Quantum theory for cold avalanche ionization in solids

A theory of photon-assisted impact ionization in solids is presented. Our theory makes a quantum description of the new impact ionization-cold avalanche ionization recently reported by P. P. Rajeev, M. Gertsvolf, P. B. Corkum, and D. M. Rayner [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 083001 (2009)]. The present theory agrees with the experiments and can be reduced to the traditional impact ionization expression in the absence of a laser.

Hepatic expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes in Asians and implications for pharmacokinetic variations during chemotherapy

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Background: Hepatic expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 enzymes are important determinants of interindividual variability in chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to genotypically quantitate expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes in healthy hepatic tissues from Asian cancer patients undergoing hepatectomy. Methods: Healthy Asian hepatic tissues (Chinese: N = 27; Malay: N = 1; Indian: N = 3) were obtained from the institution’s central tissue repository bank. Messenger RNA was isolated from each tissue sample and reversed transcribed to cDNA followed by real time PCR experiments. Results from these gene expression experiments were normalized against GAPDH transcripts. DNA was also extracted from the hepatocytes and genotyped for four single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP3A4 gene (CYP3A4*1B, *4, *5 and *6) and three in the CYP3A5 gene (CYP3A5*1, *3 and *6). Results: CYP3A4 variant forms were absent in all Asian patients. CYP3A5 was polymorphic and genotyping analysis showed that the *1/*1, *1/*3 and *3/*3 genotypes were present in 6%, 52% and 42% of the Asian liver samples, respectively. Liver tissues harbouring the *1/*1 and *1/*3 genotypes showed insignificant CYP3A5 expression pattern (P=0.160). The CYP3A5 mRNA expression levels were approximately 6-fold lower in *3/*3 samples compared with samples carrying at least one *1 allele (*1/*1 + *1/*3). Non-parametric analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the hepatic expression of CYP3A5 mRNA between liver tissues that harboured at least one *1 allele (*1/*1 + *1/*3) and those carrying homozygous *3/*3 genotype to be highly significantly different (P < 0.007). Conclusions: These results show that polymorphic CYP3A4 isoforms are probably rare in Asians compared with CYP3A5 polymorphisms. This study also suggest that CYP3A5, rather than CYP3A4 could be important for interindividual variations in pharmacokinetics of CYP3A4/5 substrates during chemotherapy in Asians.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

ZnO nanoparticles embedded in sapphire fabricated by ion implantation and annealing

ZnO nanoparticles were fabricated in sapphire (α-Al(2)O(3) single crystal) by Zn ion implantation (48 keV) at an ion fluence of 1 × 10(17) cm(-2) and subsequent thermal annealing in a flowing oxygen atmosphere. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that metallic Zn nanoparticles of 3-10 nm in dimensions formed in the as-implanted sample and that ZnO nanoparticles of 10-12 nm in dimensions formed after annealing at 600 °C. A broad absorption band, peaked at 280 nm, appeared in the as-implanted crystal, due to surface plasma resonance (SPR) absorption of metallic Zn nanoparticles. After annealing at 600 °C, ZnO nanoparticles resulted in an exciton absorption peak at 360 nm. The photoluminescence (PL) of the as-implanted sample was very weak when using a He-Cd 325 nm line as the excitation source. However, two emission peaks appeared in the PL spectrum of ZnO nanopraticles, i.e., one ultraviolet (UV) peak at 370 nm and the other a green peak at 500 nm. The emission at 500 nm is stronger and has potential applications in green/blue light-emitting devices.

Functional analysis of a novel male fertility CYP86MF gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis makino)

In our earlier work, a cytochrome P450 CYP86MF gene was isolated from floral bud of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino, syn. B. rapa L.) by mRNA differential display PCR (DD-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). To unravel the biological function of CYP86MF gene, the antisense fragment from the CYP86MF gene was transferred into Chinese cabbage pak-choi (B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis Tsen et Lee). Out of 22 plants transformed with the antisense gene constructed from the CYP86MF, 20 reached to flowering stage. Morphological investigations showed that the transgenic plants developed the normal floral organ. However, they remained self-infertile, even when artificial self-pollination was performed in the bud stage. Pollen germination test indicated that the pollen from the transgenic line TB-2 could not germinate normally. Further physiological, biochemical and cytological analyses showed that only significant difference was detectable in contents of the endogenous hormones, and a layer of unknown material adhered to the surface of microspore. The present studies thus provided valuable clues for understanding the biological function of the CYP86C subfamily genes. Furthermore, our studies also demonstrate a novel method for obtaining artificial male sterility line of Chinese cabbage.

