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Kimura T, Otani Y, Sato T, Takahashi S, Maekawa S. Room-temperature reversible spin Hall effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:156601. [PMID: 17501368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.156601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible spin Hall effect comprising the direct and inverse spin Hall effects was electrically detected at room temperature. A platinum wire with a strong spin-orbit interaction is used not only as a spin current absorber but also as a spin-current source in the specially designed lateral structure. The obtained spin Hall conductivities are 2.4 x 10(4) (Omega m)(-1) at room temperature, 10(4) times larger than the previously reported values of semiconductor systems. Spin Hall conductivities obtained from both the direct and inverse spin Hall effects are experimentally confirmed to be the same, demonstrating the Onsager reciprocal relations between spin and charge currents.
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Itsui Y, Sakamoto N, Kurosaki M, Kanazawa N, Tanabe Y, Koyama T, Takeda Y, Nakagawa M, Kakinuma S, Sekine Y, Maekawa S, Enomoto N, Watanabe M. Expressional screening of interferon-stimulated genes for antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus replication. J Viral Hepat 2006; 13:690-700. [PMID: 16970601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFNs) and the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) play a major role in antivirus responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study, we studied expression profiles of ISGs in cells supporting subgenomic HCV replication (Huh7/Rep), and screened their activities to suppress HCV replication. Real-time PCR analyses showed that the expression levels of 23 ISGs were significantly lower in Huh7/Rep than naive Huh7 cells due to transcriptional suppression of the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Furthermore, the expression level of ISGs was also decreased in the cured Huh7 cells in which replicon had been eliminated (cHuh7), indicating adaptation of the cells to support HCV replication by downregulating ISGs. On the other hand, expression of HCV replicon was significantly suppressed by overexpression of several ISGs including PKR, MxA, IRF-9, GBP-1, IFI-6-16, IFI-27, 25OAS and IRF-1. Knock down of GBP-1, IFI-6-16 and IFI-27 by short hairpin RNA resulted in increase of HCV replication. Thus, we conclude that downregulation of ISG expression is required in the host cells supporting HCV replication and that several ISGs directly suppress HCV replication. The search for ISGs that regulate HCV replication may help to elucidate the cellular antiviral defence mechanisms against HCV infection.
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Iwasaki A, Shirakusa T, Miyoshi T, Hamada T, Enatsu S, Maekawa S, Hiratsuka M. Prognostic significance of subcarinal station in non-small cell lung cancer with T1-3 N2 disease. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 54:42-6. [PMID: 16485188 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-865828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection may continue to offer the best chance of long-term survival for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Generally, patients with N2 NSCLC have a poor prognosis. However, the surgical treatment of patients with N2 remains controversial as in these patients, some N2 subgroups have better prognoses than others. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the factors associated with N2, and to determine whether such factors are reliable predictors of survival. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 142 non-small cell lung cancer patients with T1-3 N2 in whom a curative approach had been attempted between January 1994 and December 2003. The patients were consequently divided into four groups (NS-1, no subcarinal involvement and without N1; NS-2, no subcarinal involvement and with N1; SI-1, subcarinal involvement and without upper mediastinal site; SI-2, subcarinal involvement and with upper mediastinal site). We also evaluated two groups for N2 stations (single-station N2 versus multiple-station N2). Multivariate analysis by Cox's proportional hazards regression model was performed to identify the prognosis. RESULTS Lobectomy was carried out in 105 of the patients; bilobectomy in 10, and pneumonectomy in 27. The patients with T1-3 N2 disease showed survival rates of 34.1 % at 3 years and 24.1 % at 5 years. The overall survival rates at 3 years and 5 years were as follows: NS-1, 56.3 % and 43.2 %; NS-2, 35.4 % and 29.5 %; SI-1, 16.7 % and 0 %; SI-2, 15.4 % and 0 %, respectively. The NS-1 group had better prognoses than the other groups. There was a significant difference in survival rates within each group ( p = 0.0005). In univariate analysis, the type of surgery, type of subcarinal involvement, and multiple-station N2 were significantly associated with prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed that NS-1 was only found to be an independent prognostic factor in cases of T1-3 N2 disease ( p = 0.0018). NS-2 was not an independent factor but tended toward significance ( p = 0.0681). But multiple-station N2 was not an independent factor ( p = 0.1549). CONCLUSIONS Surgery for patients with T1-3 N2 NSCLC might be acceptable if subcarinal lymph node metastasis is predicted to be absent.
