour suppressor gene and that inactivation of both alleles of the VHL gene is the critical event in the pathogenesis of VHL neoplasms. Four VHL tumours showed LOH on other chromosomes (5q21, 13q, 17q) indicating that homozygous VHL gene mutations may be required but may not be sufficient for tumourigenesis in VHL disease.
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Affara NA, Lau YF, Briggs H, Davey P, Jones MH, Khwaja O, Mitchell M, Sargent C. Report and abstracts of the First International Workshop on Y Chromosome Mapping 1994. Cambridge, England, April 2-5, 1994. CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS 1994; 67:359-402. [PMID: 7924456 DOI: 10.1159/000133871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Barik S, Jones MH, Meniru GI. Obstetric intervention and economic imperative. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1994; 101:88. [PMID: 8297884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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181
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Jones MH, Jones J. Management of mildly dyskaryotic smears. Lancet 1993; 342:813; author reply 813-4. [PMID: 8103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Barik S, Spring JE, Jones MH, Luck CA. Routine ultrasound scanning in pregnancy. The benefits are clinical.. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1993; 307:559. [PMID: 8400982 PMCID: PMC1678656 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.307.6903.559-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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183
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Maher ER, Barton DE, Slatter R, Koch DJ, Jones MH, Nagase H, Payne SJ, Charles SJ, Moore AT, Nakamura Y. Evaluation of molecular genetic diagnosis in the management of familial adenomatous polyposis coli: a population based study. J Med Genet 1993; 30:675-8. [PMID: 8105087 PMCID: PMC1016497 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.8.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A population based clinical and molecular genetic study of familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAPC) was performed to investigate the value of molecular genetic analysis and ophthalmological assessment in the presymptomatic diagnosis of FAPC. The point prevalence of affected patients was 2.62 x 10(-5) (1/38,000) and the minimum heterozygote prevalence was estimated at 3.8 x 10(-5) (1/26,000). Eight of 33 (24%) probands were new mutations. Forty-eight asymptomatic relatives at 50% prior risk aged between 10 and 40 years were assessed for risk modification with linked DNA markers: in nine subjects (18%) the family structure was unsuitable for linkage based analysis, but 32 subjects were informative with a panel of intragenic and closely linked markers (25 had a combined age/DNA related risk of < 1% (low risk group) and seven were at high risk (DNA predicted risk > 99%)). Ophthalmological assessment for CHRPEs showed that 27/43 (63%) affected patients and high risk relatives and 0/18 low risk relatives had more than three CHRPEs. Interfamilial variation in CHRPE expression was apparent. This study has shown that DNA based risk modification with intragenic and closely linked DNA markers is informative in most FAPC families. In addition to the clinical benefits of presymptomatic diagnosis for FAPC, the reduction in screening for low risk relatives (365 person years in the present study) means that molecular genetic diagnosis of FAPC is a cost effective procedure.
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Carlan SJ, Greenbaum LD, Parker JV, Pena AJ, Esmail-Rawji H, Jones MH. Intra-amniotic membranes following amniocentesis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 1993; 21:402-404. [PMID: 8227384 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.1870210608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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186
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Crossey PA, Maher ER, Jones MH, Richards FM, Latif F, Phipps ME, Lush M, Foster K, Tory K, Green JS. Genetic linkage between von Hippel-Lindau disease and three microsatellite polymorphisms refines the localisation of the VHL locus. Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2:279-82. [PMID: 8499917 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/2.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome characterised by the development of retinal and central nervous system haemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma. The gene for VHL disease has been mapped to chromosome 3p25-p26 and presymptomatic diagnosis using linked DNA markers is available. We have previously mapped the VHL disease gene to a 4 cM interval between D3S1250 and D3S18. To increase access to presymptomatic diagnosis and to accelerate progress towards isolating the VHL disease gene we attempted to identify microsatellite DNA markers linked to the disease gene by genetic linkage analysis in 29 families. We found significant linkage between the VHL disease gene and dinucleotide (CA) repeat polymorphisms at D3S1038 (Zmax = 22.24 at theta = 0.01, CI 0.0001-0.06), D3S1110 (Zmax = 11.32 at theta = 0.07, CI 0.03-0.14) and D3S651 (Zmax = 7.73 at theta = 0.04, CI 0.008-0.13). We localised D3S1038 between D3S1250 and D3S601, and mapped D3S1110 and D3S651 centromeric to D3S1250. Multipoint linkage analysis mapped the VHL disease locus between D3S1038 and D3S18 with the maximum likelihood at D3S601. There was no evidence of locus heterogeneity. This study has (i) identified three microsatellite DNA markers in chromosome 3p25 linked to the VHL disease gene and (ii) narrowed the target region for the isolation of the VHL disease gene by positional cloning techniques. These findings will improve the management of families with VHL disease by improving the accuracy and availability of presymptomatic diagnosis using linked DNA markers, and will accelerate progress towards isolating the VHL disease gene.