[A role of nitric oxide and endothelin in bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with mild and middle asthma]

OBJECTIVES

To probe into a role of nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin(ET) in bronchial hyperreactivity(BHR) in patients with mild and middle asthma.

METHODS

MchPC20 was used as an index to evaluate BHR in the asthmatic patients. Endothelin and NO level in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) obtained from 15 patients with attacking asthma(Group I), 8 patients with stable asthma (Group II) and 7 healthy control subjects (Group III) were examined by radioimmunoassay and copper coated cadmium reduction method, respectively.

RESULTS

1. MchPC20 and FEV1% in Group III were slightly higher than those in Group I (P < 0.05), and lower than those in Group III (P < 0.05), respectively; 2. NO and ET levels in BALF from Group I were higher than those from Group II and Group III (P < 0.05), respectively; 3. ET/NO ratio in Group I was higher than that in Group III (P < 0.05) and lower than that in Group II (P > 0.05); 4. NO and ET level in BALF from Group I were positively and negatively correlated with MchPC20, respectively(r = 0.83, P < 0.01; r = 0.75, P < 0.01); the correlation of NO and ET level in BALF from Group I was negative (r = 0.70, P < 0.01); 5. NO and ET levels in BALF and ET/NO ratio from Group II were slightly higher than those from Group III (P < 0.05), respectively.

CONCLUSION

NO may improve and ET exacerbate BHR in patients with mild and middle asthma. Bronchial hyperreactivity of the patients with stable asthma displays lightly abnormal, which may be due to mild abnormality of NO, ET levels and ET/NO ratio in BALF.

[Establishment of Hymenolepis diminuta-animal model and morphology of cysticercoid]

AIM

To observe the morphological changes in the process of the development of Hymenolepis diminuta.

METHODS

The life cycle of Hymenolepis diminuta was established between Rattus domesticus albus and Triboliun castaneum. The morphology of cysticercoid were observed microscopically, and the ultrastructure of the body surface of cysticercoid were observed by scanning electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Three phases including the mature stage, the blister stage and the protective outer membrane-forming stage during the growing course of cysticercoid were observed microscopically. Under scanning electron microscope, lots of sieve-like micropores on the surface of mature cysticercoid were seen in the second week after infection. The blister phase was found in the third week and the outer membrane measuring about 45 microns in thickness were found surrounding the cysticercoid and vesicular surface, forming a smooth cyst wall in the fourth week.

CONCLUSION

The life cycle of Hymenolepis diminuta has been established in the animal-model. The finding of the three phases during the growing course of cysticercoid is reported for the first time.

Allurin, a 21-kDa sperm chemoattractant from Xenopus egg jelly, is related to mammalian sperm-binding proteins

Previously, we demonstrated that a protein from Xenopus egg jelly exhibits sperm chemoattractant activity when assayed by either video microscopy or by sperm passage across a porous filter. Here we describe the isolation and purification of allurin, the protein responsible for this activity. Freshly oviposited jellied eggs were soaked in buffer, and the conditioned medium was loaded onto an anion exchange column and eluted with an NaCl gradient. The active fraction was purified further by RP-HPLC, the chemoattractant protein appearing as a single sharp peak. The amino acid sequence of the protein, determined by direct sequencing and cloning of cDNAs coding for the protein, consisted of 184 amino acids having a molecular mass of 21,073 Da. The protein shares homology with the mammalian cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) family that includes testes-specific spermatocyte protein 1, a cell adhesion protein which links spermatocytes to Seritoli cells, and acidic epididymal glycoproteins that bind to sperm and have been implicated in sperm-egg fusion. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that allurin evolved from the ancestral protein that gave rise to the mammalian CRISP family. Addition of allurin to this family portends that the CRISP family represents a group of "sperm escort" proteins, which bind to sperm at various steps in their life history, facilitating passage from one functional stage to the next. Allurin stands out in this regard, representing both the first vertebrate sperm chemoattractant to be purified and sequenced and the first member of the CRISP family to be found in the female reproductive tract.

