76
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Li J, Pang Z, Trivedi P, Zhou X, Ying X, Jia H, Wang N. 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Encodes a Functional Salicylic Acid (SA) Hydroxylase That Degrades SA to Suppress Plant Defenses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:620-630. [PMID: 28488467 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-16-0257-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens from the fastidious, phloem-restricted 'Candidatus Liberibacter' species cause the devastating Huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus worldwide and cause diseases on many solanaceous crops and plants in the Apiaceae family. However, little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms due to the difficulty in culturing the corresponding 'Ca. Liberibacter' species. Here, we report that the citrus HLB pathogen 'Ca. L. asiaticus' uses an active salicylate hydroxylase SahA to degrade salicylic acid (SA) and suppress plant defenses. Purified SahA protein displays strong enzymatic activity to degrade SA and its derivatives. Overexpression of SahA in transgenic tobacco plants abolishes SA accumulation and hypersensitive response (HR) induced by nonhost pathogen infection. By degrading SA, 'Ca. L. asiaticus' not only enhances the susceptibility of citrus plants to both nonpathogenic and pathogenic Xanthomonas citri but also attenuates the responses of citrus plants to exogenous SA. In addition, foliar spraying of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid, SA functional analogs not degradable by SahA, displays comparable (and even better) effectiveness with SA in suppressing 'Ca. L. asiaticus' population growth and HLB disease progression in infected citrus trees under field conditions. This study demonstrates one or more pathogens suppress plant defenses by degrading SA and establish clues for developing novel SA derivatives-based management approaches to control the associated plant diseases.
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77
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Delgado‐Baquerizo M, Trivedi P, Trivedi C, Eldridge DJ, Reich PB, Jeffries TC, Singh BK. Microbial richness and composition independently drive soil multifunctionality. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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78
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Leach JE, Triplett LR, Argueso CT, Trivedi P. Communication in the Phytobiome. Cell 2017; 169:587-596. [PMID: 28475891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytobiome is composed of plants, their environment, and diverse interacting microscopic and macroscopic organisms, which together influence plant health and productivity. These organisms form complex networks that are established and regulated through nutrient cycling, competition, antagonism, and chemical communication mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. Integration of knowledge of signaling mechanisms with that of phytobiome members and their networks will lead to a new understanding of the fate and significance of these signals at the ecosystem level. Such an understanding could lead to new biological, chemical, and breeding strategies to improve crop health and productivity.
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79
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Trivedi P, Delgado‐Baquerizo M, Jeffries TC, Trivedi C, Anderson IC, Lai K, McNee M, Flower K, Pal Singh B, Minkey D, Singh BK. Soil aggregation and associated microbial communities modify the impact of agricultural management on carbon content. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3070-3086. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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80
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Hu HW, Trivedi P, He JZ, Singh BK. Microbial nitrous oxide emissions in dryland ecosystems: mechanisms, microbiome and mitigation. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4808-4828. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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81
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Delgado-Baquerizo M, Eldridge DJ, Maestre FT, Karunaratne SB, Trivedi P, Reich PB, Singh BK. Climate legacies drive global soil carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602008. [PMID: 28439540 PMCID: PMC5389782 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Climatic conditions shift gradually over millennia, altering the rates at which carbon (C) is fixed from the atmosphere and stored in the soil. However, legacy impacts of past climates on current soil C stocks are poorly understood. We used data from more than 5000 terrestrial sites from three global and regional data sets to identify the relative importance of current and past (Last Glacial Maximum and mid-Holocene) climatic conditions in regulating soil C stocks in natural and agricultural areas. Paleoclimate always explained a greater amount of the variance in soil C stocks than current climate at regional and global scales. Our results indicate that climatic legacies help determine global soil C stocks in terrestrial ecosystems where agriculture is highly dependent on current climatic conditions. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering how climate legacies influence soil C content, allowing us to improve quantitative predictions of global C stocks under different climatic scenarios.
