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Montgomery RA. Poaching is Not One Big Thing. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:472-475. [PMID: 32396813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Among science and society, poaching is often depicted as one big dark conservation problem. In actuality, there are three main categories of poaching, with innumerable subcategories, including trophy, medicative, and consumptive poaching. Recognition of the complexity of poaching is vital to the effective alignment of conservation practice and social justice.
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Gray SM, Roloff GJ, Kramer DB, Etter DR, Vercauteren KC, Montgomery RA. Effects of Wild Pig Disturbance on Forest Vegetation and Soils. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Moll RJ, Ortiz-Calo W, Cepek JD, Lorch PD, Dennis PM, Robison T, Montgomery RA. The effect of camera-trap viewshed obstruction on wildlife detection: implications for inference. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/wr19004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ContextCamera traps are one of the most popular tools used to study wildlife worldwide. Numerous recent studies have evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of camera traps as a research tool. Nonetheless, important aspects of camera-trap methodology remain in need of critical investigation. One such issue relates to camera-trap viewshed visibility, which is often compromised in the field by physical obstructions (e.g. trees) or topography (e.g. steep slopes). The loss of visibility due to these obstructions could affect wildlife detection rates, with associated implications for study inference and management application.
AimsWe aimed to determine the effect of camera-trap viewshed obstruction on wildlife detection rates for a suite of eight North American species that vary in terms of ecology, commonness and body size.
MethodsWe deployed camera traps at 204 sites throughout an extensive semi-urban park system in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, from June to September 2016. At each site, we quantified camera-trap viewshed obstruction by using a cover-board design. We then modelled the effects of obstruction on wildlife detection rates for the eight focal species.
Key resultsWe found that detection rates significantly decreased with an increasing viewshed obstruction for five of the eight species, including both larger and smaller mammal species (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, and squirrels, Sciurus sp., respectively). The number of detections per week per camera decreased two- to three-fold as visibility at a camera site decreased from completely free of obstruction to mostly obstructed.
ConclusionsThese results imply that wildlife detection rates are influenced by site-level viewshed obstruction for a variety of species, and sometimes considerably so.
ImplicationsResearchers using camera traps should address the potential for this effect to ensure robust inference from wildlife image data. Accounting for viewshed obstruction is critical when interpreting detection rates as indices of abundance or habitat use because variation in detection rate could be an artefact of site-level viewshed obstruction rather than due to underlying ecological processes.
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Farhadinia MS, Heit DR, Montgomery RA, Johnson PJ, Hobeali K, Hunter LTB, Macdonald DW. Vertical relief facilitates spatial segregation of a high density large carnivore population. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hoffmann CF, Kissui BM, Montgomery RA. Spatial Pattern Analysis Reveals Randomness Among Carnivore Depredation of Livestock. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Loupy A, Bouquegneau A, Stegall MD, Montgomery RA. Clinical outcomes after ABO-incompatible renal transplantation. Lancet 2019; 394:1988-1989. [PMID: 31789213 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schinstock CA, Smith BH, Montgomery RA, Jordan SC, Bentall AJ, Mai M, Khamash HA, Stegall MD. Managing highly sensitized renal transplant candidates in the era of kidney paired donation and the new kidney allocation system: Is there still a role for desensitization? Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13751. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Guzmán-Colón D, Roloff GJ, Montgomery RA. Environmental features associated with trapping success of mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) in eastern Puerto Rico. CARIBB J SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v49i2.a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tatapudi VS, Montgomery RA. Therapeutic Modulation of the Complement System in Kidney Transplantation: Clinical Indications and Emerging Drug Leads. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2306. [PMID: 31632397 PMCID: PMC6779821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is integral to innate immunity, and it is an essential deterrent against infections. The complement apparatus comprises of >30 fluid-phase and surface-bound elements that also engage with the adaptive immune system, clear harmful immune complexes, and orchestrates several salutary physiological processes. An imbalance in the complement system's tightly regulated machinery and the consequent unrestrained complement activation underpins the pathogenesis of a wide array of inflammatory, autoimmune, neoplastic and degenerative disorders. Antibody-mediated rejection is a leading cause of graft failure in kidney transplantation. Complement-induced inflammation and endothelial injury have emerged as the primary mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this form of rejection. Researchers in the field of transplantation are now trying to define the role and efficacy of complement targeting agents in the prevention and treatment of rejection and other complement related conditions that lead to graft injury. Here, we detail the current clinical indications for complement therapeutics and the scope of existing and emerging therapies that target the complement system, focusing on kidney transplantation.
