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Gruber-Baldini AL, Schaie KW, Willis SL. Similarity in married couples: a longitudinal study of mental abilities and rigidity-flexibility. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995. [PMID: 7643300 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.69.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal changes in couple similarity on the Primary Mental Abilities and the Test of Behavioral Rigidity were studied over 7-year intervals from 1956 to 1984 in 169 couples from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Positive, initial intraclass spousal correlations were significant for verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, word fluency, educational aptitude, intellectual aptitude, attitudinal flexibility, psychomotor speed, and social responsibility, as well as age and education. After age and education had been controlled, significant increases in spousal similarity were found for verbal meaning and intellectual ability over 14 years and for attitudinal flexibility over 21 years. The higher functioning spouses' word fluency influenced the lower functioning spouses' verbal meaning and word fluency over time. Couples who became more similar over time involved husbands in higher occupations and wives with fewer changes in profession.
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77
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Diehl M, Willis SL, Schaie KW. Everyday problem solving in older adults: observational assessment and cognitive correlates. Psychol Aging 1995; 10:478-91. [PMID: 8527068 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.10.3.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Older adults' ability to solve practical problems in 3 domains of daily living was assessed using a new measure of everyday problem solving, the Observed Tasks of Daily Living (OTDL). Findings showed that the OTDL formed internally consistent scales representing 3 distinct factors of everyday problem solving. Moreover, the OTDL showed convergent validity with related scales of a paper-and-pencil test. Older adults' performance on the OTDL was significantly correlated with their scores on measures of basic mental abilities. Path analysis showed that age affected older adults' performance on the OTDL directly and indirectly via cognitive abilities. Participants' education and health affected their everyday competence indirectly through cognitive abilities. The effects of perceptual speed and memory span were mediated by fluid and crystallized intelligence.
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78
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Willis SL, Ramzy I. Analysis of false results in a series of 835 fine needle aspirates of breast lesions. Acta Cytol 1995; 39:858-64. [PMID: 7571960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze cases of false diagnoses from a large series to help increase the accuracy of fine needle aspiration of palpable breast lesions. STUDY DESIGN The results of FNA of 835 palpable breast lesions were analyzed to determine the reasons for false positive, false negative and false suspicious diagnoses. RESULTS Of the 835 aspirates, 174 were reported as positive, 549 as negative and 66 as suspicious or atypical but not diagnostic of malignancy. Forty-six cases were considered unsatisfactory. Tissue was available for comparison in 286 cases. The cytologic diagnoses in these cases were reported as follows: positive, 125 (43.7%); suspicious, 33 (11.5%); atypical, 18 (6.2%); negative, 92 (32%); and unsatisfactory, 18 (6.2%). There was one false positive diagnosis, yielding a false positive rate of 0.8%. This lesion was a case of fibrocystic change with hyperplasia, focal fat necrosis and reparative atypia. There were 14 false negative cases, resulting in a false negative rate of 13.2%. Nearly all these cases were sampling errors and included infiltrating ductal carcinomas (9), ductal carcinomas in situ (2), infiltrating lobular carcinomas (2) and tubular carcinoma (1). Most of the suspicious and atypical lesions proved to be carcinomas (35/50). The remainder were fibroadenomas (6), fibrocystic change (4), gynecomastia (2), adenosis (2) and granulomatous mastitis (1). CONCLUSION A positive diagnosis of malignancy by FNA is reliable in establishing the diagnosis and planning the treatment of breast cancer. The false-positive rate is very low, with only a single case reported in 835 aspirates. Most false negatives are due to sampling and not to interpretive difficulties. The category "suspicious but not diagnostic of malignancy" serves a useful purpose in management of patients with breast lumps.
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79
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Gruber-Baldini AL, Schaie KW, Willis SL. Similarity in married couples: a longitudinal study of mental abilities and rigidity-flexibility. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995; 69:191-203. [PMID: 7643300 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal changes in couple similarity on the Primary Mental Abilities and the Test of Behavioral Rigidity were studied over 7-year intervals from 1956 to 1984 in 169 couples from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Positive, initial intraclass spousal correlations were significant for verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, word fluency, educational aptitude, intellectual aptitude, attitudinal flexibility, psychomotor speed, and social responsibility, as well as age and education. After age and education had been controlled, significant increases in spousal similarity were found for verbal meaning and intellectual ability over 14 years and for attitudinal flexibility over 21 years. The higher functioning spouses' word fluency influenced the lower functioning spouses' verbal meaning and word fluency over time. Couples who became more similar over time involved husbands in higher occupations and wives with fewer changes in profession.