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187
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Jones MH, Nakamura Y. Deletion mapping of chromosome 3p in female genital tract malignancies using microsatellite polymorphisms. Oncogene 1992; 7:1631-4. [PMID: 1630822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed deletion maps of chromosome 3p for cancers of the female genital tract (uterine endometrium, uterine cervix and ovary). The tumours were tested for loss of heterozygosity using CA-repeat polymorphisms. The high degree of informativeness of these markers allowed the construction of detailed deletion maps from a relatively small number of samples. A common region of deletion was identified at chromosome 3p13-21.1 in endometrial cancer and at 3p13-14.3 in cervical cancer; 5 out of 13 (38%) endometrial cancers and six out of eight (75%) cervical cancers showed loss of heterozygosity at these regions. In ovarian cancer a separate common region of deletion was identified at 3p21.1-22; two out of four (50%) ovarian cancers had alleles deleted at this region. These data suggest the presence of a tumour-suppressor gene(s) for endometrial and cervical cancer at 3p13-21.3 and a separate gene at 3p21.1-22 that is involved in the carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer.
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Jones MH, Nakamura Y. Detection of loss of heterozygosity at the human TP53 locus using a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 5:89-90. [PMID: 1384667 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity at the TP53 locus occurs frequently in many types of cancer and requires polymorphic markers for detection. Several polymorphisms at the TP53 locus have been described previously, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have been developed to detect these polymorphisms. However, these polymorphisms have relatively low levels of heterozygosity and are often uninformative. We report here the detection of loss of heterozygosity at the TP53 locus in various human cancers by using a highly informative dinucleotide repeat polymorphism.
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189
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Jones MH, Jenkins D, Cuzick J, Wolfendale MR, Jones JJ, Balogun-Lynch C, Usherwood MM, Singer A. Mild cervical dyskaryosis: safety of cytological surveillance. Lancet 1992; 339:1440-3. [PMID: 1351129 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92031-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
How best to manage women who are found on cervical screening to have mild dyskaryosis remains controversial. Cytological surveillance misses some lesions picked up by colposcopy, but colposcopy is emotionally traumatic for women, the majority of whom will have a normal result. To determine what proportion of lesions are missed by cytological surveillance, and whether any abnormalities persist after colposcopy, we studied, by means of colposcopy and biopsy, the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and subclinical human papillomavirus infection (HPVI) in two groups of patients who had had a first smear showing mild dyskaryosis at least 24 months earlier. One group was recruited from a centre practising cytological surveillance, with colposcopy for patients showing persistent or progressive cytological abnormality. The other group all had early colposcopy and treatment. Of 214 patients recruited into the cytological surveillance group, 70 (33%) had been referred for colposcopy within 24 months. Colposcopy of the remaining 144 (after a mean interval of 27 months from presentation) revealed that 54 (38%) were disease free, 64 (44%) had HPVI/CIN1, 8 (6%) had CIN2, and 18 (12%) had CIN3. A smear at that time identified 12 of the 18 (67%) with CIN3 as needing close cytological follow-up (1 patient) or prompt referral for colposcopy (11 patients). 137 women in the early colposcopy group attended for the study colposcopy (after a mean interval of 32 months from presentation). 37% were found to have some abnormality persisting after an earlier colposcopy, but none had CIN3. Cytological surveillance of mild dyskaryosis resulted in a 12% risk of patients having a small CIN3 lesion after 2 years, but this risk was reduced to 4% by the addition of a third repeat smear 12 months after the second. With such a policy only about a third of women would require colposcopy, and the risk of missing serious underlying precancerous changes would be low.
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Jones MH, Jenkins D, Singer A. Conservative treatment of mild/moderate cervical dyskaryosis. Lancet 1992; 339:1293. [PMID: 1349682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
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191
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Jones MH, Yamakawa K, Nakamura Y. Isolation and characterization of 19 dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms on chromosome 3p. Hum Mol Genet 1992; 1:131-3. [PMID: 1301149 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/1.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have screened cosmids on chromosome 3p for (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n dinucleotide-repeat sequences. Eighty-nine of 155 cosmids (58%) contained (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT(n repeats as determined by colony hybridization with a (dG-dT)10 oligonucleotide probe; 29 of these were subcloned and the sequences flanking the dinucleotide repeats were determined. Nineteen of the 24 loci examined for polymorphisms by PCR were found to be polymorphic with heterozygosities ranging from 3% to 86%. These dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms will be useful markers for high-resolution mapping of genes that have been localized to 3p, including tumour suppressor genes associated with several types of cancer and genes responsible for various hereditary disorders, such as von Hippel-Lindau disease.