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Marks WH, Mamode N, Montgomery RA, Stegall MD, Ratner LE, Cornell LD, Rowshani AT, Colvin RB, Dain B, Boice JA, Glotz D. Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in the prevention of antibody-mediated rejection in living-donor kidney transplant recipients requiring desensitization therapy: A randomized trial. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2876-2888. [PMID: 30887675 PMCID: PMC6790671 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report results of a phase 2, randomized, multicenter, open-label, two-arm study evaluating the safety and efficacy of eculizumab in preventing acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in sensitized recipients of living-donor kidney transplants requiring pretransplant desensitization (NCT01399593). In total, 102 patients underwent desensitization. Posttransplant, 51 patients received standard of care (SOC) and 51 received eculizumab. The primary end point was week 9 posttransplant treatment failure rate, a composite of: biopsy-proven acute AMR (Banff 2007 grade II or III; assessed by blinded central pathology); graft loss; death; or loss to follow-up. Eculizumab was well tolerated with no new safety concerns. No significant difference in treatment failure rate was observed between eculizumab (9.8%) and SOC (13.7%; P = .760). To determine whether data assessment assumptions affected study outcome, biopsies were reanalyzed by central pathologists using clinical information. The resulting treatment failure rates were 11.8% and 21.6% for the eculizumab and SOC groups, respectively (nominal P = .288). When reassessment included grade I AMR, the treatment failure rates were 11.8% (eculizumab) and 29.4% (SOC; nominal P = .048). This finding suggests a potential benefit for eculizumab compared with SOC in preventing acute AMR in recipients sensitized to their living-donor kidney transplants (EudraCT 2010-019630-28).
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Montgomery RA, Kissui BM, Hayward MW. Editorial: How Prides of Lion Researchers Are Evolving to Be Interdisciplinary. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Muneza AB, Ortiz-Calo W, Packer C, Cusack JJ, Jones T, Palmer MS, Swanson A, Kosmala M, Dickman AJ, Macdonald DW, Montgomery RA. QUANTIFYING THE SEVERITY OF GIRAFFE SKIN DISEASE VIA PHOTOGRAMMETRY ANALYSIS OF CAMERA TRAP DATA. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:770-781. [PMID: 31009309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing techniques to quantify the spread and severity of diseases afflicting wildlife populations is important for disease ecology, animal ecology, and conservation. Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) are in the midst of a dramatic decline, but it is not known whether disease is playing an important role in the broad-scale population reductions. A skin disorder referred to as giraffe skin disease (GSD) was recorded in 1995 in one giraffe population in Uganda. Since then, GSD has been detected in 13 populations in seven African countries, but good descriptions of the severity of this disease are not available. We photogrammetrically analyzed camera trap images from both Ruaha and Serengeti National parks in Tanzania to quantify GSD severity. Giraffe skin disease afflicts the limbs of giraffes in Tanzania, and we quantified severity by measuring the vertical length of the GSD lesion in relation to the total leg length. Applying the Jenks natural breaks algorithm to the lesion proportions that we derived, we classified individual giraffes into disease categories (none, mild, moderate, and severe). Scaling up to the population level, we predicted the proportion of the Ruaha and Serengeti giraffe populations with mild, moderate, and severe GSD. This study serves to demonstrate that camera traps presented an informative platform for examinations of skin disease ecology.