Phase III, multicenter, double-blind, randomized study of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, for advanced breast cancer versus megestrol acetate

PURPOSE

To compare two doses of letrozole (0.5 mg and 2.5 mg every day) and megestrol acetate (40 mg qid) as endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer previously treated with antiestrogens.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This double-blind, randomized, multicenter, multinational study enrolled 602 patients, all of whom were included in the primary analysis in the protocol. Patients had advanced or metastatic breast cancer with evidence of disease progression while receiving continuous adjuvant antiestrogen therapy, had experienced relapse within 12 months of stopping adjuvant antiestrogen therapy given for at least 6 months, or had experienced disease progression while receiving antiestrogen therapy for advanced disease. Tumors were required to be estrogen receptor- and/or progesterone receptor-positive or of unknown status. Confirmed objective response rate was the primary efficacy variable. Karnofsky Performance Status and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality-of-life assessments were collected for 1 year.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences among the three treatment groups for overall objective tumor response. Patients treated with letrozole 0.5 mg had improvements in disease progression (P =.044) and a decreased risk of treatment failure (P =.018), compared with patients treated with megestrol acetate. Letrozole 0.5 mg showed a trend (P =.053) for survival benefit when compared with megestrol acetate. Megestrol acetate was more likely to produce weight gain, dyspnea, and vaginal bleeding, and the letrozole groups were more likely to experience headache, hair thinning, and diarrhea.

CONCLUSION

Given a favorable tolerability profile, once-daily dosing, and evidence of clinically relevant benefit, letrozole is equivalent to megestrol acetate and should be considered for use as an alternative treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women after treatment failure with antiestrogens.

The Aspergillus cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain and NUDF localize to microtubule ends and affect microtubule dynamics

Cytoplasmic dynein is a multisubunit, minus end-directed microtubule motor that uses dynactin as an accessory complex to perform various in vivo functions including vesicle transport, spindle assembly, and nuclear distribution [1]. We previously showed that in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, a GFP-tagged cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (NUDA) forms comet-like structures that exhibited microtubule-dependent movement toward and back from the hyphal tip [2]. Here we demonstrate that another protein in the NUDA pathway, NUDF, which is homologous to the human LIS1 protein involved in brain development [3, 4], also exhibits such dynamic behavior. Both NUDA and NUDF are located at the ends of microtubules, and this observation suggests that the observed dynamic behavior is due to their association with the dynamic microtubule ends. To address whether NUDA and NUDF play a role in regulating microtubule dynamics in vivo, we constructed a GFP-labeled alpha-tubulin strain and used it to compare microtubule dynamics in vivo in wild-type A. nidulans versus temperature-sensitive loss-of-function mutants of nudA and nudF. The mutants showed a lower frequency of microtubule catastrophe, a lower rate of shrinkage during catastrophe, and a lower frequency of rescue. The microtubules in the mutant cells also paused longer at the hyphal tip than wild-type microtubules. These results indicate that cytoplasmic dynein and the LIS1 homolog NUDF affect microtubule dynamics in vivo.

Microtubule integrity regulates Pak leading to Ras-independent activation of Raf-1. insights into mechanisms of Raf-1 activation