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82
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Wadhwa V, Trivedi P, Ali S, Ryu R, Pezeshkmehr A. IVC filter placements in children: analysis of the 2012 Kids inpatient database. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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83
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Trivedi P, Lind K, Rochon P, Ray C, Ryu R. Comparative outcomes of percutaneous endovascular dialysis access maintenance interventions by provider specialty: a 5-year longitudinal Medicare study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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84
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Trivedi P, Ahmed F, Lind K, Rochon P, Ray C, Ryu R. National volume trends of dialysis access maintenance interventions by provider specialty: analysis of the 2009-2014 Medicare 5% sample. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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85
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Singh BK, Trivedi P. Microbiome and the future for food and nutrient security. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:50-53. [PMID: 28074557 PMCID: PMC5270726 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiome and the future for food and nutrient security![]()
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86
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Trivedi P, Trivedi C, Grinyer J, Anderson IC, Singh BK. Harnessing Host-Vector Microbiome for Sustainable Plant Disease Management of Phloem-Limited Bacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1423. [PMID: 27746788 PMCID: PMC5043059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant health and productivity is strongly influenced by their intimate interaction with deleterious and beneficial organisms, including microbes, and insects. Of the various plant diseases, insect-vectored diseases are of particular interest, including those caused by obligate parasites affecting plant phloem such as Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma species and several species of Ca. Liberibacter. Recent studies on plant-microbe and plant-insect interactions of these pathogens have demonstrated that plant-microbe-insect interactions have far reaching consequences for the functioning and evolution of the organisms involved. These interactions take place within complex pathosystems and are shaped by a myriad of biotic and abiotic factors. However, our current understanding of these processes and their implications for the establishment and spread of insect-borne diseases remains limited. This article highlights the molecular, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of interactions among insects, plants, and their associated microbial communities with a focus on insect vectored and phloem-limited pathogens belonging to Ca. Phytoplasma and Ca. Liberibacter species. We propose that innovative and interdisciplinary research aimed at linking scales from the cellular to the community level will be vital for increasing our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning plant-insect-microbe interactions. Examination of such interactions could lead us to applied solutions for sustainable disease and pest management.
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87
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Delgado‐Baquerizo M, Maestre FT, Reich PB, Trivedi P, Osanai Y, Liu Y, Hamonts K, Jeffries TC, Singh BK. Carbon content and climate variability drive global soil bacterial diversity patterns. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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88
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Trivedi P, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Trivedi C, Hu H, Anderson IC, Jeffries TC, Zhou J, Singh BK. Microbial regulation of the soil carbon cycle: evidence from gene-enzyme relationships. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2593-2604. [PMID: 27168143 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A lack of empirical evidence for the microbial regulation of ecosystem processes, including carbon (C) degradation, hinders our ability to develop a framework to directly incorporate the genetic composition of microbial communities in the enzyme-driven Earth system models. Herein we evaluated the linkage between microbial functional genes and extracellular enzyme activity in soil samples collected across three geographical regions of Australia. We found a strong relationship between different functional genes and their corresponding enzyme activities. This relationship was maintained after considering microbial community structure, total C and soil pH using structural equation modelling. Results showed that the variations in the activity of enzymes involved in C degradation were predicted by the functional gene abundance of the soil microbial community (R2>0.90 in all cases). Our findings provide a strong framework for improved predictions on soil C dynamics that could be achieved by adopting a gene-centric approach incorporating the abundance of functional genes into process models.
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89
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Rochon P, Brooks R, Lind K, Durham J, Forman L, Gipson M, Trivedi P, Smith M, Kondo K, Johnson D, Ghatan C, Rajebi M, Ryu R. Survival benefit of Budd-Chiari patients who undergo TIPS as a bridge to transplant: a single center experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.12.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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90
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Li J, Trivedi P, Wang N. Field Evaluation of Plant Defense Inducers for the Control of Citrus Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:37-46. [PMID: 26390185 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-15-0196-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the most economically devastating disease of citrus worldwide and no established cure is available. Defense inducing compounds are able to induce plant resistance effective against various pathogens. In this study the effects of various chemical inducers on HLB diseased citrus were evaluated in four groves (three with sweet orange and one with mandarin) in Florida (United States) for two to four consecutive growing seasons. Results have demonstrated that plant defense inducers including β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTH), and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), individually or in combination, were effective in suppressing progress of HLB disease. Ascorbic acid (AA) and the nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DDG) also exhibited positive control effects on HLB. After three or four applications for each season, the treatments AA (60 to 600 µM), BABA (0.2 to 1.0 mM), BTH (1.0 mM), INA (0.1 mM), 2-DDG (100 µM), BABA (1.0 mM) plus BTH (1.0 mM), BTH (1.0 mM) plus AA (600 µM), and BTH (1.0 mM) plus 2-DDG (100 µM) slowed down the population growth in planta of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the putative pathogen of HLB and reduced HLB disease severity by approximately 15 to 30% compared with the nontreated control, depending on the age and initial HLB severity of infected trees. These treatments also conferred positive effect on fruit yield and quality. Altogether, these findings indicate that plant defense inducers may be a useful strategy for the management of citrus HLB.
