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Blob RW, Rai R, Julius ML, Schoenfuss HL. Functional diversity in extreme environments: effects of locomotor style and substrate texture on the waterfall-climbing performance of Hawaiian gobiid fishes. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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77
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Jivraj S, Rai R, Underwood J, Regan L. Genetic thrombophilic mutations among couples with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:1161-5. [PMID: 16431900 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some cases of recurrent first trimester miscarriage (RM)-the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies at <12 weeks' gestation-have a thrombotic aetiology. METHODS We determined (i) the prevalence of three thrombophilic mutations [factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin G20210A (PTG) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T] amongst 357 Caucasian couples with RM and 68 parous Caucasian couples with no history of miscarriage and (ii) the prospective outcome of untreated pregnancies amongst couples with RM in which either partner carried a thrombophilic mutation. RESULTS The allele frequencies of FVL (2%), PTG (2%) and MTHFR C677T (31%) were similar between cases and controls. The prevalence of multiple thrombophilic mutations (greater than one mutation) was also similar between cases and controls. Amongst couples in whom either partner carried greater than one thrombophilic allele, the relative risk of miscarriage in a future untreated pregnancy was 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.8) compared with those couples who carried no thrombophilic mutation. CONCLUSION The prevalence of thrombophilic mutations is similar in couples with RM and parous controls. In couples with RM, multiple genetic thrombophilic mutations in either partner significantly increases the risk of miscarriage in a subsequent pregnancy.
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Marcellin P, Teuber G, Freilich B, Weiland O, Di Bisceglie A, Brandao-Mello C, Canva V, Andreone P, Rai R, Jensen D. P.259 Retreatment with peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) (Pegasys®) plus ribavirin (Copegus®) in patients in whom pegylated interferon alpha-2b (12KD)/ribavirin has failed: planned week-12 efficacy and safety analysis of the repeat study. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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79
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Rai R, Richardson C, Flecknell P, Robertson H, Burt A, Manas DM. Study of apoptosis and heat shock protein (HSP) expression in hepatocytes following radiofrequency ablation (RFA). J Surg Res 2005; 129:147-51. [PMID: 15975593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the liver produces necrosis of the hepatocytes. Histological examination shows a sharp demarcation between ablated and normal liver tissue. This experiment was carried out to study the cellular injury produced by RFA in area surrounding the ablated tissue and effect of reperfusion on this zone. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five pigs underwent RFA of liver parenchyma. Four pigs were sacrificed 30 min after RFA and one pig was sacrificed 5 days later. Ablated lesions including surrounding liver parenchyma was examined for apoptosis and HSP 70 expression. RESULTS There was a zone of transition surrounding the necrotic ablated area that showed apoptosis as well as increased HSP 70 expression. This was more prevalent in the pig that was sacrificed 5 days later. CONCLUSION RFA produces sub lethal injury in the zone of transition causing apoptosis and increase in HSP 70 expression. Increased HSP expression enhances immunogenicity of these cells that can have therapeutic implications for the treatment of liver.
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80
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Rai R, Flecknell P, Richardson C, Manas DM. Creation of porcine liver tumor using human hepatoma cell lines: experimental study. Cancer Biol Ther 2005; 4:635-7. [PMID: 15908799 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.4.6.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pig is an ideal animal to study the efficacy of surgical and ablative treatment options available for the treatment of liver tumors. But there is no liver tumor model available in pig. This experiment was carried out to create liver tumors in the pig using immunosuppression and portal tolerance. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two mini pigs (specific pathogen free) were immunosupressed using cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisolone immunotherapy. Human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) was delivered into the liver through portal vein injection. Engraftment of the tumor cell was monitored using regular measurement of serum alfa- fetoprotein level (AFP). Pigs were sacrificed at the end of six weeks to confirm any evidence of tumor in the liver. RESULT Although there was rise in serum AFP level in the first week, tumor cells did not engraft in the liver and there was no evidence of liver tumor at the end of experiment. CONCLUSION Effect of immunosuppression and portal tolerance does not prevent rejection of human hepatoma cells by porcine immune system.
