New Measurements of the Beam-Normal Single Spin Asymmetry in Elastic Electron Scattering over a Range of Spin-0 Nuclei

We report precision determinations of the beam-normal single spin asymmetries (A_{n}) in the elastic scattering of 0.95 and 2.18 GeV electrons off ^{12}C, ^{40}Ca, ^{48}Ca, and ^{208}Pb at very forward angles where the most detailed theoretical calculations have been performed. The first measurements of A_{n} for ^{40}Ca and ^{48}Ca are found to be similar to that of ^{12}C, consistent with expectations and thus demonstrating the validity of theoretical calculations for nuclei with Z≤20. We also report A_{n} for ^{208}Pb at two new momentum transfers (Q^{2}) extending the previous measurement. Our new data confirm the surprising result previously reported, with all three data points showing significant disagreement with the results from the Z≤20 nuclei. These data confirm our basic understanding of the underlying dynamics that govern A_{n} for nuclei containing ≲50 nucleons, but point to the need for further investigation to understand the unusual A_{n} behavior discovered for scattering off ^{208}Pb.

Self-control in Quarantined Individuals during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea

PURPOSE

This study generated a model of self-control in quarantined individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea.

DESIGN

Grounded theory methodology was utilized.

METHOD

21 participants who underwent quarantine participated in interviews.

FINDINGS

"Adhering to the quarantine rules to achieve a goal for the public good" was determined to be a core category describing self-control in quarantined individuals. They showed enduring behaviors with a specific pattern, which were classified into five phases.

CONCLUSION

With careful consideration, quarantine can be an effective means of protecting community.

CLINICAL EVIDENCE

Public health nursing interventions that fulfill basic needs and provide information are needed.

Measurement of the Nucleon F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p} Structure Function Ratio by the Jefferson Lab MARATHON Tritium/Helium-3 Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiment

The ratio of the nucleon F_{2} structure functions, F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p}, is determined by the MARATHON experiment from measurements of deep inelastic scattering of electrons from ^{3}H and ^{3}He nuclei. The experiment was performed in the Hall A Facility of Jefferson Lab using two high-resolution spectrometers for electron detection, and a cryogenic target system which included a low-activity tritium cell. The data analysis used a novel technique exploiting the mirror symmetry of the two nuclei, which essentially eliminates many theoretical uncertainties in the extraction of the ratio. The results, which cover the Bjorken scaling variable range 0.19<x<0.83, represent a significant improvement compared to previous SLAC and Jefferson Lab measurements for the ratio. They are compared to recent theoretical calculations and empirical determinations of the F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p} ratio.

Measurement of Lepton-Jet Correlation in Deep-Inelastic Scattering with the H1 Detector Using Machine Learning for Unfolding

The first measurement of lepton-jet momentum imbalance and azimuthal correlation in lepton-proton scattering at high momentum transfer is presented. These data, taken with the H1 detector at HERA, are corrected for detector effects using an unbinned machine learning algorithm (multifold), which considers eight observables simultaneously in this first application. The unfolded cross sections are compared with calculations performed within the context of collinear or transverse-momentum-dependent factorization in quantum chromodynamics as well as Monte Carlo event generators.

Intimate Partner Femicide in South Korea: An Integrative Review of the Literature

BACKGROUND

Intimate partner femicide (IPF) is a severe form of violence perpetrated against women in intimate relationships. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to identify studies of IPF in South Korea.

METHODS

A web-based literature search was performed in six databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, SocINDEX, and RISS (Korean academic online database). Because of the limited number of findings, Google Scholar was used to find additional studies.

RESULTS

Nine articles were selected. There were no studies of IPF in South Korea utilizing a healthcare perspective. The studies were primarily designed to understand the characteristics of the cases and the perpetrators. Through the application of the ecological model to these studies, risk factors at the individual, relationship, community, and societal levels were identified. Although these studies identified that risk factors at the societal level-Korean culture, policy, and law-have a considerable influence on femicide, a clear solution is not proposed.

CONCLUSION

It is imperative to understand IPF in South Korea from a female societal perspective to facilitate violence prevention and recovery for those experiencing intimate partner violence.

Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

We present new precision measurements of the elastic electron-proton scattering cross section for momentum transfer (Q^{2}) up to 15.75  (GeV/c)^{2}. Combined with existing data, these provide an improved extraction of the proton magnetic form factor at high Q^{2} and double the range over which a longitudinal or transverse separation of the cross section can be performed. The difference between our results and polarization data agrees with that observed at lower Q^{2} and attributed to hard two-photon exchange (TPE) effects, extending to 8  (GeV/c)^{2} the range of Q^{2} for which a discrepancy is established at >95% confidence. We use the discrepancy to quantify the size of TPE contributions needed to explain the cross section at high Q^{2}.

