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Tsunoda A, Yasuda N, Nakao K, Narita K, Yamazaki K, Watanabe M, Suzuki N, Kusano M. Phase I study of S-1 combined with irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Oncology 2007; 72:58-63. [PMID: 17998791 DOI: 10.1159/000111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the maximum tolerated dose, recommended dose and dose-limiting toxicities of irinotecan plus S-1 in advanced colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS S-1 was administered orally at 80 mg/m2/day for 21 consecutive days followed by a 2-week rest. CPT-11 was given intravenously on days 1 and 15 of each course, at an initial dose of 60 mg/m2/day, stepping up to 80, 100, 120 or 140 mg/m2/day. Courses were repeated every 5 weeks, unless disease progression or severe toxicities were observed. RESULTS A total of 20 patients were entered in this study. The maximum tolerated dose of CPT-11 was considered to be 100 mg/m2, because 2 of 3 patients developed dose-limiting toxicities, such as anorexia, fatigue and diarrhea. Therefore, the recommended dose of CPT-11 was set at 80 mg/m2. Tumor responses were seen in 8 of 14 patients with measurable lesions. CONCLUSION A combination of S-1 with CPT-11 is safe and can be recommended for further phase II studies in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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Kuge K, Iwakiri S, Endo Y, Yasuda N, Fukushima C, Kimura M, Shibuya H, Kumagai H, Hasegawa A. Detection of nuclear tracks comprising gold grains in nuclear emulsion by using gold deposition development method. RADIAT MEAS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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78
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Park K, Yasuda N, Toyonaga S, Yamada SM, Nakabayashi H, Nakasato M, Nakagomi T, Tsubosaki E, Shimizu K. Significant association between leukoaraiosis and metabolic syndrome in healthy subjects. Neurology 2007; 69:974-8. [PMID: 17538033 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000266562.54684.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between leukoaraiosis (LA), which has been considered as an intermediate substitute of ischemic brain damages, and metabolic syndrome (MetS), which attracts attention as a risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, in healthy subjects derived from various age groups. METHODS We studied 1,030 healthy persons at ages between 28 and 78 years (mean, 52.7 years) with no history of stroke who visited a health care facility for routine health checkups. MetS was defined using the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. LA was assessed using the rating scale of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study on MRI. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine associations between LA and MetS. RESULTS A total of 296 (28.8%) subjects had LA on MRI. MetS was significantly associated with the presence of LA (adjusted OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 2.30, 4.84). The association was constant across grades of LA; the adjusted OR was 3.41 (95% CI, 2.30, 5.06) for minimal LA and 3.07 (95% CI, 1.75, 5.38) for LA combining mild, moderate, and severe grades. As for MetS components, elevated blood pressure (adjusted OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.57, 2.99), impaired fasting glucose (adjusted OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.13, 2.39), and hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.08, 2.28) were independently associated with all grades of LA. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was significantly associated with every grade of leukoaraiosis (LA), including the minimal LA. Impaired fasting glucose and hypertriglyceridemia were associated with LA independently of elevated blood pressure. MetS can play an important role in identifying healthy subjects who have an increased risk of LA.
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Yasuda N, Gaskill SE, Ruby BC. No gender-specific differences in mechanical efficiency during arm or leg exercise relative to ventilatory threshold. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 18:205-12. [PMID: 17490463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine economy and mechanical efficiency in men and women during both arm cranking (AC) and leg cycling (LC) at 70%, 85%, 100%, and 115% of mode-specific ventilatory threshold (T(vent)). Recreationally active men (n=9) and women (n=9) with similar values for %VO2peak at T(vent) served as subjects. All subjects performed 5 min of exercise at each intensity of 70%, 85%, 100%, and 115% of T(vent) for both AC and LC. Economy was expressed as W/L/min. Gross efficiency (GE) was determined as the ratio of work accomplished to total energy expended (%). Delta efficiency (DE) was determined as the ratio of delta work accomplished to delta energy expended (%). Economy and efficiency during LC were greater than during AC in men and women. During AC or LC exercise, no sex differences were found in either economy (P=0.93 for AC, 0.98 for LC), GE (P=0.88 for AC, 0.75 for LC), or DE (P=0.57 for AC, 0.51 for LC). These findings indicate that men and women show similar economy and efficiency during both AC and LC exercise when subjects have similar %VO2peak at Tvent.