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Rai R, Sinha A, Rai S. Randomized clinical trial of open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of acute cholecystitis (Br J Surg 2005; 92: 44-49). Br J Surg 2005; 92:494. [PMID: 15782391 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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Nijhawan S, Joshi A, Shende A, Agarwal N, Kumar D, Mathur A, Rai R. Endoscopy-assisted ferromagnetic foreign-body removal with a novel magnetic instrument. Endoscopy 2004; 36:1130. [PMID: 15578313 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-825980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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83
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Rai R, Cohen J, Venkatesh B. Assessment of adrenocortical function in the critically ill. CRIT CARE RESUSC 2004; 6:123-9. [PMID: 16566699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review current concepts in the diagnosis of adrenocortical disease in the critically ill patient. DATA SOURCES A review of articles reported on adrenocortical insufficiency in the acutely ill patient. SUMMARY OF REVIEW The contribution of adrenal insufficiency to the morbidity of critically ill patients is currently under renewed scrutiny. The debate continues about the role of steroids in sepsis and essentially the question remains unanswered. Central to this debate is the issue of whether adrenal insufficiency is common in the critically ill patient. What is incontrovertible is that adrenocortical function is essential for host survival during critical illness, but what constitutes adrenocortical insufficiency in critically ill patients is not clear. Absolute adrenocortical insufficiency (diagnosed by very low plasma cortisol concentrations) is uncommon in the intensive care population. The diagnosis of relative adrenocortical insufficiency (elevated basal plasma cortisol with a subnormal increase in plasma concentrations following an ACTH stimulus) continues to generate debate. The controversy surrounding the role of steroids in sepsis and the confusion over the criteria for diagnosing adrenal insufficiency in the critically ill are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the following caveats be borne in mind when diagnosing adrenal insufficiency in the critically ill patient. Firstly, the gold standard for the diagnosis has not been established. Secondly, caution must be exercised when interpreting a single plasma cortisol value. In the event of a single result indicating adrenal hypofunction, we suggest repeating the measurements after a 6 to 12 hour interval. The clinician must also be aware of variations in cortisol concentrations induced by the assay. Thirdly, the clinician must be aware of the potential limitations of the conventional high dose corticotrophin test. We also suggest that plasma free cortisol is more relevant than total plasma cortisol in the assessment of adrenal function in critical illness and that the low dose corticotrophin test is more sensitive than the conventional high dose test. These areas should be the subject of further investigations.
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84
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Rai R, Rai S. Letter 2: Preoperative probability model for predicting overall survival after resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer (Br J Surg 2004; 91: 112–120). Br J Surg 2004; 91:645; author reply 645. [PMID: 15122620 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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85
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Chaturvedi V, Chopra GS, Dutta V, Singal VK, Chawla ML, Rai R, Bharadwaj JR, Lahiri AK, Shahi BN. Medical arthroscopy--emerging era of rheumatological intervention. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2004; 52:279-82. [PMID: 15636327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and diagnostic value of arthroscopy performed by a rheumatologist. METHODS Decisions for performing arthroscopy were taken when detailed clinical history-and relevant rheumatological investigations failed to arrive at a definite diagnosis. Arthroscopies were performed under local anesthesia as a daycare procedure. Synovial biopsies taken during procedures were subjected to histopathological examination (HPE). RESULTS Of the 50 patients enrolled, 39 were males while 11 were females with mean age of 35.5 years. In lower limb oligoarthritis group of patients, three had macroscopic picture of crystal arthropathy, rest of the 29 patients revealed gross picture indicative of non-specific synovitis. While in polyarticular group of eight patients, three had macroscopic picture suggestive of crystal arthropathy (probably polyarticlar gout) while five were indicative of rheumatoid arthritis. In monoarticular disease pattern (n= 10) macroscopic picture findings were as follows- crystal arthropathy-two, tubercular-three, synovial chondromatosis-one and non-specific synovitis-two. HPE of synovium did not correlate in many cases. CONCLUSION Arthroscopy using a 4 mm scope under local anesthesia in the hands of rheumatologists is a safe daycare procedure. In few cases arthroscopy helped in arriving at a final diagnosis but many patients remained undiagnosed. Both the rheumatologists and the pathologists require further experience in this field.