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Kohashi T, Maekawa S, Sakamoto N, Kurosaki M, Watanabe H, Tanabe Y, Chen CH, Kanazawa N, Nakagawa M, Kakinuma S, Yamashiro T, Itsui Y, Koyama T, Enomoto N, Watanabe M. Site-specific mutation of the interferon sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) modulates hepatitis C virus replication. J Viral Hepat 2006; 13:582-90. [PMID: 16907844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of amino acid substitutions in the interferon sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) in the nonstructural 5A (NS5A) gene of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is closely associated with the interferon (IFN) response and viral load. Several HCV replicon-based studies have reported that ISDR sequences had an influence on viral replication in vitro. However, it is unclear as to how different ISDR sequences affect HCV replication. Various clinically observed ISDR sequences were introduced into HCV replicons and their contribution to viral replication was investigated using a colony formation assay and/or a transient replication assay. A mapping study of the ISDR was performed to identify the amino acid positions that critically affect replication. While no colonies were formed in the colony formation assay using HCV replicons with few mutations (0, 1 and 3) in the ISDR, numerous colonies (>200) appeared when using constructs with six mutations. Introduction of various distinct ISDR sequences with multiple mutations resulted in replication enhancement in transient assays. A mapping study identified several specific sites in the ISDR that critically affected replication, including codon 2209 which, in patients, was closely associated with a strong response to IFN. ISDR sequences associated with a clinical IFN response and viral load modulated the replication of HCV replicons, suggesting the importance of the ISDR sequence in HCV infection.
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Hagino T, Maekawa S, Sato E, Bando K, Hamada Y. Prognosis of proximal femoral fracture in patients aged 90 years and older. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2006; 14:122-6. [PMID: 16914773 DOI: 10.1177/230949900601400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the walking ability and survival outcome of patients aged 90 years and older who sustained proximal femoral fractures, and to compare the findings with those of younger patients reported in previous studies. METHODS Between January 1997 and June 2004 inclusive, 56 patients (11 men and 45 women) aged 90 years and older (range, 90-103 years; mean, 93 years) with hip fracture were reviewed. Their walking ability and survival outcome at discharge was investigated. Comparison was made between patients aged 60 to 89 years and those aged 90 years and older with respect to sex, fracture type, and other characteristics. RESULTS Of 56 patients, 26 injured the right side and 30 the left side. Before injury, 33 (59%) were living at home and 23 (41%) were institutionalised in long-term care facilities or other hospitals. Fracture occurred at the femoral neck in 14 patients and at the trochanter in 42. Ten patients were treated conservatively because of severe dementia, co-morbidity, or refusal of surgery by the patients or their families, whereas 46 underwent surgery. Of the 45 who were previously ambulatory, 22 regained walking ability on discharge from hospital. None of the 10 patients treated conservatively were ambulatory on discharge. During hospitalisation, 4 became bedridden and 5 died (mainly due to pneumonia); among these 9 patients, 5 were deemed physically unfit for surgery. CONCLUSION Surgery is the treatment of choice for patients aged 90 years and older with proximal femoral fracture. However, they have a lower rate of regaining pre-injury walking ability and a higher in-hospital death rate than younger patients.
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Iwasaki A, Shirakusa T, Enatsu S, Maekawa S, Hamada T, Hamasaki M. The value of tumor volume in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 54:112-6. [PMID: 16541352 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-865877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not tumor volume (TV) has an impact on survival in non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS In a retrospective analysis of 385 cases with NSCLC who underwent curative surgery between 1994 and 2003, we calculated the tumor volume by using an ellipsoidal formula. The patients were grouped according to TV as determined by histograms. Gender, age, histology, nodal involvement, size, and TV were analyzed. Multivariate analysis by Cox's proportional hazards regression model was performed to identify the prognosis. RESULTS Cases of N0 showed a significantly lower TV than cases with other N statuses (p < 0.05). A significant difference was also observed between TV and histology or gender. The 189 patients belonging to the small volume group (SVG) (range, 0.105 to 9.265 cm3) had a significantly better overall survival rate than the other 196 patients in the large volume group (LVG) (9.266-366.522 cm3). With univariate analysis, gender, age, nodal involvement, size, and TV were significantly associated with prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed that only gender (p = 0.0184) and nodal involvement (p = 0.0001) were significantly independent prognostic factors. The size factor was not significant (p = 0.5285). However, TV was not an independent factor, but trending toward significance (p = 0.0801). CONCLUSIONS Although TV provides no independent prognostic information with multivariate analysis, TV in NSCLC should be considered using volumetric measurement with a three-dimensional CT approach prior to surgery or treatment planning.