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80
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Ota A, Masue T, Yasuda N, Tsutsumi A, Mino Y, Ohara H. L0006 Null relationship between previous overcommitment to work and the future onset of insomnia among middle-aged workers: results from a prospective cohort study. Sleep Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-9457(07)70376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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81
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Tsunoda A, Yasuda N, Nakao K, Yokoyama N, Kamiyama G, Marumori T, Yoshizawa Y, Kusano M, Hashimoto H. The Construction and Testing of the Japanese Version of EORTC Colorectal Cancer-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire Module (EORTC QLQ-CR38). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3862/jcoloproctology.60.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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82
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Kawarai S, Shirai H, Sakaguchi M, Ohmori K, Yasuda N, Yasuda H, Ikeda K, Tsujimoto H. Effect of House Dust Mite (HDM) Avoidance Measure on The Clinical Symptoms in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis (AD). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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83
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Yukihara E, Sawakuchi G, Guduru S, McKeever S, Gaza R, Benton E, Yasuda N, Uchihori Y, Kitamura H. Application of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique in space dosimetry. RADIAT MEAS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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Nguyen TTT, Koizumi S, La TN, Zenbayashi KS, Ashizawa T, Yasuda N, Imazaki I, Miyasaka A. Pi35(t), a new gene conferring partial resistance to leaf blast in the rice cultivar Hokkai 188. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 113:697-704. [PMID: 16838138 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The japonica rice cultivar Hokkai 188 shows a high level of partial resistance to leaf blast. For mapping genes conferring the resistance, a set of 190 F2 progeny/F3 families was developed from the cross between the indica rice cultivar Danghang-Shali, with a low level of partial resistance, and Hokkai 188. Partial resistance to leaf blast in the F3 families was assessed in upland nurseries. From a primary microsatellite (SSR) linkage map and QTL analysis using a subset of 126 F2 progeny/F3 families randomly selected from the above set, one major QTL located on chromosome 1 was detected in the vicinity of SSR marker RM1216. This QTL was responsible for 69.4% of the phenotypic variation, and Hokkai 188 contributed the resistance allele. Segregation analysis in the F3 families for partial resistance to leaf blast was in agreement with the existence of a major gene, and the gene was designated as Pi35(t). Another QTL detected on chromosome 8 was minor, explained 13.4% of the phenotypic variation, and an allele of Danghang-Shali increased the level of resistance in this QTL. Additional SSR markers of the targeted Pi35(t) region were further surveyed in the 190 F2 plants, and Pi35(t) was placed in a 3.5-cM interval flanked by markers RM1216 and RM1003.
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Noguchi MT, Yasuda N, Fujita Y. Evidence of Genetic Exchange by Parasexual Recombination and Genetic Analysis of Pathogenicity and Mating Type of Parasexual Recombinants in Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 96:746-750. [PMID: 18943148 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A selectable marker gene conferring resistance to bialaphos (BI) was introduced into rice blast isolate Y90-71BI and another conferring resistance to blasticidin S (BS) into isolate 3514-R-2BS of Magnaporthe oryzae to demonstrate exchange of DNA. Colonies obtained from co-cultures of these two isolates were resistant to both BI and BS and had both resistance genes as shown by Southern blot analysis of their genomic DNA. Conidia from these BI-BS-resistant isolates had only one nucleus per cell after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Using flow cytometry, however, these BI-BS-resistant isolates were found to be haploid. Segregation of BI-BS-resistant isolates for pathogenicity (avirulence to virulence) on rice line K59-1 was consistent with a 1:1 ratio, as was segregation for mating type. These BI-BS-resistant isolates were thus apparently derived from parasexual exchange of DNA and the segregation of pathogenicity and of mating type of the parasexual recombinants might correspond to that of the progeny of the offspring of the sexual cross.