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Kissui BM, Kiffner C, König HJ, Montgomery RA. Patterns of livestock depredation and cost-effectiveness of fortified livestock enclosures in northern Tanzania. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11420-11433. [PMID: 31641483 PMCID: PMC6802044 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-carnivore conflicts and retaliatory killings contribute to carnivore populations' declines around the world. Strategies to mitigate conflicts have been developed, but their efficacy is rarely assessed in a randomized case-control design. Further, the economic costs prevent the adoption and wide use of conflict mitigation strategies by pastoralists in rural Africa. We examined carnivore (African lion [Panthera leo], leopard [Panthera pardus], spotted hyena [Crocuta crocuta], jackal [Canis mesomelas], and cheetah [Acinonyx jubatus]) raids on fortified (n = 45, total 631 monthly visits) and unfortified (traditional, n = 45, total 521 monthly visits) livestock enclosures ("bomas") in northern Tanzania. The study aimed to (a) assess the extent of retaliatory killings of major carnivore species due to livestock depredation, (b) describe the spatiotemporal characteristics of carnivore raids on livestock enclosures, (c) analyze whether spatial covariates influenced livestock depredation risk in livestock enclosures, and (d) examine the cost-effectiveness of livestock enclosure fortification. Results suggest that (a) majority of boma raids by carnivores were caused by spotted hyenas (nearly 90% of all raids), but retaliatory killings mainly targeted lions, (b) carnivore raid attempts were rare at individual households (0.081 raid attempts/month in fortified enclosures and 0.102 raid attempts/month in unfortified enclosures), and (c) spotted hyena raid attempts increased in the wet season compared with the dry season, and owners of fortified bomas reported less hyena raid attempts than owners of unfortified bomas. Landscape and habitat variables tested, did not strongly drive the spatial patterns of spotted hyena raids in livestock bomas. Carnivore raids varied randomly both spatially (village to village) and temporally (year to year). The cost-benefit analysis suggest that investing in boma fortification yielded positive net present values after two to three years. Thus, enclosure fortification is a cost-effective strategy to promote coexistence of carnivores and humans.
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Loupy A, Aubert O, Orandi BJ, Naesens M, Bouatou Y, Raynaud M, Divard G, Jackson AM, Viglietti D, Giral M, Kamar N, Thaunat O, Morelon E, Delahousse M, Kuypers D, Hertig A, Rondeau E, Bailly E, Eskandary F, Böhmig G, Gupta G, Glotz D, Legendre C, Montgomery RA, Stegall MD, Empana JP, Jouven X, Segev DL, Lefaucheur C. Prediction system for risk of allograft loss in patients receiving kidney transplants: international derivation and validation study. BMJ 2019; 366:l4923. [PMID: 31530561 PMCID: PMC6746192 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l4923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an integrative system to predict long term kidney allograft failure. DESIGN International cohort study. SETTING Three cohorts including kidney transplant recipients from 10 academic medical centres from Europe and the United States. PARTICIPANTS Derivation cohort: 4000 consecutive kidney recipients prospectively recruited in four French centres between 2005 and 2014. Validation cohorts: 2129 kidney recipients from three centres in Europe and 1428 from three centres in North America, recruited between 2002 and 2014. Additional validation in three randomised controlled trials (NCT01079143, EudraCT 2007-003213-13, and NCT01873157). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Allograft failure (return to dialysis or pre-emptive retransplantation). 32 candidate prognostic factors for kidney allograft survival were assessed. RESULTS Among the 7557 kidney transplant recipients included, 1067 (14.1%) allografts failed after a median post-transplant follow-up time of 7.12 (interquartile range 3.51-8.77) years. In the derivation cohort, eight functional, histological, and immunological prognostic factors were independently associated with allograft failure and were then combined into a risk prediction score (iBox). This score showed accurate calibration and discrimination (C index 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 0.83). The performance of the iBox was also confirmed in the validation cohorts from Europe (C index 0.81, 0.78 to 0.84) and the US (0.80, 0.76 to 0.84). The iBox system showed accuracy when assessed at different times of evaluation post-transplant, was validated in different clinical scenarios including type of immunosuppressive regimen used and response to rejection therapy, and outperformed previous risk prediction scores as well as a risk score based solely on functional parameters including estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. Finally, the accuracy of the iBox risk score in predicting long term allograft loss was confirmed in the three randomised controlled trials. CONCLUSION An integrative, accurate, and readily implementable risk prediction score for kidney allograft failure has been developed, which shows generalisability across centres worldwide and common clinical scenarios. The iBox risk prediction score may help to guide monitoring of patients and further improve the design and development of a valid and early surrogate endpoint for clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03474003.
