In situ growth of Au nanoparticles on natural melanin as biocompatible and multifunctional nanoagent for efficient tumor theranostics

Natural melanin has been demonstrated to be a biocompatible and efficient nanoagent for the photothermal ablation of tumors, but their practical applications are limited due to their lack of typical imaging functions (CT, MRI, etc.). Thus, to achieve multifunctional melanin-based nanoagents for imaging-guided therapy, for the first time, herein, we report the in situ growth of Au nanoparticles on natural melanin as a model through a simple and safe method. The as-synthesized samples are composed of melanin nanoparticles (diameter: ∼120 nm) whose surface are decorated by small Au nanoparticles with an adjustable size ranging from ∼10 to ∼40 nm. These Au-decorated melanin (Au-M) nanocomposites exhibit satisfactory near infrared (NIR) photoabsorption and high photothermal conversion efficiency of 42.3%. Furthermore, the Au-M nanocomposites have a high X-ray attenuation coefficient and exhibit excellent biocompatibility. When the Au-M solutions were injected into the tumor of a mouse, the tumor could be detected by X-ray computed tomography (CT), photoacoustic (PA) and thermal imaging, and then be thermally ablated under the illumination of an 808 nm laser. Therefore, these Au-M nanocomposites have great potential as a novel multifunctional and biocompatible nanoagent for imaging-guided photothermal tumor ablation.

Erratum: Observation of D^{0} Meson Nuclear Modifications in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV [Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 142301 (2014)]

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.142301.

Blue Te Nanoneedles with Strong NIR Photothermal and Laser-Enhanced Anticancer Effects as "All-in-One" Nanoagents for Synergistic Thermo-Chemotherapy of Tumors

The conventional blue Te nanostructures exhibit strong photoabsorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region but have ultralong lengths (tenths of micrometers), while purple Te nanostructures with short lengths (such as nanodots and nanorods) show extremely low intensity of the NIR band. These Te nanostructures cannot achieve simultaneously both the suitable size and high NIR absorption, undoubtedly hindering their bioapplication. Herein, blue Te nanoneedles are prepared through a facile one-pot reduction route for the first time, and they have strong NIR absorbance while maintaining the shortened length (<500 nm). Compared to purple Te nanorods, blue Te nanoneedles have higher photothermal conversion efficiency using a 915 nm laser and exhibit laser-enhanced antioxidative activity toward scavenging of free radicals. These blue nanoneedles show significant discrimination in cytotoxicity toward different cell-lines, and demonstrate anticancer activity induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, when blue Te nanoneedles are injected in tumors of mice, tumors can be detected by thermal/photoacoustic imaging, and satisfactory therapeutic effects are achieved through the synergistic thermo-chemotherapy in contrast to the limited therapeutic effect of  Te-alone treatment. Therefore, these blue Te nanoneedles can be served as a novel theranostic nanoagent for simultaneous multimodal imaging and synergistic thermo-chemotherapy for tumors.

Genome Editing: A New Horizon for Oral and Craniofacial Research

Precise and efficient genetic manipulations have enabled researchers to understand gene functions in disease and development, providing a platform to search for molecular cures. Over the past decade, the unprecedented advancement of genome editing techniques has revolutionized the biological research fields. Early genome editing strategies involved many naturally occurring nucleases, including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, and transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases. More recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated nucleases (CRISPR/Cas) system has greatly enriched genetic manipulation methods in conducting research. Those nucleases generate double-strand breaks in the target gene sequences and then utilize DNA repair mechanisms to permit precise yet versatile genetic manipulations. The oral and craniofacial field harbors a plethora of diseases and developmental defects that require genetic models that can exploit these genome editing techniques. This review provides an overview of the genome editing techniques, particularly the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, for the oral and craniofacial research community. We also discuss the details about the emerging applications of genome editing in oral and craniofacial biology.