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Kira S, Mori M, Takatani J, Uchino T, Yasuda N, Miyakawa H, Noguchi T. Effects of high peak airway pressure on the expression of heat shock protein 70 in rat lungs: a preliminary study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50:469-74. [PMID: 16548859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is induced by a wide variety of stresses in addition to hyperthermia. Recent studies have clarified that mechanical stretching and pressure overload can induce HSP70 in some tissues and cells. However, it remains unclear whether HSP70 is induced in stretch-subjected lungs, such as those under mechanical ventilation. This study was designed to investigate the effects of high peak airway pressure (PAP) ventilation on HSP70 expression in intact rat lungs. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to one of three groups: non-ventilated (anesthesia alone) control group; PAP 15 cm H(2)O group (P15); and PAP 30 cm H(2)O group (P30). The rats in the PAP groups were subjected to pressure-controlled assisted ventilation at the appropriate PAP for 30 min. Rats were killed at 12, 24 and 48 h after ventilation or anesthesia alone, and the lungs were removed. The lung tissues were processed for immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses of HSP70. RESULTS Following 30 min of pressure-controlled assisted ventilation, HSP70 expression in the P30 group was significantly up-regulated in bronchiolar cells and subepithelial tissues at 12 h, and this up-regulation continued throughout the observation period. In contrast, there were no significant differences between the control and P15 groups, although the expression of HSP70 was higher in the P15 group than in the control group at all time points. CONCLUSIONS HSP70 was induced by high PAP ventilation, but its specific role and induction mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, further investigations should be encouraged.
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Yasuda N, Koguchi Y, Tsubomatsu M, Takagi T, Kobayashi I, Tsuruta T, Morishima H. Extremely high dose neutron dosimetry using CR-39 and atomic force microscopy. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2006; 120:470-4. [PMID: 16597695 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been applied to the analysis of CR-39 nuclear track detectors for high dose neutron dosimetry. As a feasible study to extract the neutron dose, we have employed a (239)Pu-Be neutron source with the traditional track density measurement of recoil proton etch pits from a high density polyethylene (CH(2)) radiator. After very short etching ( approximately 1 microm), etch pit densities were measured as a function of neutron fluence (neutron dose) up to 1.4 x 10(10) cm(-2) (6.6 Sv). Neutron sensitivity was also measured to be 6.6 x 10(-4). Maximum measurable neutron dose was estimated to be approximately 200 Sv by measuring the fraction of the total image area occupied by the etch pits.
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Yasuda N, Uchihori Y, Benton ER, Kitamura H, Fujitaka K. The intercomparison of cosmic rays with heavy ion beams at NIRS (ICCHIBAN) project. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2006; 120:414-20. [PMID: 16702248 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ICCHIBAN-2 experiment, the first dedicated to the ground-based intercomparison of passive space dosemeters, was carried out between 23 May and 28 May 2002 at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Chiba, Japan. The primary objective of the ICCHIBAN-2 experiment was to intercompare the response of passive dosemeters used in space crew dosimetry to monoenergetic heavy ions of charge and energy spanning a significant portion of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spectrum. During the ICCHIBAN-2 experiment, dosemeters from 12 different laboratories in 9 countries were irradiated under identical conditions to heavy ion beams of 150 MeV n(-1) (4)He, 400 MeV n(-1) (12)C, 490 MeV n(-1) (28)Si and 500 MeV n(-1) (56)Fe at the NIRS Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator.
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Yasuda N, Konishi T, Matsumoto K, Yamauchi T, Asuka T, Furusawa Y, Sato Y, Oda K, Tawara H, Hieda K. Dose distribution of carbon ions in air assessed using imaging plates and ionization chamber. RADIAT MEAS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2004.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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90
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Amemiya K, Takahashi H, Kajimoto Y, Nakazawa M, Yanagie H, Hisa T, Eriguchi M, Nakagawa Y, Majima T, Kageji T, Sakurai Y, Kobayashi T, Konishi T, Hieda K, Yasuda N, Ogura K. High-resolution nuclear track mapping in detailed cellular histology using CR-39 with the contact microscopy technique. RADIAT MEAS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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91
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Guo SL, Doke T, Li L, Chen BL, Zhang DH, Kikuchi J, Terasawa K, Komiyama M, Hara K, Fuse T, Yasuda N, Murakami T. Comparison between theoretical model and experimental calibrations and its inference for track formation in bubble detectors. RADIAT MEAS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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92
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Yasuda N, Namiki K, Honma Y, Umeshima Y, Marumo Y, Ishii H, Benton E. Development of a high speed imaging microscope and new software for nuclear track detector analysis. RADIAT MEAS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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93
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Yasuda N, Ozawa Y, Toriumi K, Kuwahara S, Obata K, Yoshida K, Matsumoto T, Harada N. Microcrystal X-ray analyses using LTV camera at SPring-8 BL02B1 beamline. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305094237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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94