A new benchmark of soft X-ray transition energies of Ne , CO 2 , and SF 6 : paving a pathway towards ppm accuracy

ABSTRACT

A key requirement for the correct interpretation of high-resolution X-ray spectra is that transition energies are known with high accuracy and precision. We investigate the K-shell features of Ne , CO 2 , and SF 6 gases, by measuring their photo ion-yield spectra at the BESSY II synchrotron facility simultaneously with the 1s-np fluorescence emission of He-like ions produced in the Polar-X EBIT. Accurate ab initio calculations of transitions in these ions provide the basis of the calibration. While the CO 2 result agrees well with previous measurements, the SF 6 spectrum appears shifted by ∼ 0.5 eV, about twice the uncertainty of the earlier results. Our result for Ne shows a large departure from earlier results, but may suffer from larger systematic effects than our other measurements. The molecular spectra agree well with our results of time-dependent density functional theory. We find that the statistical uncertainty allows calibrations in the desired range of 1-10 meV, however, systematic contributions still limit the uncertainty to ∼ 40-100 meV, mainly due to the temporal stability of the monochromator energy scale. Combining our absolute calibration technique with a relative energy calibration technique such as photoelectron energy spectroscopy will be necessary to realize its full potential of achieving uncertainties as low as 1-10 meV.

Adjuvant durvalumab for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, phase II study

BACKGROUND

We evaluated the efficacy of adjuvant durvalumab after neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This randomized, double-blind, phase II study included patients with ESCC who underwent curative surgery after neoadjuvant CCRT. Patients were randomized to receive either durvalumab (20 mg/kg/i.v. every 4 weeks for 12 months) or placebo in a 1:1 ratio and were stratified by age and pathologic tumor stage. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS).

RESULTS

Between March 2016 and June 2018, 86 patients were randomized to the durvalumab (n = 45) or placebo (n = 41) arm. The median follow-up duration was 38.7 months. There was no difference in DFS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-2.27, P = 0.61] or overall survival (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.52-2.24, P = 0.85) between the two arms. Subgroup analysis was performed for patients for whom the post-CCRT programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression profile could be assessed (n = 54). In the PD-L1-positive group, based on tumor proportion score ≥1%, durvalumab was associated with longer overall survival compared with the placebo (36-month survival rate: 94% versus 64%; HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.10-1.76), while in the PD-L1-negative group, it was associated with shorter overall survival (42% versus 55%; HR 1.53, 95% CI 0.48-4.83), showing the tendency of interaction between post-CCRT PD-L1 status and adjuvant durvalumab therapy for overall survival (interaction P = 0.18).

CONCLUSIONS

We failed to demonstrate that adjuvant durvalumab improved survival after neoadjuvant CCRT in patients with ESCC. However, post-CCRT PD-L1 expression could predict the survival of patients who receive adjuvant durvalumab after neoadjuvant CCRT, which needs to be validated.

An improved nonlinear ultrasonic technique for detecting and monitoring impact induced damage in composite plates

An improved technique for sensing damage initiation and progression in thermoplastic resin composite plate specimens is presented in this study. The composite plate specimens are investigated by using a nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) technique called Sideband Peak Count Index or SPC-I. The technique presented in this paper is an improvement from the previous SPC-I technique. This improved technique provides more reliable and consistent results and can monitor the damage progression over a wide range. In this paper the narrow band SPC-I technique is introduced to replace the conventional wide band SPC-I technique. The method implemented here is improved in three ways. First and foremost the narrow band SPC-I technique is introduced. Secondly, the non-permanently adhered gel coupled Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) transducers are used to reduce inconsistency in transducer adhesion and manufacturing. Lastly, higher sampling rate equipment is used for better signal resolution and peak counting. The experiments are performed on 4 sets of composite plate specimens fabricated using two composite fiber materials (Glass and Basalt) that have increasing levels of damage. The composite plate specimens were damaged by a falling weight impact machine with increasing impact energy (0 J, 10 J, 20 J and 30 J). The composite plate specimens were examined by propagating a narrow band chirp signal through the specimens using gel coupled transducers in a transmission mode setup. The received signals were recorded and analyzed using the NLU SPC-I technique. The modified SPC-I technique proposed in this paper can reliably and consistently detect both initiation and progression of damage in the composite plate specimens.

Study of Λn FSI with Λ quasi-free productions on the 3H(e, e′K+)X reaction at JLab

Abstract. An nnΛ is a neutral baryon system with no charge. The study of the pure Λ-neutron system such as nnΛ gives us information on the Λn interaction. The nnΛ search experiment (E12-17-003) was performed at JLab Hall A in 2018. In this article, the Λn FSI was investigated by a shape analysis of the 3H(e, e′K+)X missing mass spectrum, and a preliminary result for the Λn FSI study is given.