Low-p_{T} e^{+}e^{-} Pair Production in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV and U+U Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=193 GeV at STAR

We report first measurements of e^{+}e^{-} pair production in the mass region 0.4<M_{ee}<2.6  GeV/c^{2} at low transverse momentum (p_{T}<0.15  GeV/c) in noncentral Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV and U+U collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=193  GeV. Significant enhancement factors, expressed as ratios of data over known hadronic contributions, are observed in the 40%-80% centrality of these collisions. The excess yields peak distinctly at low p_{T} with a width (sqrt[⟨p_{T}^{2}⟩]) between 40 and 60  MeV/c. The absolute cross section of the excess depends weakly on centrality, while those from a theoretical model calculation incorporating an in-medium broadened ρ spectral function and radiation from a quark gluon plasma or hadronic cocktail contributions increase dramatically with an increasing number of participant nucleons. Model calculations of photon-photon interactions generated by the initial projectile and target nuclei describe the observed excess yields but fail to reproduce the p_{T}^{2} distributions.

Beam Energy Dependence of Jet-Quenching Effects in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV

We report measurements of the nuclear modification factor R_{CP} for charged hadrons as well as identified π^{+(-)}, K^{+(-)}, and p(p[over ¯]) for Au+Au collision energies of sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV. We observe a clear high-p_{T} net suppression in central collisions at 62.4 GeV for charged hadrons which evolves smoothly to a large net enhancement at lower energies. This trend is driven by the evolution of the pion spectra but is also very similar for the kaon spectra. While the magnitude of the proton R_{CP} at high p_{T} does depend on the collision energy, neither the proton nor the antiproton R_{CP} at high p_{T} exhibit net suppression at any energy. A study of how the binary collision-scaled high-p_{T} yield evolves with centrality reveals a nonmonotonic shape that is consistent with the idea that jet quenching is increasing faster than the combined phenomena that lead to enhancement.

Less than 1% quantum defect fiber lasers via ytterbium-doped multicomponent fluorosilicate optical fiber

Two ytterbium-doped fiber lasers exhibiting quantum defects of less than 1% are demonstrated, in which pumping at wavelengths of 976.6 and 981.0 nm yielded lasing at wavelengths of 985.7 and 989.8 nm, respectively. The multicomponent fluorosilicate active optical fiber, fabricated using the molten core method, has spectral characteristics similar to those of fluoride glasses, namely short average emission wavelength and long upper state lifetime. A best-case slope efficiency of 62.1% was obtained, matching the theoretical model very well. With further fiber and laser optimization, slope efficiencies approaching the quantum limit should ultimately be possible. A reduction in the quantum defect may offer significant mitigation of issues associated with fiber heating. As such, this work can serve as a possible direction for future scaling of high-power fiber laser systems.

Beam-Energy Dependence of Directed Flow of Λ, Λ[over ¯], K^{±}, K_{s}^{0}, and ϕ in Au+Au Collisions

Rapidity-odd directed-flow measurements at midrapidity are presented for Λ, Λ[over ¯], K^{±}, K_{s}^{0}, and ϕ at sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV in Au+Au collisions recorded by the Solenoidal Tracker detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These measurements greatly expand the scope of data available to constrain models with differing prescriptions for the equation of state of quantum chromodynamics. Results show good sensitivity for testing a picture where flow is assumed to be imposed before hadron formation and the observed particles are assumed to form via coalescence of constituent quarks. The pattern of departure from a coalescence-inspired sum rule can be a valuable new tool for probing the collision dynamics.

Dopant-dependent crystallization and photothermal effect of Sb-doped SnO2 nanoparticles as stable theranostic nanoagents for tumor ablation

Ideal theranostic nanoagents should be "all-in-one" type nanocrystals that have a single-semiconductor component and all-required properties (such as imaging and photothermal effects), but most semiconductor nanocrystals do not have these required properties. With SnO₂ as a model of a typical wide-band semiconductor, we report the tuning from UV-responsive SnO₂ to blue SnO₂ nanocrystals with imaging ability and a Sb-doping-dependent photothermal effect. Sb-Doped SnO₂ nanocrystals were prepared by heating SbCl₃ and SnCl₄ in benzyl alcohol solution through a facile solvothermal route. When the SbCl₃/SnCl₄ molar ratio increases from 0 to 0.2/1, the obtained samples exhibit an increased photothermal effect under the irradiation of a 1064 nm laser, accompanied by gradually decreased size and crystallinity. With a further increase of the molar ratio from 0.3/1.0 to 1.0/1.0, the resulting samples demonstrate the tetragonal SnO₂ phase with amorphous-like compounds and they show no obvious enhancement of a photothermal effect. After a surface modification with biological molecules, the optimized Sb_0.2-SnO₂ nanocrystals demonstrated good stability and a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 48.3% as well as low cytotoxicity. When Sb_0.2-SnO₂ was injected into a tumor of mice, the tumor could be simultaneously detected by X-ray computed tomography (CT) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging, and then thermally ablated when exposed to a 1064 nm laser. Therefore, these nanocrystals can be used as "all-in-one" type nanoagents for imaging guided photothermal ablation of tumors under the irradiation of a laser in the second bio-transparent window.