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91
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Trivedi P, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Anderson IC, Singh BK. Response of Soil Properties and Microbial Communities to Agriculture: Implications for Primary Productivity and Soil Health Indicators. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:990. [PMID: 27462326 PMCID: PMC4940416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification is placing tremendous pressure on the soil's capacity to maintain its functions leading to large-scale ecosystem degradation and loss of productivity in the long term. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find early indicators of soil health degradation in response to agricultural management. In recent years, major advances in soil meta-genomic and spatial studies on microbial communities and community-level molecular characteristics can now be exploited as 'biomarker' indicators of ecosystem processes for monitoring and managing sustainable soil health under global change. However, a continental scale, cross biome approach assessing soil microbial communities and their functional potential to identify the unifying principles governing the susceptibility of soil biodiversity to land conversion is lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis from a dataset generated from 102 peer-reviewed publications as well as unpublished data to explore how properties directly linked to soil nutritional health (total C and N; C:N ratio), primary productivity (NPP) and microbial diversity and composition (relative abundance of major bacterial phyla determined by next generation sequencing techniques) are affected in response to agricultural management across the main biomes of Earth (arid, continental, temperate and tropical). In our analysis, we found strong statistical trends in the relative abundance of several bacterial phyla in agricultural (e.g., Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi) and natural (Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria) systems across all regions and these trends correlated well with many soil properties. However, main effects of agriculture on soil properties and productivity were biome-dependent. Our meta-analysis provides evidence on the predictable nature of the microbial community responses to vegetation type. This knowledge can be exploited in future for developing a new set of indicators for primary productivity and soil health.
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92
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Mehta FF, Trivedi P. Formulation and Characterization of Biodegradable Medicated Chewing Gum Delivery System for Motion Sickness using Corn Zein as Gum Former. TROP J PHARM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v14i5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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93
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Anastasiadou E, Garg N, Bigi R, Yadav S, Campese AF, Lapenta C, Spada M, Cuomo L, Botta A, Belardelli F, Frati L, Ferretti E, Faggioni A, Trivedi P. Epstein-Barr virus infection induces miR-21 in terminally differentiated malignant B cells. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1491-7. [PMID: 25704079 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with plasmacytoid malignancies is now well established but how the virus influences microRNA expression in such cells is not known. We have used multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines to address this issue and find that an oncomiR, miR-21 is induced after in vitro EBV infection. The PU.1 binding site in miR-21 promoter was essential for its activation by the virus. In accordance with its noted oncogenic functions, miR-21 induction in EBV infected MM cells caused downregulation of p21 and an increase in cyclin D3 expression. EBV infected MM cells were highly tumorigenic in SCID mice. Given the importance of miR-21 in plasmacytoid malignancies, our findings that EBV could further exacerbate the disease by inducing miR-21 has interesting implications both in terms of diagnosis and future miR based therapeutical approaches for the virus associated plasmacytoid tumors.
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94
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Cirone M, Di Renzo L, Lotti LV, Conte V, Trivedi P, Santarelli R, Gonnella R, Frati L, Faggioni A. Activation of dendritic cells by tumor cell death. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:1218-1219. [PMID: 23170286 PMCID: PMC3494652 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies indicate that cell death can be either immunogenic or not, depending on its modalities, the type and the activation state of the cells, and finally, the environment where it happens. Increased understanding of the immunogenicity of cancer cell death will significantly improve the outcome of chemotherapeutic treatments.