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80
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Abstract
This study investigated individual differences in older adults' everyday problem-solving performance using 3 instruments. Past research, typically using only single measures, has yielded a multitude of findings regarding age effects in everyday problem solving. The present sample consisted of 111 older adults (44 men, 67 women) who ranged in age from 68 to 94 years. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that, within each of the 3 instruments, subscales representing particular content domains could be reliably identified. There was, however, little relation between the different instruments, and the measures also differed in their relation with chronological age. These results support the view that everyday problem-solving competence is a multidimensional construct, of which previous investigations may only have studied particular dimensions.
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81
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Schaie KW, Willis SL, O'Hanlon AM. Perceived intellectual performance change over seven years. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY 1994; 49:P108-18. [PMID: 8169340 DOI: 10.1093/geronj/49.3.p108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Actual and perceived change in intellectual performance over seven years was examined in a sample of 837 participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study who took five subtests of Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) test in 1977 and 1984. In 1984 participants rated perceived change in intellectual performance from 1977 to 1984. Participants were categorized, based on their actual performance, into those who maintained earlier performance level, significantly increased their performance, or declined in performance. A typology linking actual and perceived change in performance was created: Realists (those who accurately estimated change in their performance); Optimists (those who oveestimated positive change); and Pessimists (those who overestimated negative change). Classification of participants varied across abilities. Women were more likely to be pessimists on Spatial Orientation than men. Older individuals were more likely to be pessimists on Verbal Meaning and Inductive Reasoning Abilities and to be realists on Number ability compared to younger participants.
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Meyer BJF, Marsiske M, Willis SL. Text processing variables predict the readability of everyday documents read by older adults. READING RESEARCH QUARTERLY 1993; 28:235. [PMID: 20169005 PMCID: PMC2823075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A model is presented to predict the readability of documents encountered by older adults. The documents studied are contained in the Educational Testing Service's Test of Basic Skills (1977 edition) and require readers to answer questions about charts (e.g., bus schedules), labels (e.g., plant spray labels and prescriptions), and forms (e.g., tax forms). The components of the model came from theoretical and empirical work on discourse processing and include such factors as discourse structure, emphasis, and position of an answer in a linguistic analysis of the everyday document.A sample of 482 adults from 52 to 93 years of age took the everyday problems test as well as a psychometric ability battery. The correlation was .54 (p < .01) between the readability scores for test items predicted by the model and the percentage of older adults correctly answering those items. In addition, the more difficult test items as identified by the model were correlated more highly with fluid intelligence abilities (figural relations and induction), crystallized intelligence abilities (vocabulary, experiential evaluation), and with memory span.
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83
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Schaie KW, Willis SL. Age difference patterns of psychometric intelligence in adulthood: generalizability within and across ability domains. Psychol Aging 1993. [PMID: 8461114 DOI: 10.1037//0882-7974.8.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cross-sectional data from the 5th (1984) wave of the Seattle Longitudinal Study are reported with regard to the generalizability of age differences in psychometric intelligence within and across ability domains. Ss were 1,628 community-dwelling individuals drawn from a Pacific Northwest health maintenance organization. Age difference patterns of 9 groups with mean ages from 29 to 88 years are examined for the ability domains of verbal ability, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, numeric ability, verbal memory, and perceptual speed. Each ability is marked by 3 or 4 observed variables.
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84
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Schaie KW, Willis SL. Age difference patterns of psychometric intelligence in adulthood: generalizability within and across ability domains. Psychol Aging 1993; 8:44-55. [PMID: 8461114 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.8.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cross-sectional data from the 5th (1984) wave of the Seattle Longitudinal Study are reported with regard to the generalizability of age differences in psychometric intelligence within and across ability domains. Ss were 1,628 community-dwelling individuals drawn from a Pacific Northwest health maintenance organization. Age difference patterns of 9 groups with mean ages from 29 to 88 years are examined for the ability domains of verbal ability, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, numeric ability, verbal memory, and perceptual speed. Each ability is marked by 3 or 4 observed variables.
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85
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Jay GM, Willis SL. Influence of direct computer experience on older adults' attitudes toward computers. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY 1992; 47:P250-7. [PMID: 1624702 DOI: 10.1093/geronj/47.4.p250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This research examined whether older adults' attitudes toward computers became more positive as a function of computer experience. The sample comprised 101 community-dwelling older adults aged 57 to 87. The intervention involved a 2-week computer training program in which subjects learned to use a desktop publishing software program. A multidimensional computer attitude measure was used to assess differential attitude change and maintenance of change following training. The results indicated that older adults' computer attitudes are modifiable and that direct computer experience is an effective means of change. Attitude change as a function of training was found for the attitude dimensions targeted by the intervention program: computer comfort and efficacy. In addition, maintenance of attitude change was established for at least two weeks following training.