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Miyakoshi N, Hongo M, Maekawa S, Ishikawa Y, Shimada Y, Okada K, Itoi E. Factors related to spinal mobility in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16:1871-4. [PMID: 15959615 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-005-1953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Quality of life in patients with spinal osteoporosis is impaired by the decline of spinal mobility. However, the factors related to the spinal mobility in these patients are still unclear. We evaluated the possible factors affecting spinal mobility in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. A total of 128 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis aged over 50 years (mean, 70 years) were included in this study. The thoracic and lumbar kyphosis angles and range of motion (ROM) of the total spine were measured in the upright position and at maximum flexion/extension with a computer-assisted device. The paravertebral muscle thicknesses (PVMT) of thoracic and lumbar spine in the upright position were measured using an ultrasound unit. The number of vertebral fractures was evaluated with radiographs of the spine. Isometric back extensor strength (BES) was evaluated with a strain-gauge dynamometer. Correlations between these variables were then analyzed. Age (r=-0.412), lumbar kyphosis angle (r=-0.284), BES (r=0.369), PVMT at the lumbar spine (r=0.227) and the number of vertebral fractures (r=-0.260) showed significant correlations with total spinal ROM (P<0.05). However, no significant correlations were observed between the total spinal ROM and PVMT at the thoracic spine (r=-0.069) or thoracic kyphosis angle (r=-0.138). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the BES was the most significant contributor to the total spinal ROM. The present study suggests a possible association between BES and spinal mobility in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Barnes SE, Maekawa S. Current-spin coupling for ferromagnetic domain walls in fine wires. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:107204. [PMID: 16196962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.107204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between a current and a domain wall is examined. In the presence of a finite current and in the absence of a potential which breaks the translational symmetry, there is a perfect transfer of angular momentum from the conduction electrons to the wall. As a result, the ground state is in uniform motion and this remains the case even when relaxation is included. This is described by, appropriately modified, Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations. The results for a simple pinning model are compared with experiment.
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84
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Yamashita T, Tanikawa K, Takahashi S, Maekawa S. Superconducting pi qubit with a ferromagnetic Josephson junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:097001. [PMID: 16197237 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.097001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state qubits have the potential for the large-scale integration and for the flexibility of layout for quantum computing. However, their short decoherence time due to the coupling to the environment remains an important problem to be overcome. We propose a new superconducting qubit which incorporates a spin-electronic device: the qubit consists of a superconducting ring with a ferromagnetic pi junction which has a metallic contact and a normal Josephson junction with an insulating barrier. Thus, a quantum coherent two-level state is formed without an external magnetic field. This feature and the simple structure of the qubit make it possible to reduce its size leading to a long decoherence time.
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85
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Bulut N, Koshibae W, Maekawa S. Magnetic correlations in the Hubbard model on triangular and Kagomé lattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:037001. [PMID: 16090764 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.037001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the magnetic properties of frustrated metallic systems, we present, for the first time, quantum Monte Carlo data on the magnetic susceptibility of the Hubbard model on triangular and kagomé lattices. We show that the underlying lattice structure determines the nature and the doping dependence of the magnetic fluctuations. In particular, in the doped kagomé case we find strong short-range magnetic correlations, which makes the metallic kagomé systems a promising field for studies of superconductivity.