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Rai R, Rai S. Preoperative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with intra-arterial injection of 131I-labelled lipiodol (Br J Surg 2003; 90: 1379-1383). Br J Surg 2004; 91:373; author reply 373. [PMID: 14991642 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses can be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk) or by post. All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length. Letters submitted by post should be typed on A4-sized paper in double spacing and should be accompanied by a disk.
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87
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Rai R. Production Of Edible Fungi. Mycology 2003. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203913369.ch21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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88
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Rai R, Tuddenham E, Backos M, Jivraj S, El'Gaddal S, Choy S, Cork B, Regan L. Thromboelastography, whole-blood haemostasis and recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 2003; 18:2540-3. [PMID: 14645169 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deg494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some cases of recurrent miscarriage have a thrombotic basis. Thromboelastography is a rapid, reproducible test of whole-blood haemostasis. METHODS Thromboelastography was performed in 494 consecutive, non-pregnant women (median age 35 years; range 21-48) with a history of miscarriages at <12 weeks gestation (median 4; range 3-12) and 55 parous women (median age 33 years; range 20-41) with no history of pregnancy loss. The prospective outcome of untreated pregnancies amongst 108 women with recurrent miscarriage was studied. RESULTS The maximum clot amplitude (MA) (median 66.0 mm; range 48.0-76.0) was significantly higher and the rate of clot lysis (LY30) (median 2.5%; range 0.5-7.8) significantly lower amongst women with recurrent miscarriage compared with controls (MA 61.5 mm; range 50.0-67.0; P = 0.01; LY30 4.9%; range 2.9-9.7; P = 0.01). The pre-pregnancy MA was significantly higher amongst women who subsequently miscarried (median 66.0 mm; range 54.0-73.0) compared with those whose had a live birth (median 61.7 mm; 48.0-71.5; P < 0.01). A pre-pregnancy MA >or=64 mm has a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 82% to predict miscarriage. CONCLUSIONS Thromboelastography identifies a subgroup of women with recurrent miscarriage to be in a prothrombotic state outside of pregnancy. Women in such a state are at increased risk of miscarriage in future untreated pregnancies.
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Singh R, Singh RK, Mahdi AA, Singh RK, Kumar A, Tripathi AK, Rai R, Singh U, Cornélissen G, Schwartzkopff O, Halberg F. Circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxides and other anti-oxidants as putative markers in gynecological malignancies. In Vivo 2003; 17:593-600. [PMID: 14758726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronome (from chronos, time, and nomos, rule), or time structure, of lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant defense mechanisms may relate to prevention and curative chronochemotherapeutic efficacy and management. PATIENTS AND METHODS Newly diagnosed women with gynecological malignancies (N = 30), 30-60 years of age, and age-matched clinically healthy women (N = 35) provided blood samples every 6 hours for 24 hours under standardized conditions. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, and serum ascorbate, urate and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were determined. RESULTS Each variable underwent circadian variation (p < or = 0.002). Patients differed from controls by their overall chronome-adjusted mean value (MESOR) and by the circadian dynamics in the spectral element of their chronome. CONCLUSION Chronomes of putative anti- and pro-oxidants should be mapped to explore their putative chemotherapeutic role as markers in cancer chronoprevention and management of established disease.
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90
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Sen G, Rai R, Manas DM. Factors predictive of 5-year survival after transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (Br J Surg 2003; 90: 325-331). Br J Surg 2003; 90:1022. [PMID: 12905563 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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91
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Rai R, Manas D. Lesion progression with time and the effect of vascular occlusion following radiofrequency ablation of the liver (Br J Surg 2003; 90: 306-312). Br J Surg 2003; 90:762. [PMID: 12808639 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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92
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Sebire NJ, Regan L, Rai R. Biology and pathology of the placenta in relation to antiphospholipid antibody-associated pregnancy failure. Lupus 2003; 11:641-3. [PMID: 12413055 DOI: 10.1191/0961203302lu266oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is a complex organ composed of maternal and foetal components whose anatomy and function is often greatly simplified in order to explain a range of presumed placenta-related pregnancy complications. Since one of the major roles of the placenta is its materno-foetal transfer function, abnormalities at the materno-foetal interface may be responsible for a range of pregnancy complications manifesting from the first through third trimesters according to the severity of the pathological process in each case. This article reviews some aspects of abnormal early placental development and its consequences, with particular regard to recurrent pregnancy failure and obstetric complications in association with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
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Rai R, Talbot D, Barakat O, Simpson A, Mcintyre C, Manas D. The use of isosafe verifiable temperature control unit for liver graft storage prior to orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003; 35:771-2. [PMID: 12644130 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(03)00037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tiwari A, Srinivas CR, Musthafa M, Rai R, Surendran P. Installation of solarium--2000 for phototherapy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2003; 69:10-1. [PMID: 17642813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight is the cheapest and most easily available source of ultraviolet light for phototherapy. The disadvantage of using sunlight as the source of ultraviolet light includes its variation with time , place and season, lack of privacy, and atmospheric conditions. To ensure correct dose of UV light in spite of variation in irradiation from the sunlight,we used a PMA2100 meter [Figure:2] and 2110 UVA detector ( Solar light Co, Philadelphia). Privacy for the patients was achieved by erecting a solarium and incidental UVB radiation was cut off by using window glass as the roof of the solarium. We recommend the solarium as a less expensive alternative to artificial phototherapy units, especially in places where there is plenty of sunlight.