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Hayward MW, Callen A, Allen BL, Ballard G, Broekhuis F, Bugir C, Clarke RH, Clulow J, Clulow S, Daltry JC, Davies-Mostert HT, Fleming PJS, Griffin AS, Howell LG, Kerley GIH, Klop-Toker K, Legge S, Major T, Meyer N, Montgomery RA, Moseby K, Parker DM, Périquet S, Read J, Scanlon RJ, Seeto R, Shuttleworth C, Somers MJ, Tamessar CT, Tuft K, Upton R, Valenzuela-Molina M, Wayne A, Witt RR, Wüster W. Deconstructing compassionate conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:760-768. [PMID: 31206825 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compassionate conservation focuses on 4 tenets: first, do no harm; individuals matter; inclusivity of individual animals; and peaceful coexistence between humans and animals. Recently, compassionate conservation has been promoted as an alternative to conventional conservation philosophy. We believe examples presented by compassionate conservationists are deliberately or arbitrarily chosen to focus on mammals; inherently not compassionate; and offer ineffective conservation solutions. Compassionate conservation arbitrarily focuses on charismatic species, notably large predators and megaherbivores. The philosophy is not compassionate when it leaves invasive predators in the environment to cause harm to vastly more individuals of native species or uses the fear of harm by apex predators to terrorize mesopredators. Hindering the control of exotic species (megafauna, predators) in situ will not improve the conservation condition of the majority of biodiversity. The positions taken by so-called compassionate conservationists on particular species and on conservation actions could be extended to hinder other forms of conservation, including translocations, conservation fencing, and fertility control. Animal welfare is incredibly important to conservation, but ironically compassionate conservation does not offer the best welfare outcomes to animals and is often ineffective in achieving conservation goals. Consequently, compassionate conservation may threaten public and governmental support for conservation because of the limited understanding of conservation problems by the general public.
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Hattawy M, Baltzell NA, Dupré R, Bültmann S, De Vita R, El Alaoui A, El Fassi L, Egiyan H, Girod FX, Guidal M, Hafidi K, Jenkins D, Liuti S, Perrin Y, Stepanyan S, Torayev B, Voutier E, Adhikari S, Angelini G, Ayerbe Gayoso C, Barion L, Battaglieri M, Bedlinskiy I, Biselli AS, Bossù F, Brooks W, Cao F, Carman DS, Celentano A, Chatagnon P, Chetry T, Ciullo G, Clark L, Cole PL, Contalbrigo M, Crede V, D'Angelo A, Dashyan N, De Sanctis E, Defurne M, Deur A, Diehl S, Djalali C, Ehrhart M, Eugenio P, Fegan S, Filippi A, Forest TA, Fradi A, Garçon M, Gavalian G, Gevorgyan N, Gilfoyle GP, Giovanetti KL, Golovatch E, Gothe RW, Griffioen KA, Harrison N, Hauenstein F, Hayward TB, Heddle D, Hicks K, Holtrop M, Ilieva Y, Ireland DG, Isupov EL, Jo HS, Johnston S, Keller D, Khachatryan G, Khachatryan M, Khanal A, Khandaker M, Kim CW, Kim W, Klein FJ, Kubarovsky V, Kuhn SE, Lanza L, L Kabir M, Lenisa P, Livingston K, MacGregor IJD, Marchand D, Markov N, Mayer M, McKinnon B, Meziani ZE, Mineeva T, Mirazita M, Montgomery RA, Munoz Camacho C, Nadel-Turonski P, Niccolai S, Ostrovidov AI, Pappalardo LL, Paremuzyan R, Pasyuk E, Pogorelko O, Poudel J, Prok Y, Protopopescu D, Ripani M, Riser D, Rizzo A, Rosner G, Rossi P, Sabatié F, Salgado C, Schumacher RA, Sharabian YG, Skorodumina I, Sokhan D, Soto O, Sparveris N, Strauch S, Taiuti M, Tan JA, Tyler N, Ungaro M, Voskanyan H, Wang R, Watts DP, Wei X, Weinstein LB, Wood MH, Zachariou N, Zhang J, Zhao ZW. Exploring the Structure of the Bound Proton with Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:032502. [PMID: 31386486 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.032502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, deeply virtual Compton scattering of electrons has been successfully used to advance our knowledge of the partonic structure of the free proton and investigate correlations between the transverse position and the longitudinal momentum of quarks inside the nucleon. Meanwhile, the structure of bound nucleons in nuclei has been studied in inclusive deep-inelastic lepton scattering experiments off nuclear targets, showing a significant difference in longitudinal momentum distribution of quarks inside the bound nucleon, known as the EMC effect. In this Letter, we report the first beam spin asymmetry (BSA) measurement of exclusive deeply virtual Compton scattering off a proton bound in ^{4}He. The data used here were accumulated using a 6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam incident on a pressurized ^{4}He gaseous target placed within the CLAS spectrometer in Hall-B at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The azimuthal angle (ϕ) dependence of the BSA was studied in a wide range of virtual photon and scattered proton kinematics. The Q^{2}, x_{B}, and t dependencies of the BSA on the bound proton are compared with those on the free proton. In the whole kinematical region of our measurements, the BSA on the bound proton is smaller by 20% to 40%, indicating possible medium modification of its partonic structure.