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Enatsu S, Iwasaki A, Maekawa S, Kawakami T, Hamasaki M, Miyoshi T, Hiratsuka M, Yamamoto S, Shiraishi T, Shirakusa T. P-868 Prognostic significance of subcarinal lymph node metastasis in surgically resected non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)81361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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87
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Iwasaki A, Shirakusa T, Enatsu S, Maekawa S, Yoshida Y, Yoshinaga Y. Surgical Treatment for Lung Cancer with COPD Based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 53:162-7. [PMID: 15926096 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-837631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The surgical indications for non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not well known. A classification of severity in COPD has been newly recommended by the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, based on this new system of classification, we review here a series of NSCLC patients with COPD who underwent lung resection at our hospital and attempt to identify the survival and morbidity of such patients. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the patients with NSCLC treated at our hospital between January 1994 and December 2002. Among these 640 patients, a curative approach was attempted in 50 with COPD (31 lobectomies, 11 segmentectomies, 8 bilobectomies). The patients were consequently divided into two groups (moderate group and severe group) according to the Global Iinitiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung disease (GOLD). Lung function was evaluated by FEV1 and FVC, and the survival rates were analyzed at 5 years. Postoperative morbidity was also compared between the two groups. RESULTS FEV1 was 1.527 +/- 0.311 L in the moderate group compared with 1.025 +/- 0.224 L in the severe group ( p < 0.001). Postoperative decrease in FEV1 was lower compared to the predicted data of patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC with COPD. Postoperative pulmonary support such as mechanical ventilation or tracheotomy were necessary more frequently in the severe group. A significant difference was observed between the two groups in respiratory support ( p = 0.0102). Overall 5-year survival rate for NSCLC with COPD was 73.9 %, although there was no statistically significant difference between the moderate and severe groups in terms of survival. Lobectomy and segmentectomy show a remarkable advantage for the patients with bilobectomy, although this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, gender, degree of COPD, and histological type were shown to be not significant factors. Survival rate of these NSCLC patients with COPD were demonstrated to be comparable to those of the NSCLC patients without COPD in stages I and II. CONCLUSION Stringent selection of candidates among NSCLC patients with a severe grade of COPD based on GOLD could be an acceptable and valuable approach compared to conventional patients without COPD, although NSCLC with severe COPD patients more frequently needed respiratory support.
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Ishii K, Tsutsui K, Endoh Y, Tohyama T, Maekawa S, Hoesch M, Kuzushita K, Tsubota M, Inami T, Mizuki J, Murakami Y, Yamada K. Momentum dependence of charge excitations in the electron-doped superconductor Nd1.85 Ce0.15 CuO4: a resonant inelastic x-ray scattering study. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:207003. [PMID: 16090275 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.207003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) study of charge excitations in the electron-doped high-T(c) superconductor Nd1.85 Ce0.15 CuO4. The intraband and interband excitations across the Fermi energy are separated for the first time by tuning the experimental conditions properly to measure charge excitations at low energy. A dispersion relation with q-dependent width emerges clearly in the intraband excitation, while the intensity of the interband excitation is concentrated around 2 eV near the zone center. The experimental results are consistent with theoretical calculation of the RIXS spectra based on the Hubbard model.
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89
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Ishii K, Tsutsui K, Endoh Y, Tohyama T, Kuzushita K, Inami T, Ohwada K, Maekawa S, Masui T, Tajima S, Murakami Y, Mizuki J. Mott gap excitations in twin-free YBa2Cu3O7-delta (Tc=93 K) studied by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:187002. [PMID: 15904402 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.187002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mott gap excitations in the optimally doped high-T(c) superconductor YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) (T(c)=93 K) have been studied by the resonant inelastic x-ray scattering method. Anisotropic spectra in the ab plane are observed in a twin-free crystal. The excitation from the one-dimensional CuO chain is enhanced at 2 eV near the zone boundary of the b* direction, while the excitation from the CuO2 plane is broad at 1.5-4 eV and almost independent of the momentum transfer. Theoretical calculations based on the one-dimensional and two-dimensional Hubbard model reproduces the observed spectra when different values of the on-site Coulomb energy are assumed. The Mott gap of the CuO chain site is found to be much smaller than that of the CuO2 plane site.
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Mori M, Maekawa S. Effect of antiferromagnetic planes on the superconducting properties of multilayered high-Tc cuprates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:137003. [PMID: 15904020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.137003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We propose a mechanism for high critical temperature (T(c)) in the coexistent phase of superconducting (SC) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) CuO2 planes in multilayered cuprates. The Josephson coupling between the SC planes separated by an AFM insulator (Mott insulator) is calculated perturbatively up to the fourth order in terms of the hopping integral between adjacent CuO2 planes. It is shown that the AFM exchange splitting in the AFM plane suppresses the so-called pi-Josephson coupling, and the long-ranged 0-Josephson coupling leads to coexistence with a rather high value of T(c).