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Bose A, Chatterjee R, Rai R. Molecular orbital theory of the ligand field in hydrated V3+salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1328/83/6/308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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96
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Rai R, Seymour K, Manas D. Percutaneous radiofrequency thermoablation as an alternative to surgery for treatment of liver tumour recurrence after hepatectomy (Br J Surg 2002; 89: 752-6). Br J Surg 2002; 89:1620. [PMID: 12445077 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.22514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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97
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Rai R. Factor V Leiden and recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/17.9.2482-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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98
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Barakat O, Peaston R, Rai R, Talbot D, Manas D. Clinical benefit of monitoring cyclosporine C2 and C4 in long-term liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:1535-7. [PMID: 12176472 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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99
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Sebire NJ, Fox H, Backos M, Rai R, Paterson C, Regan L. Defective endovascular trophoblast invasion in primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome-associated early pregnancy failure. Hum Reprod 2002; 17:1067-71. [PMID: 11925407 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/17.4.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (PAPS) is an established cause of recurrent pregnancy loss, traditionally presumed to be due to 'intraplacental thromboses'. This study examines products of conception (POC) from early pregnancy failures to investigate the mechanism of pregnancy loss. METHODS POC from patients attending a recurrent miscarriage clinic and from terminations of pregnancy for non-medical reasons were examined histologically with particular regard to the presence or absence of vascular or intervillous thromboses and decidual endovascular trophoblast invasion. RESULTS There were 31 PAPS-positive, 50 PAPS-negative, 34 aneuploid and 20 control cases at 6-14 weeks gestation. Villous morphology and frequency of intervillous thrombosis were not different among groups. Normal intradecidual endovascular trophoblast invasion was identified significantly less frequently in PAPS+ cases (24%), compared with controls (75%), aneuploid (53%), or PAPS- cases (61%; Z = -3.0, P < 0.01). In all cases there was apparently normal interstitial extravillous trophoblast invasion. CONCLUSIONS Defective decidual endovascular trophoblast invasion, rather than excessive intervillous thrombosis, is the most frequent histological abnormality in PAPS+ associated early pregnancy loss. Furthermore, endovascular trophoblast invasion is not significantly reduced in the majority of fetal aneuploidy-associated pregnancy failures.
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Nardo LG, Sabatini L, Rai R, Nardo F. Pinopode expression during human implantation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 101:104-8. [PMID: 11858881 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(01)00523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Implantation failure is considered the major impediment to successful in vitro fertilization pregnancy rate. Despite recent advances in reproductive medicine, the role played by uterine receptivity in contributing to human infertility remains unclear. Several clinical studies suggest the importance of blastocyst implantation in a narrow window of uterine receptivity, between 6 and 8 days after ovulation. This brief and precise period, called "implantation or nidation window", lasts less than 48 h and coincides with the formation of large and smooth projections, called "pinopodes", on the apical membranes of the endometrial epithelial cells. Pinopode expression appears to advance or retard depending on the hormonal treatments and an individual's particular response. This displacement can be followed through endometrial biopsy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Therefore, pinopode expression could be considered a useful biological marker to assess endometrial receptivity and to locate the implantation window.
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