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Beck JM, Lopez MC, Mudumba T, Montgomery RA. Improving Human-Lion Conflict Research Through Interdisciplinarity. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Duer M, Schmidt A, Pybus JR, Segarra EP, Hrnjic A, Denniston AW, Weiss R, Hen O, Piasetzky E, Weinstein LB, Barnea N, Korover I, Cohen EO, Hakobyan H, Adhikari S, Angelini G, Battaglieri M, Beck A, Bedlinskiy I, Biselli AS, Boiarinov S, Brooks W, Burkert VD, Cao F, Carman DS, Celentano A, Chetry T, Ciullo G, Clark L, Cole PL, Contalbrigo M, Cortes O, Crede V, Cruz Torres R, D'Angelo A, Dashyan N, De Sanctis E, De Vita R, Deur A, Diehl S, Djalali C, Dupre R, Duran B, Egiyan H, El Alaoui A, El Fassi L, Eugenio P, Filippi A, Forest TA, Gilfoyle GP, Giovanetti KL, Girod FX, Golovatch E, Gothe RW, Griffioen KA, Guo L, Hafidi K, Hanretty C, Harrison N, Hattawy M, Hauenstein F, Hayward TB, Heddle D, Hicks K, Holtrop M, Ilieva Y, Ireland DG, Ishkhanov BS, Isupov EL, Jo HS, Joo K, Kabir ML, Keller D, Khachatryan M, Khanal A, Khandaker M, Kim W, Klein FJ, Kubarovsky V, Kuhn SE, Lanza L, Laskaris G, Lenisa P, Livingston K, MacGregor IJD, Marchand D, Markov N, McKinnon B, Mey-Tal Beck S, Mirazita M, Mokeev V, Montgomery RA, Movsisyan A, Munoz Camacho C, Mustapha B, Nadel-Turonski P, Niccolai S, Niculescu G, Osipenko M, Ostrovidov AI, Paolone M, Paremuzyan R, Park K, Pasyuk E, Patsyuk M, Phelps W, Pogorelko O, Prok Y, Protopopescu D, Ripani M, Rizzo A, Rosner G, Rossi P, Sabatié F, Schmookler BA, Schumacher RA, Sharabian Y, Skorodumina I, Sokhan D, Sparveris N, Stepanyan S, Strauch S, Taiuti M, Tan JA, Tyler N, Ungaro M, Voskanyan H, Voutier E, Wang R, Wei X, Wood MH, Zachariou N, Zhang J, Zhao ZW, Zheng X. Direct Observation of Proton-Neutron Short-Range Correlation Dominance in Heavy Nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:172502. [PMID: 31107086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.172502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We measured the triple coincidence A(e,e^{'}np) and A(e,e^{'}pp) reactions on carbon, aluminum, iron, and lead targets at Q^{2}>1.5 (GeV/c)^{2}, x_{B}>1.1 and missing momentum >400 MeV/c. This was the first direct measurement of both proton-proton (pp) and neutron-proton (np) short-range correlated (SRC) pair knockout from heavy asymmetric nuclei. For all measured nuclei, the average proton-proton (pp) to neutron-proton (np) reduced cross-section ratio is about 6%, in agreement with previous indirect measurements. Correcting for single-charge exchange effects decreased the SRC pairs ratio to ∼3%, which is lower than previous results. Comparisons to theoretical generalized contact formalism (GCF) cross-section calculations show good agreement using both phenomenological and chiral nucleon-nucleon potentials, favoring a lower pp to np pair ratio. The ability of the GCF calculation to describe the experimental data using either phenomenological or chiral potentials suggests possible reduction of scale and scheme dependence in cross-section ratios. Our results also support the high-resolution description of high-momentum states being predominantly due to nucleons in SRC pairs.