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91
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Khaliullin G, Koshibae W, Maekawa S. Low energy electronic states and triplet pairing in layered cobaltate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:176401. [PMID: 15525093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.176401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the low-energy electronic states in layered cobaltates is considered starting from the Mott insulating limit. We argue that the coherent part of the wave functions and the Fermi-surface topology at low doping are strongly influenced by spin-orbit coupling of the correlated electrons on the t(2g) level. An effective t-J model based on mixed spin-orbital states is radically different from that for the cuprates, and supports unconventional, pseudospin-triplet pairing.
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Maekawa S, Enomoto N, Sakamoto N, Kurosaki M, Ueda E, Kohashi T, Watanabe H, Chen CH, Yamashiro T, Tanabe Y, Kanazawa N, Nakagawa M, Sato C, Watanabe M. Introduction of NS5A mutations enables subgenomic HCV replicon derived from chimpanzee-infectious HC-J4 isolate to replicate efficiently in Huh-7 cells. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:394-403. [PMID: 15357644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2004.00525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicon has been reported to replicate efficiently and continuously in human hepatoma Huh-7 cells. To extend the previous results to other isolated HCV clones, we constructed another HCV replicon from HC-J4, one of chimpanzee-infectious HCV clones. An HCV replicon derived from HC-J4 (RpJ4) consists of HCV-5' untranslated region, neomycin phosphotransferase gene, the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosomal entry site, HCV nonstructural region, NS3 to NS5B, and HCV-3' untranslated region. The adaptive mutations known to be required for HCV-Con1 replicon were introduced in RpJ4 replicon, aa.(amino acids number according to HC-J4) 2197 serine to proline, deletion of serine at aa.2201, and aa.2204 serine to isoleucine (RpJ4-S2197P, RpJ4-S22001del, and RpJ4-S2204I). RpJ4/ISDR mutant and RpJ4-S2201del/ISDR mutant were also constructed by introducing six amino acid mutations into the interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR). After transfection into Huh-7 cells and G418 selection, RpJ4 and RpJ4/ISDR mutants did not produce any colony. In contrast, G418-resistant cells were transduced efficiently by RpJ4-S2197P, RpJ4-S2204I, RpJ4-S2201del and RpJ4-S2201del/ISDR mutant, with the RpJ4-S2201del/ISDR mutant being most efficient. Hence the HCV replicon derived from HC-J4 can replicate efficiently following the introduction of adaptive mutations into the upstream region of ISDR. Moreover, additional introduction of mutations into ISDR further enhanced its replication. These findings demonstrate that the genetic structure of the NS5A domain is critical in HCV replications.
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Maekawa S, Al-Sarraj S, Kibble M, Landau S, Parnavelas J, Cotter D, Everall I, Leigh PN. Cortical selective vulnerability in motor neuron disease: a morphometric study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127:1237-51. [PMID: 15130949 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have revealed that the primary motor cortex (PMC) and the extramotor cortical areas are functionally abnormal in motor neuron disease (MND, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), but the nature of the cortical lesions that underlie these changes is poorly understood. In particular, there have been few attempts to quantify neuronal loss in the PMC and in other cortical areas in MND. We used SMI-32, an antibody against an epitope on non-phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain, to analyse the size and density of SMI-32-positive cortical pyramidal neurons in layer V of the PMC, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the supragenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in 13 MND and eight control subjects. There was a statistically significant reduction in the density of SMI-32-immunoreactive (IR) pyramidal neurons within cortical layer V in the PMC, the DLPFC and the ACC in MND subjects compared with controls [t (19) = 2.91, P = 0.009; estimated reduction 25%; 95% CI = 8%, 40%]. In addition, we studied the density and size of interneurons immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D(28K) (CB), parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR) in the same areas (PMC, DLPFC and ACC). Statistically significant differences in the densities of CB-IR neurons were observed within cortical layers V (P = 0.003) and VI (P = 0.001) in MND cases compared with controls. The densities of CR- and PV-IR neurons were not significantly different between MND and control cases, although there were trends towards reductions of CR-IR neuronal density within the same layers and of PV-IR neuronal density within cortical layer VI. Loss of pyramidal neurons and of GABAergic interneurons is more widespread than has been appreciated and is present in areas associated with neuroimaging and cognitive abnormalities in MND. These findings support the notion that MND should be considered a multisystem disorder.