Targeted dual-mode imaging and phototherapy of tumors using ICG-loaded multifunctional MWCNTs as a versatile platform

ICG-loaded MWCNTs can be synthesized and used as a theranostic platform for targeted dual-mode imaging and phototherapy of tumors.

Dijet imbalance measurements in Au+Au and pp collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV at STAR

We report the first dijet transverse momentum asymmetry measurements from Au+Au and pp collisions at RHIC. The two highest-energy back-to-back jets reconstructed from fragments with transverse momenta above 2  GeV/c display a significantly higher momentum imbalance in heavy-ion collisions than in the pp reference. When reexamined with correlated soft particles included, we observe that these dijets then exhibit a unique new feature-momentum balance is restored to that observed in pp for a jet resolution parameter of R=0.4, while rebalancing is not attained with a smaller value of R=0.2.

PEGylated (NH4)xWO3 nanorods as efficient and stable multifunctional nanoagents for simultaneous CT imaging and photothermal therapy of tumor

The simultaneous imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors have attracted much attention, and a prerequisite is to obtain multifunctional nanomaterials. Ideally, one kind of nanoparticles with single component can be used as both imaging agent and photothermal agent. Herein, we have developed the PEGylated (NH₄)_xWO₃ (denoted as (NH₄)_xWO₃-PEG) nanorods as multifunctional nanoparticles with single semiconductor component. (NH₄)_xWO₃-PEG nanorods with about 30nm diameter and length of several hundred nanometers have been obtained through a solvothermal synthesis-PEGylation two-step route. Under the irradiation of 980-nm laser with intensity of 0.72Wcm^-2, aqueous dispersion of (NH₄)_xWO₃-PEG nanorods (0.67-5.44mmol/L) displays high elevation (17.6-34.5°C) of temperature in 400s, accompanied by an excellent long-term photothermal stability. Furthermore, (NH₄)_xWO₃-PEG nanorods exhibit as high as 6 times X-ray attenuation ability compared to that of the clinically used iodine-based X-ray computed tomography (CT) contrast agent (Iopromide). More importantly, after PBS solution of (NH₄)_xWO₃-PEG nanorods is injected into the tumor of mice, the tumor can be effectively detected by CT imaging. Moreover, cancer cells in vivo can be further destroyed by the photothermal effects of (NH₄)_xWO₃-PEG nanorods, under the irradiation of 980-nm laser with the safe intensity of 0.72Wcm^-2 for 10min. Therefore, (NH₄)_xWO₃-PEG nanorods can be used as a new kind of stable and efficient multifunctional nanoagent with single component for simultaneous CT imaging and photothermal therapy of tumor.

Measurement of D^{0} Azimuthal Anisotropy at Midrapidity in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

We report the first measurement of the elliptic anisotropy (v_{2}) of the charm meson D^{0} at midrapidity (|y|<1) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. The measurement was conducted by the STAR experiment at RHIC utilizing a new high-resolution silicon tracker. The measured D^{0} v_{2} in 0%-80% centrality Au+Au collisions can be described by a viscous hydrodynamic calculation for a transverse momentum (p_{T}) of less than 4  GeV/c. The D^{0} v_{2} as a function of transverse kinetic energy (m_{T}-m_{0}, where m_{T}=sqrt[p_{T}^{2}+m_{0}^{2}]) is consistent with that of light mesons in 10%-40% centrality Au+Au collisions. These results suggest that charm quarks have achieved local thermal equilibrium with the medium created in such collisions. Several theoretical models, with the temperature-dependent, dimensionless charm spatial diffusion coefficient (2πTD_{s}) in the range of ∼2-12, are able to simultaneously reproduce our D^{0} v_{2} result and our previously published results for the D^{0} nuclear modification factor.