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Abstract
We found somatic mutations, detected as novel PCR bands, at three separate polymorphic CA-repeat loci. At one of these loci, analyzed in a three-generation pedigree, a new band generated from the same paternal allele was observed in four of six offspring. The other two children inherited the alternative paternal allele unchanged. Somatic mutations at two additional loci were identified upon subsequent comparison of banding patterns among 25 cancers and their corresponding normal tissues at 15 CA-repeat loci. Since somatic mutations of CA-repeats seem to be quite frequent, individuals who are mosaic for CA-repeat alleles at a particular locus probably are not unusual. Hence, the possibility of somatic mutation generating new length alleles at CA-repeat loci should be considered when one compares DNA samples, whether in forensic and paternity testing, loss of heterozygosity studies, or linkage analyses.
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Jones MH, Guthrie C. Unexpected flexibility in an evolutionarily conserved protein-RNA interaction: genetic analysis of the Sm binding site. EMBO J 1990; 9:2555-61. [PMID: 2142451 PMCID: PMC552286 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human autoantibodies of the Sm specificity recognize a conserved set of proteins found in the U class small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U snRNPs), key trans-acting factors involved in the splicing of mRNA precursors. The Sm protein binding site in U snRNAs is unusual because of its single-stranded nature and its simple sequence motif (AU5-6GPu). Here we use genetics to probe this specific protein-RNA interaction by saturation mutagenesis of the Sm binding site of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae U5 snRNA. The assay system used to analyze these mutations takes advantage of a conditionally expressed U5 gene which does not support growth under non-permissive conditions; U5 genes containing Sm site mutations were tested for their ability to complement this lethal phenotype. Our results indicate that the Sm binding site is remarkably tolerant to mutation despite its high degree of conservation, suggesting that relatively few or redundant specific contacts can determine recognition of single-stranded RNA by protein. A complementary biochemical analysis of these mutants demonstrates that integrity of the Sm site is necessary for snRNP stability in vivo and in vitro.
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194
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Jenkins D, Jones MH. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1988; 297:555. [PMID: 3139195 PMCID: PMC1840358 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.297.6647.555-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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195
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Jones MH, Learned RM, Tjian R. Analysis of clustered point mutations in the human ribosomal RNA gene promoter by transient expression in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:669-73. [PMID: 3422449 PMCID: PMC279616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.3.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have mapped the cis regulatory elements required in vivo for initiation at the human rRNA promoter by RNA polymerase I. Transient expression in COS-7 cells was used to evaluate the transcription phenotype of clustered base substitution mutations in the human rRNA promoter. The promoter consists of two major elements: a large upstream region, composed of several domains, that lies between nucleotides -234 and -107 relative to the transcription initiation site and affects transcription up to 100-fold and a core element that lies between nucleotides -45 and +20 and affects transcription up to 1000-fold. The upstream region is able to retain partial function when positioned within 100-160 nucleotides of the transcription initiation site, but it cannot stimulate transcription from distances of greater than or equal to 600 nucleotides. In addition, we demonstrate, using mouse-human hybrid rRNA promoters, that the sequences responsible for human species-specific transcription in vivo appear to reside in both the core and upstream elements, and sequences from the mouse rRNA promoter cannot be substituted for them.
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196
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Siliciano PG, Jones MH, Guthrie C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a U1-like small nuclear RNA with unexpected properties. Science 1987; 237:1484-7. [PMID: 3306922 DOI: 10.1126/science.3306922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous experiments indicated that only a small subset of the approximately equal to 24 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have binding sites for the Sm antigen, a hallmark of metazoan small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) involved in pre-messenger RNA splicing. Antibodies from human serum to Sm proteins were used to show that four snRNAs (snR7, snR14, snR19, and snR20) can be immunoprecipitated from yeast extracts. Three of these four, snR7, snR14, and snR20, have been shown to be analogs of mammalian U5, U4, and U2, respectively. Several regions of significant homology to U1 (164 nucleotides) have now been found in cloned and sequenced snR19 (568 nucleotides). These include ten out of ten matches to the 5' end of U1, the site known to interact with the 5' splice site of mammalian introns. Surprisingly, the precise conservation of this sequence precludes perfect complementarity between snR19 and the invariant yeast 5' junction (GTATGT), which differs from the mammalian consensus at the fourth position (GTPuAGT).