Cross-section measurement of virtual photoproduction of iso-triplet three-body hypernucleus, Λnn

Missing-mass spectroscopy with the 3H(e, e′K+) reaction was carried out at Jefferson Lab’s (JLab) Hall A in Oct–Nov, 2018. The differential cross section for the 3H(γ∗, K+)Λnn was deduced at ω = Ee − Ee′ = 2.102 GeV and at the forward K+-scattering angle (0° ≤ θγ∗K ≤ 5°) in the laboratory frame. Given typical predicted energies and decay widths, which are (BΛ, Γ) = (−0.25, 0.8) and (−0.55, 4.7) MeV, the cross sections were found to be 11.2 ± 4.8(stat.)+4.1−2.1(sys.) and 18.1 ± 6.8(stat.)+4.2−2.9(sys.) nb/sr, respectively. The obtained result would impose a constraint for interaction models particularly between Λ and neutron by comparing to theoretical calculations.

Study of the Λ/Σ0 electroproduction in the low-Q2 region at JLab

We performed an experiment using tritium and hydrogen cryogenic gas targets at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) in 2018 (E12-17-003)[1, 2]. In this article, we discuss the Λ/Σ0 hyperon electroproduction from hydrogen target. Elementary Λ/Σ0 hyperon production processes are important not only for an absolute mass scale calibration in our experiment, but also for the study of the electroproduction mechanisms themselves. In this article, we reported the results of the differential cross section for the p(e, e’K+)Λ/Σ0 reaction at Q2 ∼ 0.5 (GeV/c)2.

"This Society Ignores Our Victimization": Understanding the Experiences of Korean Male Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as physical, psychological, and sexual violence that occurs in an intimate relationship. For the victims, it often leads to devastating consequences such as physical injuries and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research on IPV has been extensively conducted for several decades. However, most studies have focused on male-to-female perpetration, and men's victimization has been relatively neglected. This study aims to explore men's IPV experiences within the context of Korean society, which is characterized by strong gender norms that may impede efforts to understand how men are victimized. Eleven Korean male IPV victims participated in semi-structured phone or in-person interviews lasting 1 to 2 hr, all of which were audio-recorded and transcribed. The transcriptions were qualitatively analyzed using a phenomenological method suggested by Giorgi. In total, six themes were revealed in the data: (a) living with violence, (b) enduring the violent relationship, (c) feeling helpless, (d) ending the relationship, (e) suffering from trauma, and (f) perceiving male victimization in society. Our findings are meaningful in terms of demonstrating how masculinity in one society can shape the thoughts, emotions, reactions, and behaviors of male victims. These findings can be used to tailor outreach efforts and interventions to the unique experiences of Korean men.

The role of intraoperative frozen section analysis in joint arthroplasty with CD66b immunohistochemical staining

The preoperative diagnosis of infection during joint arthroplasty is important for clinical management. However, the evaluation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) during frozen section analysis is sometimes difficult due to frozen artifacts. In the present study, we sought to investigate the utility of intraoperative fresh frozen section (FFS) examination for diagnosis of infection and to evaluate whether the neutrophil-specific surface marker CD66b helps to improve the diagnostic accuracy of infection. A consecutive series of 65 original frozen sections at the time of resection arthroplasty was retrospectively reviewed compared with corresponding permanent sections. The presence of PMNs was determined using intraoperative FFS and permanent sections. Furthermore, CD66b staining was performed to identify PMNs clearly. The ratio of male to female patients was 21:42. The mean age was 70 years. Postoperatively, 25 of 65 cases were histologically diagnosed with infection (25/65; 39%). The sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative FFS relative to permanent section histology were 100% (25/25) and 95% (38/40), respectively. Among 40 patients without infection, two showed false-positive results during intraoperative FFS diagnosis (2/40, 5%). In addition, on CD66b staining, six cases (9%) experienced changes in results, which altered the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative FFS compared with permanent histology only to 87% and 87%, respectively. In conclusion, the diagnostic performance of intraoperative FFS is high and comparable to yields of permanent section histology. Therefore, intraoperative FFS is highly suitable diagnostic method for detection of infection during joint arthroplasty. And CD66b immunostaining facilitates delicate identification of PMNs, especially in equivocal cases.

The dynamic theory of reasoned action: evidence for a reverse causal process in the context of WHO handwashing guidelines

OBJECTIVE

This study provided a first empirical test of the Reverse Dynamic Theory of Reasoned Action (RDTRA) developed by Boster et al.

DESIGN

In a longitudinal experiment, 169 participants were exposed to a WHO handwashing-guidelines behavioural induction, followed by an immediate posttest and a follow-up one week later.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The study measured attitudes and norms about WHO handwashing guidelines, as well as self-reported handwashing behaviour.

RESULTS

The experimental induction produced variance in self-reported handwashing behaviour, allowing a test of the RDTRA using path analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM). Results were consistent with the RDTRA, with a positive effect of behaviour on both the attitude and norm coupled with excellent model fit. Results were inconsistent with behaviour as an outcome of attitudes and norms in this context.

CONCLUSION

For health behaviours, such as the WHO handwashing technique, initial behavioural adoption may promote subsequent shaping of attitudes and perceived norms. Boundary conditions for this effect may include the degree of spontaneity and consent involved in behaviour adoption.