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Maekawa S, Aoyama N, Shirasaka D, Kasuga M. Endoscopic variceal scleroligation therapy with a newly designed multiple-band ligator device with special groove. Endoscopy 2004; 36:378. [PMID: 15057703 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-814474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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95
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Koshibae W, Maekawa S. Electronic state of a CoO2 layer with hexagonal structure: a Kagomé lattice structure in a triangular lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:257003. [PMID: 14754140 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.257003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The electronic state in layered cobalt oxides with a hexagonal structure is examined. We find that the electronic structure reflects the nature of the Kagomé lattice hidden in the CoO2 layer which consists of stacked triangular lattices of oxygen ions and of cobalt ions. A fundamental model for the electron system is proposed, and the mechanism of the unique transport and magnetic properties of the cobalt oxides are discussed in light of the model.
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Miyata S, Taguchi K, Maekawa S. Dendrite-associated opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule localizes at neurosecretory granules in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. Neuroscience 2003; 122:169-81. [PMID: 14596858 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule (OBCAM) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily containing limbic system-associated membrane protein (IgLON) subgroup of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules. We have previously found that OBCAM is localized preferentially to dendrites compared with somata and terminals of hypothalamic vasopressin-secreting magnocellular neurons. This localization indicates that OBCAM is one of the dendrite-associated cell adhesion molecules. In the present study, we further characterized the localization and the sorting mechanism, and activity-dependent changes of this molecule in vasopressin-secreting magnocellular dendrites. Confocal microscopic observation revealed the preferential localization of OBCAM at the neurosecretory granules in the vasopressin-positive dendrites. Electron microscopic observation using chromogen-intensified and gold-conjugated methods also demonstrated the OBCAM labeling at most of the neurosecretory granules within the dendrites, while the labeling within the somata was observed at only a few neurosecretory granules. I.c.v. colchicine administration resulted in the disappearance of OBCAM immunoreactivity from the dendrites and in its concomitant accumulation at the somata, suggesting that OBCAM is synthesized at the somata and transported to the dendrites by dendrite-associated neurosecretory granules. During the postnatal development, OBCAM immunoreactivity targeted to vasopressin-positive dendrites became clear from at least 3 weeks after birth, although it appeared at only a few somata 2 weeks after birth. Phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C treatment of the membrane fraction of the supraoptic homogenate solubilized OBCAM. Kilon, another IgLON member, was also shown to localize at the neurosecretory granules of vasopressin-positive dendrites via the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. High K(+)-stimulation appeared to cause the diffusion of OBCAM-labeled gold particles from neurosecretory granules together with the exocytosis. These findings indicate that OBCAM is synthesized within the somata, attached to vasopressin neurosecretory granules via the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, and transported to the dendrites. Moreover, the subcellular localization of OBCAM is changed in an activity-dependent manner.
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Watanabe Y, Aoyama N, Shirasaka D, Maekawa S, Kuroda K, Miki I, Kachi M, Fukuda M, Wambura C, Tamura T, Kasuga M. Levofloxacin based triple therapy as a second-line treatment after failure of helicobacter pylori eradication with standard triple therapy. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35:711-5. [PMID: 14620620 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(03)00432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of standard triple therapy is difficult. The efficacy and safety of levofloxacin based triple therapy as a first-line therapy has-been studied. AIMS The aim was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of levofloxacin based therapy after a failed standard triple therapy. PATIENTS We conducted a prospective, uncontrolled study of a consecutive series of 33 patients who failed eradication with 1 week of lansoprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin triple therapy. METHODS The subjects were retreated with 1 week of LA-LVFX triple therapy (lansoprazole, 30 mg twice daily; amoxicillin, 1000 mg twice daily: levofloxacin, 200 mg twice daily). Cure of infection was defined as negative results from culture, histology and a urea breath test 4 to 8 weeks after the second-line therapy. RESULTS The eradication rate was 69.7% (23/33) by both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses (95% confidence interval=61-79%). Seven (21.2%) patients experienced mild side-effects, such as soft stools and taste disturbance. No patient stopped the medication on account of adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Levofloxacin based triple therapy is an effective second-line treatment after a failed standard triple therapy.