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95
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Cuomo L, Cirone M, Di Gregorio AO, Vitillo M, Cattivelli M, Magliocca V, Maiorano S, Meledandri M, Scagnolari C, La Rocca S, Trivedi P. Elevated antinuclear antibodies and altered anti-Epstein-Barr virus immune responses. Virus Res 2014; 195:95-9. [PMID: 25300805 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is able to alter the immune response towards self-antigens and may enhance risk of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed individuals. In this study, we evaluated the specific antibody immune response against EBV in patients with anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANA) in comparison with ANA-negative healthy controls. For this purpose, 92 patients with an high anti-ANA reactivity with or without concomitant extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) or double stranded DNA (dsDNA) positivity were selected and compared with 146 healthy donors. We found that anti-EBV-VCA and EA IgG concentrations were significantly higher in ANA-positive patients in comparison to the controls (VCA P<0.0001 and EA P<0,03) as well as in those ANA-positive patients that showed a concomitant ENA positivity (P=0.0002). Interestingly, elevated anti-EBNA-1 IgG was found in a group of patients who had anti SSA/Ro antibodies. Anti-VCA IgM Abs were more frequently found in those patients with a very high titer of ANA (P=0.06); moreover detection of anti-VCA IgM/IgG in absence of anti-EBNA-1 IgG was more frequent in the patient than in the control group. Both these conditions correlate with a recent EBV infection or reactivation. The data suggest that EBV, particularly during acute infection or in its reactivation phase, could be involved in the ANA and ENA autoantibody formation.
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96
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Coarelli G, Manzari C, Annese A, Anastasiadou E, Policano C, D'erchia AM, Picardi E, Buscarinu MC, Annibali V, Ricigliano VA, Tullo A, Trivedi P, Pesole G, Ristori G, Salvetti M, Mechelli R. Characterization of Epstein–Barr virus genotypes in multiple sclerosis through next generation sequencing approaches. J Neuroimmunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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97
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Mazumder N, Trivedi P, Mujib M, Mehta B, Mujib N, Aronow W, Efthimiou P, Toronjadze T, Beekman K, Kim J. THU0022 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Increases Risk of Mortality among Patients with Acute Pancreatitis: Findings from A US National Hospital Registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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98
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Hu HW, Macdonald CA, Trivedi P, Holmes B, Bodrossy L, He JZ, Singh BK. Water addition regulates the metabolic activity of ammonia oxidizers responding to environmental perturbations in dry subhumid ecosystems. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:444-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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99
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Trivedi P, Anderson IC, Singh BK. Microbial modulators of soil carbon storage: integrating genomic and metabolic knowledge for global prediction. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:641-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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100
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Di Napoli A, Al-Jadiri MF, Talerico C, Duranti E, Pilozzi E, Trivedi P, Anastasiadou E, Alsaadawi AR, Al-Darraji AF, Al-Hadad SA, Testi AM, Uccini S, Ruco L. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma of Iraqi children: an immunophenotypic and molecular characterization of Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:2068-72. [PMID: 24000236 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) in children is often associated with EBV infection, more commonly in developing countries. PROCEDURE Here we describe the histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of 57 cases of HL affecting Iraqi children under 14 years of age. RESULTS Histologically, 51 cases were classified as cHL of Mixed Cellularity and Nodular Sclerosis subtypes (MC = 69%; NS = 31%), and 6 cases as Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant HL (NLP-HL). EBV infection of H/RS cells was demonstrated in 44 of 51 cases of cHL (86%), and was more common in MC than in NS (97% vs. 63%; P = 0.0025). The immunophenotypic profile of H/RS cells was similar in MC and NS, and was not influenced by EBV infection; H/RS cells were consistently positive for PAX-5 and to a lesser degree for other B cell markers including CD20/CD79a, OCT-2, and BOB-1. Clonal IGH rearrangements were detected in 14 of 38 cHL (37%), with no significant difference between MC and NS cases, and with no association with the EBV status. Oligoclonal/monoclonal TCRγ rearrangements were present in 28 of 38 cases (74%), suggestive of restricted T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that cHL occurring in Iraqi children is characterized by immunohistochemical and molecular features undistinguishable from those present in cHL occurring elsewhere in the world. Moreover, the high incidence of EBV-infected H/RS cells and frequent occurrence of restricted T cell responses might be indicative of a defective local immune response perhaps related to the very young age of the children.
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