Charge-Dependent Directed Flow in Cu+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

We present the first measurement of charge-dependent directed flow in Cu+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. The results are presented as a function of the particle transverse momentum and pseudorapidity for different centralities. A finite difference between the directed flow of positive and negative charged particles is observed that qualitatively agrees with the expectations from the effects of the initial strong electric field between two colliding ions with different nuclear charges. The measured difference in directed flow is much smaller than that obtained from the parton-hadron-string-dynamics model, which suggests that most of the electric charges, i.e., quarks and antiquarks, have not yet been created during the lifetime of the strong electric field, which is of the order of, or less than, 1  fm/c.

Expression and clinical significance of Ki-67, E-cadherin, and mesothelin in serous borderline ovarian tumor

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the expression of Ki-67, epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), mesothelin, and their correlations with clinicopathological features of serous borderline ovarian tumors (SBOTs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Immunohistochemistry was conducted to investigate the expression of a cellular proliferation-related factor (Ki-67) and metastasis-related factors (E-cadherin and mesothelin) in 41 cases of SBOTs, 30 benign ovarian tumor tissues, and 30 malignant ovarian tumor tissues.

RESULTS

The results showed that the expression rate of Ki-67 (46.3%) in SBOTs was higher than that in benign tumors (6.7%), but lower than that in ovarian carcinomas (80%). SBOTs significantly differed from benign ovarian tumors (p < 0.01) and carcinoma (p < 0.01). The positive expression rate of Ki-67 was significantly correlated with FIGO stage and peritoneal implantation of SBOTs (p < 0.01). The expression rate of E-cadherin was significantly lower in ovarian carcinomas (56.7%) than in SBOTs (80.5%) and benign ovarian tumors (90%; p < 0.05). The mesothelin expression in ovarian carcinomas and SBOTs significantly differed from that in benign ovarian tumors (p < 0.01). The positive expression rate of mesothelin was related to the serum CA125 level (p < 0.05). The expression of Ki-67 was positively correlated with the expression of E-cadherin and mesothelin in SBOTs.

CONCLUSION

SBOTs generally behave in a benign manner. Ki-67, E-cadherin, and mesothelin may play an important role in the oncogenesis and progression of SBOT. Patients with Ki-67 and mesothelin overexpression and low E-cadherin expression should be followed up.

Treatment patterns of ranibizumab intravitreal injection and dexamethasone intravitreal implant for retinal vein occlusion in the USA

Purpose

Ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, and dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, have been shown to be effective in treating macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) (central RVO (CRVO) and branch RVO (BRVO)). Their real-world usage, however, has yet to be compared. We therefore evaluated ophthalmology visits for both drugs using US patient-level data.

Methods

The IMS Health Real-World Data Medical Claims database was used to identify treatment-naive patients receiving ranibizumab intravitreal injections or dexamethasone intravitreal implants between June 2010 and February 2014 who had 12 months of follow-up data. The primary outcome measure was the mean number of all ophthalmology visits for the two drugs in patients with CRVO and BRVO. Secondary outcome measures included a comparison of treatment visits, non-treatment visits, and time intervals between visits.

Results

Overall, 2822 patients received ranibizumab injections (CRVO, 1178; BRVO, 1644) and 365 received dexamethasone implants (CRVO, 191; BRVO, 174). The mean number (SD) of all ophthalmology visits was higher for patients receiving ranibizumab injections than for those receiving dexamethasone implants (CRVO: 7.2 (3.6) vs 6.2 (3.1), P<0.001; BRVO: 7.1 (3.4) vs 6.3 (3.1), P=0.016).

Conclusions

Patients with RVO receiving ranibizumab injections had a mean of approximately one more visit to their ophthalmologist in the first 12 months of treatment than those treated with dexamethasone implants. The visit burden is therefore not substantially different and physicians should focus on the clinical benefits of these drugs when evaluating treatment options for RVO.