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Volkin E, Boling ME, Lee WH, Jones MH. The effect of chemical mutagens on purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 755:217-24. [PMID: 6403046 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(83)90206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide biosynthesis in Novikoff hepatoma cells is markedly altered by a variety of chemical mutagens, whether the mechanism of mutagenesis is by base substitution, covalent binding (adduct formation), intercalation, or cross-linking of DNA. The compounds investigated (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 9-aminoacridine, and mitomycin C), at concentrations that cause some inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis, bring about a large increase in the pool levels of all four nucleoside triphosphates. At the same time, reactions leading to the synthesis of CTP from exogenous uridine and GTP and ATP from exogenous hypoxanthine are severely inhibited. The formation of UTP from uridine and ATP from adenosine, by more direct phosphorylation reactions, appears relatively unaffected. The increase in nucleotide pool size cannot be accounted for by a corresponding increase in de novo purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis, as experiments with labeled formate and aspartate show similar inhibitions by the mutagens. With the salvage precursors, [3H]uridine and [3H]hypoxanthine, the mutagens can produce a widely divergent reduction in the labeling of RNA-CMP versus RNA-UMP and of RNA-GMP versus RNA-AMP, mostly a result of these agents causing large differences in the specific activities of the respective triphosphate precursors. These observations suggest that, in addition to the reactions with DNA, nucleotide biosynthesis could be another important biochemical target of chemical mutagens.
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Abstract
Rolfing is a technique which involves the use of pressure on areas of the body in which muscle tendons adhere to each other rather than sliding over one another in the normal way. In this study, a series of 10 patients with mild, moderate or severe cerebral palsy underwent Rolfing Treatment, and the results were evaluated. Mildly impaired patients made gains in velocity, stride length and cadence; the moderately impaired group made only minor gains in velocity; and the severely impaired did not improve by any of the criteria used in this study. Muscle strength and electromyography were not altered appreciably in any of the patients. While the effects of treatment on range of motion were highly variable, increased muscle tightness in the hip and knee flexors, hip internal rotators, hip adductors and plantar flexors was noted. These results indicate that Rolfing can lead to improved performance in mildly affected patients because they possess the neurological capacity to make use of increased tissue mobility, and thus avoid contractures. However, the increased muscle tightness which can occur probably outweighs any benefit which moderately or severely impaired patients may derive from the treatment.
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Volkin E, Boling ME, Jones MH, Lee WH, Pike LM. Suppression of the biosynthesis of guanosine triphosphate by protein synthesis inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:9105-9. [PMID: 7410414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In a prior report (Pike, L.M., Khym, J.X., Jones, M.H., Lee, W.H., and Volkin, E. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 3340-3347), it was observed that CTP synthesis and concomitant incorporation of CMP into RNA and dCMP into DNA were markedly reduced in cells cultured in the presence of cycloheximide and puromycin. Experiments described here with Novikoff hepatoma cells reveal that the purine biosynthetic pathway is similarly affected. When the cells are subjected to cycloheximide (30 or 60 microgram/ml) or puromycin (100 microgram/ml), there is a substantial reduction in the bioconversion of hypoxanthine, adenosine, and deoxyadenosine into guanylate compared to untreated cultures. Whereas synthesis (counts per min/nmol) of pool ATP was 70 to 100% of controls, that of pool GTP was 20 to 35% of controls. Incorporation of AMP into RNA was 40 to 60% of controls, but that of GMP was only 10 to 25% of controls. Incorporation of dAMP into DNA averaged 10% of controls, but that of dGMP was only 4% of controls. Synthesis of guanylates from formate by the de novo pathway was similarly reduced, but incorporation of guanosine, which enters via kinase action alone, was not disproportionately lowered. These results suggest that protein synthesis inhibitors cause a severely reduced availability of newly synthesized GTP and CTP as well as their deoxy counterparts, dGTP and dCTP, the proximal precursors for the synthesis of RNA and DNA. However, the nanomolar levels of all nucleoside triphosphates remain high, probably as a result of recycling of nucleic acid breakdown products. Thus, reduced synthesis of these compounds may restrict nucleic acid synthesis only if some sort of compartmentation leads to a limitation of these precursors at the site(s) of nucleic acid synthesis.
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Pike LM, Khym JX, Jones MH, Lee WH, Volkin E. Suppression of cytidylate biosynthesis by protein synthesis antagonists. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:3340-7. [PMID: 7364746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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