Growth factors activate Raf-1 by engaging a complex program, which requires Ras binding, membrane recruitment, and phosphorylation of Raf-1. The present study employs the microtubule-depolymerizing drug nocodazole as an alternative approach to explore the mechanisms of Raf activation. Incubation of cells with nocodazole leads to activation of Pak1/2, kinases downstream of small GTPases Rac/Cdc42, which have been previously indicated to phosphorylate Raf-1 Ser(338). Nocodazole-induced stimulation of Raf-1 is augmented by co-expression of small GTPases Rac/Cdc42 and Pak1/2. Dominant negative mutants of these proteins block activation of Raf-1 by nocodazole, but not by epidermal growth factor (EGF). Thus, our studies define Rac/Cdc42/Pak as a module upstream of Raf-1 during its activation by microtubule disruption. Although it is Ras-independent, nocodazole-induced activation of Raf-1 appears to involve the amino-terminal regulatory region in which the integrity of the Ras binding domain is required. Surprisingly, the Raf zinc finger mutation (C165S/C168S) causes a robust activation of Raf-1 by nocodazole, whereas it diminishes Ras-dependent activation of Raf-1. We also show that mutation of residues Ser(338) to Ala or Tyr(340)-Tyr(341) to Phe-Phe immediately amino-terminal to the catalytic domain abrogates activation of both the wild type and zinc finger mutant Raf by both EGF/4beta-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and nocodazole. Finally, an in vitro kinase assay demonstrates that the zinc finger mutant serves as a better substrate of Pak1 than the wild type Raf-1. Collectively, our results indicate that 1) the zinc finger exerts an inhibitory effect on Raf-1 activation, probably by preventing phosphorylation of (338)SSYY(341); 2) such inhibition is first overcome by an unknown factor binding in place of Ras-GTP to the amino-terminal regulatory region in response to nocodazole; and 3) EGF and nocodazole utilize different kinases to phosphorylate Ser(338), an event crucial for Raf activation.

Comparison of different methods of total RNA extraction for viral detection in sputum

Examination of sputum specimens can be used for monitoring airway inflammation by means of immunological and molecular techniques. RNA extraction is essential for measurement of cytokine gene expression and for detection of many viral pathogens in sputum. In this study, three RNA extraction methods used commonly (acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction, Trizol and RNeasy Mini kit) were compared on the sputum of 14 patients who had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effect of dithiothreitol pre-treatment on sputum RNA extraction was also investigated. The yield and purity of total RNA were determined by spectrophotometry. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results of the house keeping gene (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and RNA sequences specific to common respiratory viruses were compared. The results showed that (1) total RNA extracted with Trizol had highest yield and purity among the three RNA extraction methods; (2) there was no significant difference among the three RNA extraction methods on the house keeping gene and viral detection by RT-PCR; (3) dithiothreitol pre-treatment did not improve either the purity of total RNA, or RT-PCR signal. Moreover, dithiothreitol treatment reduced significantly the yield of total RNA. The results of the study indicate that the Trizol method appears to be superior for total RNA extraction from sputum, and dithiothreitol pre-treatment does not increase the efficiency of RNA extraction and RNA detection in sputum specimens.

[Detection of viral aetiology in cerebral spinal fluid samples from 580 clinical cases]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the viral aetiology in cerebral spinal fluid (Csf) from 580 cases of CNS infection or FUO in Yuedong district from 1990 to 1997.

METHODS

Virus isolation was done with Hep-2 and BHK-21 cells.

RESULTS

21 virus types of 5 kinds of viruses were isolated from 113 samples (19.5%). Clinically diagnosed diseases included viral encephalitis 17.8% (43/242), intracranial infection 20.2% (47/233), paralytic diseases 24.3% (9/37), FUO 37.5% (9/24), convulsion 16.0% (4/25), Guillain-Barre syndrome 5.3% (1/19). Virus infection included 11 cases of Poliovirus (constitutional ratio 0.0973, including 1 Polio-I, 8 Polio-II, 2 Polio-III); 54 cases of Coxsackie virus (0.477 9, including 11 CoxA24, 10 CoxBl, 2 Cox134, 3 CoxB5); 15 cases of ECHO virus (0.1327, including 4 ECHO-24, 3 ECRO-7, 2 ECHO-12 and each one of ECHO-3, 11,14,15,27,32); 25 cases of Enterovirus (0.2213, including 14 EV-70, 11 EV-71); 8 cases of Adenovirus (0.070 8, including 3 Adv-2, 3 Adv-3 and 2 Adv7). Results of different age groups indicated there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in virus detection rate in two age groups. Virus positive rates in different years were 1990-1991 14.2% (15/106), 1992-1993 14.1%(23/163), 1994-1995 26.1% (36/138), 1996-1997 22.5% (39/173), that showed a significant difference (P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Virus infection rate of CNS diseases and FUO showed an a ascending trend, and the different virus types and kinds were isolated in different periods.