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Roy P, Park S, Crede V, Anisovich AV, Klempt E, Nikonov VA, Sarantsev AV, Wei NC, Huang F, Nakayama K, Adhikari KP, Adhikari S, Angelini G, Avakian H, Barion L, Battaglieri M, Bedlinskiy I, Biselli AS, Boiarinov S, Briscoe WJ, Brock J, Brooks WK, Burkert VD, Cao F, Carlin C, Carman DS, Celentano A, Chatagnon P, Chetry T, Ciullo G, Cole PL, Contalbrigo M, Cortes O, D'Angelo A, Dashyan N, De Vita R, De Sanctis E, Deur A, Diehl S, Djalali C, Dugger M, Dupre R, Duran B, Egiyan H, Ehrhart M, El Alaoui A, El Fassi L, Eugenio P, Fegan S, Filippi A, Fradi A, Gilfoyle GP, Girod FX, Golovatch E, Gothe RW, Griffioen KA, Guidal M, Guo L, Hafidi K, Hanretty C, Harrison N, Hattawy M, Hayward TB, Heddle D, Hicks K, Holtrop M, Ilieva Y, Ireland DG, Ishkhanov BS, Isupov EL, Jenkins D, Jo HS, Johnston S, Joosten S, Kabir ML, Keith CD, Keller D, Khachatryan G, Khachatryan M, Khanal A, Khandaker M, Kim A, Kim W, Klein FJ, Kubarovsky V, Kuleshov SV, Kunkel MC, Lanza L, Lenisa P, Livingston K, MacGregor IJD, Marchand D, McKinnon B, Meekins DG, Meyer CA, Mineeva T, Mokeev V, Montgomery RA, Movsisyan A, Munoz Camacho C, Nadel-Turonski P, Niccolai S, Niculescu G, Osipenko M, Ostrovidov AI, Paolone M, Pappalardo LL, Paremuzyan R, Pasyuk E, Payette D, Phelps W, Pierce J, Pogorelko O, Prok Y, Protopopescu D, Raue BA, Ripani M, Riser D, Ritchie BG, Rizzo A, Rosner G, Sabatié F, Salgado C, Schumacher RA, Seely ML, Sharabian YG, Shrestha U, Skorodumina I, Sokhan D, Soto O, Sparveris N, Strakovsky II, Strauch S, Taiuti M, Tan JA, Torayev B, Tyler N, Ungaro M, Voskanyan H, Voutier E, Walford NK, Wang R, Watts DP, Wei X, Wood MH, Zachariou N, Zhang J, Zhao ZW. First Measurements of the Double-Polarization Observables F, P, and H in ω Photoproduction off Transversely Polarized Protons in the N^{*} Resonance Region. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:162301. [PMID: 31075002 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.162301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
First measurements of double-polarization observables in ω photoproduction off the proton are presented using transverse target polarization and data from the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) FROST experiment at Jefferson Lab. The beam-target asymmetry F has been measured using circularly polarized, tagged photons in the energy range 1200-2700 MeV, and the beam-target asymmetries H and P have been measured using linearly polarized, tagged photons in the energy range 1200-2000 MeV. These measurements significantly increase the database on polarization observables. The results are included in two partial-wave analyses and reveal significant contributions from several nucleon (N^{*}) resonances. In particular, contributions from new N^{*} resonances listed in the Review of Particle Properties are observed, which aid in reaching the goal of mapping out the nucleon resonance spectrum.
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96
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Moll RJ, Cepek JD, Lorch PD, Dennis PM, Tans E, Robison T, Millspaugh JJ, Montgomery RA. What does urbanization actually mean? A framework for urban metrics in wildlife research. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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97
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Pinelli DF, Zachary AA, Friedewald JJ, Gjertson DW, Evans MA, Chatroop EN, Leffell MS, Vo AA, Jordan SC, Montgomery RA, Tambur AR. Prognostic tools to assess candidacy for and efficacy of antibody-removal therapy. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:381-390. [PMID: 29981209 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the ability to predict or monitor the efficacy of HLA antibody-removal therapies is deficient. We previously reported that titration studies are a consistent and accurate means of assessing antibody strength. To test whether titration studies can also predict which patients are better candidates for desensitization, we studied 38 patients from 3 centers (29 receiving plasmapheresis/low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIg]; 9 patients receiving high-dose IVIg). For patients undergoing plasmapheresis/low-dose IVIg, antibody titer reduction correlated with number of treatment cycles for both class I and II antibodies but only up to approximately 4 cycles. Reduction in titer slowed with additional cycles, suggesting a limit to the efficacy of this approach. Furthermore, initial titer (predesensitization) can guide the selection of candidates for successful antibody-removal treatment. In our experience, patients with antibodies at an initial titer >1:512 could not be reduced to the goal of a negative lymphocyte crossmatch, corresponding to a 1:16 titer, despite a significant increase in the number of treatment cycles. Change in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) value did not correlate with success of treatment if initial MFI values were >10 000, likely due to single antigen bead saturation. Overall, we present a potential prognostic tool to predict candidacy and a monitoring tool to assess efficacy of desensitization treatment.