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Toriumi K, Mitsumi M, Yoshida Y, Kohyama A, Ikeda N, Yasuda N, Ozawa Y. Spin-Peierls transition in halogen-bridged mixed-valence MMX chain compounds. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305086083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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95
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Ohwada K, Hirota K, Terauchi H, Ohwa H, Yasuda N. X-ray and neutron scattering study of as-grownPb(In 1/2Nb 1/2)O 3single crystals. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305086204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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96
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Ozawa Y, Yoshida S, Mitsumi M, Toriumi K, Yasuda N, Tsuge K, Araki H, Sasaki Y. Photo excited state crystallography of iodo-bridged dicopper(I) complex. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876730509848x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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97
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Yasuda N, Noguchi MT, Fujita Y. Identification of an Avirulence Gene in the Fungus Magnaporthe grisea Corresponding to a Resistance Gene at the Pik Locus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2005; 95:768-772. [PMID: 18943008 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-95-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A rice isolate of Magnaporthe grisea collected from China was avirulent on rice cvs. Hattan 3 and 13 other Japanese rice cultivars. The rice cv. Hattan 3 is susceptible to almost all Japanese blast fungus isolates from rice. The genetic basis of avirulence in the Chinese isolate on Japanese rice cultivars was studied using a cross between the Chinese isolate and a laboratory isolate. The segregation of avirulence or virulence was studied in 185 progeny from the cross, and monogenic control was demonstrated for avirulence to the 14 rice cultivars. The resistance gene that corresponds to the avirulence gene (Avr-Hattan 3) is thought to be located at the Pik locus. Resistance and susceptibility in response to the Chinese isolate in F(3) lines of a cross of resistant and susceptible rice cultivars were very similar to the Pik tester isolate, Ken54-20. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers from genetic maps of the fungus were used to construct a partial genetic map of Avr-Hattan 3. We obtained several flanking markers and one co-segregated marker of Avr-Hattan 3 in the 144 mapping population.
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Kohno R, Yasuda N, Himukai T, Kase Y. TU-EE-A2-05: Measurements of Dose Averaged LET Distributions in Lateral Direction in Water Using CR-39 for Collimated Carbon Ion Beam. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1998452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Maeda S, Ohmori K, Yasuda N, Kurata K, Sakaguchi M, Masuda K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Increase of CC chemokine receptor 4-positive cells in the peripheral CD4+ cells in dogs with atopic dermatitis or experimentally sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1467-73. [PMID: 15347382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since dogs frequently develop allergic diseases, similar to those in humans, dogs represent a possible animal model for allergy in humans. In human atopic dermatitis (AD), CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) has been shown to play an important role in the development of allergic inflammation of AD; however, the association between allergic reaction and CCR4 is not well understood in dogs. OBJECTIVE To examine CCR4 expression in peripheral blood CD4+ cells in dogs that had AD and were experimentally sensitized with Japanese cedar pollen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 17 dogs with AD. The proportion of CCR4+ cells in peripheral blood CD4+ cells (CCR4/CD4) was evaluated by flow cytometry and compared with that in 10 healthy dogs. Similarly, in dogs that were experimentally sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen antigen, the proportion of CCR4/CD4 was examined pre- and post-sensitization. RESULTS The proportion of CCR4/CD4 in dogs with AD was 40.3+/-3.3%, which was significantly higher than that in normal dogs (23.6+/-4.3%) (P<0.01). In the experimentally sensitized dogs, the proportion of CCR4/CD4 was 25.4+/-2.6% at pre-sensitization and it was significantly increased (29.8+/-2.9%) at post-sensitization (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The proportion of CCR4+ cells in peripheral blood CD4+ cells was measured in dogs with allergic conditions. The present findings indicate that CCR4+ cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of allergy in dogs as in humans.
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Mano S, Yasuda N, Katoh T, Tounai K, Inoko H, Imanishi T, Tamiya G, Gojobori T. Notes on the Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Haplotype Frequencies. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68:257-64. [PMID: 15180706 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is one of the most popular ways to estimate haplotype frequencies of a population with genotype data whose linkage phases are unknown. The MLE is commonly implemented in the use of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. It is known that the EM algorithm carries the risk that an estimator may converge erroneously to one of the local maxima or saddle points of the likelihood surface, resulting in serious errors in the MLE of haplotype frequencies. In this note, by theoretical treatments we present the necessary and sufficient conditions that the local maxima or saddle points on the likelihood surface appear. As a rule of thumb, that the difference between the coupling and repulsive haplotype frequencies in phase known individuals is 3/2 times larger than the frequency of phase ambiguous individuals is the sufficient condition that the likelihood surface is unimodal. Moreover, we present the analytic solution to the biallelic two-locus problem, and construct a general algorithm to obtain the global maximum.
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