[Clinical study on interferon treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]

The efficacy and mechanism of interferon alpha-2a (IFN alpha-2a) were assessed in the treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (cITP). 20 patients with cITP (treatment group) were treated with IFN alpha-2a 3MIU i.m. once a week for 8 weeks; 28 patients with cITP (control group) were treated with prednisone 1 mg/(kg.d) for 4 weeks. Blood platelet counts (BPC), megakaryocyte number, immunnological parameters, percent and absolute counts of reticulated platelets (RPs) and megakaryocyte colony formation units were observed before and after therapy. The results showed that the efficacy of IFN alpha-2a was better than that of corticosteroid, P < 0.05. The RPs% decreased and the platelet-producing megakaryocyte percentage increased from 11.43% to 33.19% significantly after IFN alpha-2a therapy, but there were no significant changes in immunnological parameters. These indicate that IFN alpha-2a is effective in treating cITP, the mechanism may be based on promoting the megakaryocyte development and activating the production of platelets.

Dynamics of cytoplasmic dynein in living cells and the effect of a mutation in the dynactin complex actin-related protein Arp1

Cytoplasmic dynein is a minus-end-directed microtubule motor that participates in multiple cellular activities such as organelle transport and mitotic spindle assembly [1]. To study the dynamic behavior of cytoplasmic dynein in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, we replaced the gene for the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain, nudA, with a gene encoding a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged chimera, GFP-nudA. The GFP-NUDA fusion protein is fully functional in vivo: strains expressing only the GFP-tagged nudA grow as well as wild-type strains. Fluorescence microscopy showed GFP-NUDA to be in comet-like structures that moved in the hyphae toward the growing tip. Retrograde movement of some GFP-NUDA comets after they arrived at the tip was also observed. These dynamics of GFP-NUDA were not observed in cells treated with a microtubule-destabilizing drug, benomyl, suggesting they are microtubule-dependent. The rate of GFP-NUDA tip-ward movement is similar to the rate of cytoplasmic microtubule polymerization toward the hyphal tip, suggesting that GFP-NUDA is associated and moving with the polymerizing ends of microtubules. A mutation in actin-related protein Arp1 of the dynactin complex abolishes the presence of these dynamic GFP-NUDA structures near the hyphal tip, suggesting a targeting role of the dynactin complex.

[Cytomegalovirus infection and the changes of T-lymphocyte subsets in RAU patients]

OBJECTIVE

To study the quantitative changes of the T-lymphocyte subsets in RAU patients with different stages and to know the influences of cytomegalovirus(CMV) on cellular immunity in RAU patients.

METHODS

CD4(helper/inducer) and CD8(suppressor/cytotoxic) cells in the peripheral blood were tested with monoclonally immunocytochemical technique (APAAP method) in 26 ulcerative stage patients and 10 inactive patients.

RESULTS

The percentages of CD4 and CD8 cell were 36.19% and 29.38% respectively in ulcerative stage. The ratio of CD4/CD8 was 1.28 and it was inverted (< 1.0) in 26.92% of the patients. The percentages of CD4, CD8 cells was 39.90% and 34.21% in inactive stage respectively. The ratio of CD4/CD8 was 1.17. The number of CD4 and CD8 cells in ulcerative stage and CD4 cells in inactive stage was significantly lower than the normal values, P < 0.05. The number of CD8 cells in inactive stage was not significantly different compared with the normal value. However the numbers of CD3(total T cells), CD4 and CD8 cells increased to some extent in inactive stage. CD4 cells was significantly lower in 11 human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA positive patients than that in 9 HCMV DNA negative patients (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

A permanent disorder of cellular immunity was an important part of pathogenesis in RAU. CMV infection may be an important factor resulting in the disorder of cellular immunity because of the imbalance of T lymphocyte subsets.