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86
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Willis SL, Jay GM, Diehl M, Marsiske M. Longitudinal Change and Prediction of Everyday Task Competence in the Elderly. Res Aging 1992; 14:68-91. [PMID: 20179774 PMCID: PMC2825690 DOI: 10.1177/0164027592141004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined longitudinal change in everyday task competence in a sample of 102 community-dwelling older adults from central Pennsylvania. Subjects were assessed on cognitive abilities, intellectual control beliefs, and everyday task competence in 1979 and 1986. The results indicated significant mean level decline on everyday task competence. However, wide individual differences were apparent in the timing and rate of decline; 62% of the sample remained stable or improved in competence over this seven-year period. Structural equation analyses were conducted to examine lagged relationships among the ability, intellectual control, and everyday task competence constructs. Fluid reasoning ability was a significant longitudinal predictor of subsequent everyday task competence. Everyday task competence was a significant longitudinal predictor of subsequent self-efficacy beliefs regarding intellectual aging. The results suggest that mean level decline in everyday task competence may not represent the intraindividual developmental trajectory of many subjects. Prior level of fluid ability influences subsequent everyday task competence, and prior level of everyday task competence influences levels of self-efficacy beliefs.
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87
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Schaie KW, Willis SL. Adult personality and psychomotor performance: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY 1991; 46:P275-84. [PMID: 1940082 DOI: 10.1093/geronj/46.6.p275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Results are presented from cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of data from the Test of Behavioral Rigidity for 3,442 subjects over the age range from 22 to 84 years. Data are presented on the Behavioral Flexibility, Attitudinal Flexibility, and Social Responsibility questionnaire scales, as well as on performance score measures indexing Associational Flexibility, Instructional Set Flexibility, Copying Speed, and Associational Speed. Data on these scales were obtained for 5 samples examined 7 years apart (1956, 1963, 1970, 1977, and 1984). These data permit analyses of birth cohort differences and rate of change within the same individuals, as well as successive samples drawn from the same cohort over as long as 28-year periods. Results of the analyses confirm the presence of substantial generational differences, with generally only limited change over time within cohorts.
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88
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Schaie KW, Dutta R, Willis SL. Relationship between rigidity-flexibility and cognitive abilities in adulthood. Psychol Aging 1991. [PMID: 1930754 DOI: 10.1037//0882-7974.6.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interrelationship of measures of rigidity-flexibility and of psychometric intelligence is examined. The latent factors of Attitudinal Flexibility, Motor-Cognitive Flexibility, and Psychomotor Speed are derived from the Test of Behavioral Rigidity, and factors of Inductive Reasoning, Spatial Orientation, Verbal Ability, Numeric Ability, Verbal Memory, and Perceptual Speed are derived from the Thurstone Primary Mental Abilities Test and the Educational Testing Service Kit of Factor-Referenced Tests. The data base in this study comes from the fifth wave of the Seattle Longitudinal Study (N = 1,628; age range, 22-95 years). The Rigidity-Flexibility factors were found to be independent of the cognitive domain. Also, longitudinal stability of the factor structure of the rigidity-flexibility domain was confirmed for 837 participants tested in both 1977 and 1984.
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89
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Schaie KW, Dutta R, Willis SL. Relationship between rigidity-flexibility and cognitive abilities in adulthood. Psychol Aging 1991; 6:371-83. [PMID: 1930754 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.6.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interrelationship of measures of rigidity-flexibility and of psychometric intelligence is examined. The latent factors of Attitudinal Flexibility, Motor-Cognitive Flexibility, and Psychomotor Speed are derived from the Test of Behavioral Rigidity, and factors of Inductive Reasoning, Spatial Orientation, Verbal Ability, Numeric Ability, Verbal Memory, and Perceptual Speed are derived from the Thurstone Primary Mental Abilities Test and the Educational Testing Service Kit of Factor-Referenced Tests. The data base in this study comes from the fifth wave of the Seattle Longitudinal Study (N = 1,628; age range, 22-95 years). The Rigidity-Flexibility factors were found to be independent of the cognitive domain. Also, longitudinal stability of the factor structure of the rigidity-flexibility domain was confirmed for 837 participants tested in both 1977 and 1984.