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98
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Montgomery RA, Redilla KM, Moll RJ, Van Moorter B, Rolandsen CM, Millspaugh JJ, Solberg EJ. Movement modeling reveals the complex nature of the response of moose to ambient temperatures during summer. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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99
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Lepard CC, Moll RJ, Cepek JD, Lorch PD, Dennis PM, Robison T, Montgomery RA. The influence of the delay-period setting on camera-trap data storage, wildlife detections and occupancy models. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/wr17181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
The use of camera traps in ecological research has grown exponentially over the past decade, but questions remain about the effect of camera-trap settings on ecological inference. The delay-period setting controls the amount of time that a camera trap is idle between motion-activated triggers. Longer delay periods may potentially extend battery life, reduce data-storage requirements, and shorten data-analysis time. However, they might result in lost data (i.e. missed wildlife detections), which could bias ecological inference and compromise research objectives.
Aims
We aimed to examine the effect of the delay period on (1) the number of camera-trap triggers, (2) detection and site-occupancy probabilities for eight mammalian species that varied in size, movement rate and commonness and (3) parameter estimates of habitat-based covariates from the occupancy models for these species.
Methods
We deployed 104 camera traps for 4 months throughout an extensive urban park system in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, using a spatially random design. Using the resultant data, we simulated delay periods ranging from 10s to 60min. For each of these delay periods and for each of our eight focal species, we calculated the number of camera-trap triggers and the parameter estimates of hierarchical Bayesian occupancy models.
Key results
A simulated increase in the delay period from 10s to 10min decreased the number of triggers by 79.6%, and decreased detection probability and occupancy probability across all species by 1.6% and 4.4% respectively. Further increases in the delay period (i.e. from 10 to 60min) resulted in modest additional reductions in the number of triggers and detection and occupancy probabilities. Variation in the delay period had negligible effects on the qualitative interpretations of habitat-based occupancy models for all eight species.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that delay-period settings ranging from 5 to 10min can drastically reduce data-storage needs and analysis time without compromising inference resulting from occupancy modelling for a diversity of mammalian species.
Implications
Broadly, we provide guidance on designing camera-trap studies that optimally trade-off research effort and potential bias, thereby increasing the utility of camera traps as ecological research tools.
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Tatapudi VS, Min ES, Gelb BE, Dagher NN, Montgomery RA, Lonze BE. Repeat A2 Into B Kidney Transplantation After Failed Prior A2 Into B Transplant: A Case Report. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:3913-3916. [PMID: 30471832 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kidneys from donors with blood type A2 can be successfully transplanted into blood type B and O recipients without the need for desensitization if the recipient's starting anti-A hemagglutinin titer is within an acceptable range. National kidney allocation policy now offers priority for eligible B recipients to receive A2 or A2B deceased donor kidneys, and therefore, the frequency with which A2 or A2B to B transplants will occur is expected to increase. The precise mechanisms by which antibody-mediated rejection is averted in these cases despite the presence of both circulating anti-A antibody and expression of the A2 antigen on the graft endothelium are not known. Whether this process mirrors proposed mechanisms of accommodation, which can occur in recipients of ABO incompatible transplants, is also not known. Repeated exposure to mismatched antigens after retransplantation could elicit memory responses resulting in antibody rebound and accelerated antibody-mediated rejection. Whether this would occur in the setting of repeated A2 donor exposure was uncertain. Here we report the case of a patient with history of a prior A2 to B transplant which failed owing to nonimmunologic reasons; the patient successfully underwent a repeat A2 to B transplant. Neither rebound in anti-A2 antibody nor clinical evidence of antibody-mediated rejection were observed after the transplant. Current kidney allocation will likely enable more such transplants in the future, and this may provide a unique patient population in whom the molecular mechanisms of incompatible graft accommodation may be investigated.
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