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Martinek J, Utsumi Y, Imamura H, Barnaś J, Maekawa S, König J, Schön G. Kondo effect in quantum dots coupled to ferromagnetic leads. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:127203. [PMID: 14525397 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.127203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study the Kondo effect in a quantum dot coupled to ferromagnetic leads and analyze its properties as a function of the spin polarization of the leads. Based on a scaling approach, we predict that for parallel alignment of the magnetizations in the leads the strong-coupling limit of the Kondo effect is reached at a finite value of the magnetic field. Using an equation of motion technique, we study nonlinear transport through the dot. For parallel alignment, the zero-bias anomaly may be split even in the absence of an external magnetic field. For antiparallel spin alignment and symmetric coupling, the peak is split only in the presence of a magnetic field, but shows a characteristic asymmetry in amplitude and position.
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Epand RF, Maekawa S, Epand RM. Specificity of membrane binding of the neuronal protein NAP-22. J Membr Biol 2003; 193:171-6. [PMID: 12962277 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-003-2015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2002] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
NAP-22, a major protein of neuronal rafts is known to preferentially bind to membranes containing cholesterol. In this work we establish the requirements for membrane binding of NAP-22. We find that other sterols can replace cholesterol to promote binding. In addition, bilayers containing phosphatidylethanolamine bind NAP-22 in the absence of cholesterol. Thus, there is not a specific interaction of NAP-22 with cholesterol that determines its binding to membranes. Addition of a mol fraction of phosphatidylserine of 0.05 to membranes of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol enhances the membrane binding of NAP-22. The dependence of binding on the mol fraction of phosphatidylserine indicates that NAP-22 binds to membranes with its amino-terminal segment closer to the membrane than the remainder of the protein. We have also determined which segments of NAP-22 are required for membrane binding. A non-myristoylated form binds only weakly to membranes. Truncating the protein from 226 amino acids to the myristoylated aminoterminal 60 amino acids does not prevent binding to membranes in a cholesterol-dependent manner, but this binding is of weaker affinity. However, myristoylation is not sufficient to promote binding to cholesterol-rich domains. An N-terminal 19-amino-acid, myristoylated peptide binds to membranes but without requiring specific lipids. Thus, the remainder of the protein contributes to the lipid specificity of the membrane binding of NAP-22.
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Miyata S, Matsumoto N, Taguchi K, Akagi A, Iino T, Funatsu N, Maekawa S. Biochemical and ultrastructural analyses of IgLON cell adhesion molecules, Kilon and OBCAM in the rat brain. Neuroscience 2003; 117:645-58. [PMID: 12617969 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Kilon (kindred of IgLON) and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule belong to the IgLON subgroup of immunoglobulin superfamily together with the limbic system-associated membrane protein and neurotrimin. In the present study, we have analyzed biochemical and ultrastructural characterization of Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule such as regional and developmental expression patterns, light and electron microscopic localization, and intermolecular interactions. Western blotting revealed a widespread distribution pattern of Kilon with high expression levels in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, hippocampus, and cerebellum and low expression levels in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. In contrast, opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule showed a regionally restricted expression pattern with high levels only in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Expression of Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule was increased gradually during postnatal development and maintained until adulthood. Light microscopic immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the localization of opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule and Kilon coincided well with that of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, a synaptic marker protein, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult brain. In the cerebellum, Kilon-immunoreactive puncta were observed to colocalize well with that of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, while opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule immunoreactivity was observed only at part of synaptic glomeruli in the granular layer and rare in the molecular layer. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule immunoreactivity was observed mainly at postsynaptic sites of dendritic and somatic synapses in adult cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Only trace levels of Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule were detected in the soluble fraction of a cortical homogenate, although a substantial amount of F3 was present in the soluble fraction. A binding analysis using a cross-linker and the immunoprecipitation technique demonstrated that Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule interacted heterophilically and homophilically. These findings show that Kilon and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule are clearly distinguishable from each other in regional expression and localization, and binding patterns. These differences possibly represent diverse functions of each IgLON molecule.
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