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90
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91
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Willis SL. Introduction to the special section on cognitive training in later adulthood. Dev Psychol 1990. [DOI: 10.1037/h0092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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92
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Willis SL, Schaie KW. Gender differences in spatial ability in old age: Longitudinal and intervention findings. SEX ROLES 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00287789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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93
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Cooney TM, Schaie KW, Willis SL. The relationship between prior functioning on cognitive and personality dimensions and subject attrition in longitudinal research. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY 1988; 43:P12-7. [PMID: 3335751 DOI: 10.1093/geronj/43.1.p12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the intellectual and personality functioning of continuing participants in a longitudinal study with individuals who were lost from the panel after at least 7 years of involvement. Based on their reason for discontinuation, participants who were lost to the panel were categorized into three attrition groups: deceased, ill, and voluntary dropouts. When the performance of these groups prior to leaving the study was compared with that of the continuing participants, no general differences were found. However, specific differences were revealed, particularly on crystallized-type intellectual abilities and the personality factors. Participants who were lost due to illness or death had functioned at the lowest levels of the four groups prior to attrition. These effects varied by age. In late middle age, ill participants functioned at the lowest levels, whereas in old age, participants who subsequently died scored lowest of the four groups prior to attrition. Individuals who had voluntarily discontinued participation in the study most closely resembled the continuing participants, particularly in late middle age. The results indicate that performance effects associated with continued participation vary by age, the intelligence or personality factor being considered, and the reason for loss of the participant. Furthermore, they suggest that loss of participants from a longitudinal panel does not inevitably bias the validity of developmental findings.
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94
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Schaie KW, Willis SL, Hertzog C, Schulenberg JE. Effects of cognitive training on primary mental ability structure. Psychol Aging 1987. [PMID: 3268214 DOI: 10.1037//0882-7974.2.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report results of the first empirical test, as far as we know, of the assumption of structural invariance of latent constructs from pretest to posttest in cognitive training research on the elderly. In all, 401 participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study, over 62 years old, received a 5-hr test battery at pre- and posttest that included 16 ability tests, marking the five primary abilities of Spatial Orientation, Inductive Reasoning, Numerical Ability, Verbal Ability, and Perceptual Speed. A total of 229 of our subjects received 5 hr of individual training on either Spatial Orientation or Inductive Reasoning. Restricted factor analysis with the LISREL algorithm tested the hypothesis of measurement equivalence across test occasions, separately for the control subjects and for each of the training groups. When ability-specific cognitive training intervenes, no structural change is observed for abilities not subject to intervention. However, slight shifts occurred in the optimal regression weights for the different markers for the training target abilities.
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95
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Schaie KW, Willis SL, Hertzog C, Schulenberg JE. Effects of cognitive training on primary mental ability structure. Psychol Aging 1987; 2:233-42. [PMID: 3268214 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.2.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report results of the first empirical test, as far as we know, of the assumption of structural invariance of latent constructs from pretest to posttest in cognitive training research on the elderly. In all, 401 participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study, over 62 years old, received a 5-hr test battery at pre- and posttest that included 16 ability tests, marking the five primary abilities of Spatial Orientation, Inductive Reasoning, Numerical Ability, Verbal Ability, and Perceptual Speed. A total of 229 of our subjects received 5 hr of individual training on either Spatial Orientation or Inductive Reasoning. Restricted factor analysis with the LISREL algorithm tested the hypothesis of measurement equivalence across test occasions, separately for the control subjects and for each of the training groups. When ability-specific cognitive training intervenes, no structural change is observed for abilities not subject to intervention. However, slight shifts occurred in the optimal regression weights for the different markers for the training target abilities.
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96
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Willis SL, Schaie KW. Training the elderly on the ability factors of spatial orientation and inductive reasoning. Psychol Aging 1986; 1:239-47. [PMID: 3267404 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.1.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of cognitive training with elderly participants from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Subjects were classified as having remained stable or having declined over the previous 14-year interval on each of two primary abilities, spatial orientation and inductive reasoning. Subjects who had declined on one of these abilities received training on that ability; subjects who had declined on both abilities or who had remained stable on both were randomly assigned to the spatial orientation or inductive reasoning training programs. Training outcomes were examined within an ability-measurement framework with empirically determined factorial structure. Significant training effects, at the level of the latent ability constructs, occurred for both spatial orientation and inductive reasoning. These effects were general, in that no significant interactions with decline status or gender were found. Thus, training interventions were effective both in remediating cognitive decline on the target abilities and in improving the performance of stable subjects.
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98
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Cornelius SW, Willis SL, Nesselroade JR, Baltes PB. Convergence between attention variables and factors of psychometric intelligence in older adults. INTELLIGENCE 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(83)90017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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99
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Lachman ME, Baltes P, Nesselroade JR, Willis SL. Examination of personality-ability relationships in the elderly: The role of the contextual (interface) assessment mode. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(82)90007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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100
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Baltes PB, Cornelius SW, Spiro A, Nesselroade JR, Willis SL. Integration versus differentiation of fluid/crytallized intelligence in old age. Dev Psychol 1980. [DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.16.6.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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