Promoter analysis and tissue expression of the chicken ASB15 gene

1. This study was conducted to explore the promoter region of the chicken ASB15 gene by detecting the activities of the dual luciferase reporter gene and to assess expression profiles of the ASB15 gene in 10 different tissues from Gushi chickens. 2. Five dual luciferase reporter gene vectors were constructed and transfected into DF1 cells. The activities of recombined plasmids were measured and the core promoter was confirmed by bioinformatic analysis. Total RNA was extracted and the relative expression of the ASB15 gene was examined. 3. Data analysis indicated that the promoter was located from -955 to -212 bp. Results showed that the chicken ASB15 gene was expressed in heart, breast muscle and leg muscle. 4. This study has confirmed the promoter region and the expression profile of the chicken ASB15 gene, which provides a foundation for further exploring its transcriptional regulation and function.

Orthogonal design in the optimization of a start codon targeted (SCoT) PCR system in Roegneria kamoji Ohwi

Roegneria kamoji Ohwi is an excellent forage grass due to its high feeding value and high resistance to some biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism has not been conducted on R. kamoji. In this study, an orthogonal L₁₆ (4⁵) design was employed to investigate the effects of five factors (Mg²⁺, dNTPs, Taq DNA polymerase, primer, and template DNA) on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the optimal SCoT-PCR system for R. kamoji. The results showed that the most suitable conditions for SCoT-PCR in R. kamoji included 1.5 mM Mg²⁺, 0.15 mM dNTPs, 1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.4 pM primer, and 40 ng template DNA. SCoT primers 39 and 41 were used to verify the stability of the optimal reaction system, and amplification bands obtained from diverse samples were found to be clear, rich, and stable in polymorphisms, indicating that this reaction system can be used for SCoT-PCR analysis of R. kamoji. We have developed a simple and rapid way to study the mutual effects of factors and to obtain positive results through the use of an orthogonal design L₁₆ (4⁵) to optimize the SCoT-PCR system. This method may provide basic information for molecular marker-assisted breeding and analyses of genetic diversity in R. kamoji.

Polymorphisms of Flanking Region of the ASB15 Gene and Their Associations with Performance Traits in Chicken

Research on the identity of genes and their relationship with traits of economic importance in chickens could assist in the selection of poultry. In this study, an F₂ resource population of Gushi chickens crossed with Anka broilers was used to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the flanking region of the ASB15 gene by DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). One SNP of -1271 C>T in 5' flanking region of the chicken ASB15 gene and two SNPs of the 10618 A>G and 10716 G>A in 3' flanking region were identified. Furthermore, the 10618 A>G and 10716 G>A in 3' flanking region were in complete linkage. Association analysis results showed that -1271 C>T was not associated with performance traits, while the 10618 A>G and 10716 G>A were significantly associated with BW2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, SL12, CD8, CW4, 8, 12, BSL4, 8, 12, and SEW, EW, WW, BMW, LW, CW, SFT. Our results suggest that the ASB15 gene profoundly affects chicken performance traits.

Bio-syncretic tweezers actuated by microorganisms: modeling and analysis

Advancements in micro-/nano-technology have led to the development of micro-manipulators. However, some challenges remain; for instance, the efficiency, precision and flexibility of micro-manipulators restrain their applications. This paper proposes a bio-tweezer system to flexibly manipulate micro-objects with bio-actuation via local light-induced high-concentration microorganisms in two different manipulation modes: light-spot induced mode and geometric shape-induced mode. Depending on the shape of micro-objects, either 2-dimensional translation or 1-dimensional rotation can be achieved. Based on the Langevin equation, a mathematical model considering both hydrodynamics and mimicked Brownian motion is proposed to analyze the bio-manipulation performance of the microorganisms; the model was validated by experiments to translate micro-particles in a two-dimensional plane and to rotate a micro-gear structure around its axis. This paper will aid in the development of micro-manipulators and the quantitative understanding of micro-/nano-manipulation actuated by microorganisms.

State-level estimates of childhood obesity prevalence in the United States corrected for report bias

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

State-specific obesity prevalence data are critical to public health efforts to address the childhood obesity epidemic. However, few states administer objectively measured body mass index (BMI) surveillance programs. This study reports state-specific childhood obesity prevalence by age and sex correcting for parent-reported child height and weight bias.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

As part of the Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost Effectiveness Study (CHOICES), we developed childhood obesity prevalence estimates for states for the period 2005-2010 using data from the 2010 US Census and American Community Survey (ACS), 2003-2004 and 2007-2008 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) (n=133 213), and 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) (n=9377; ages 2-17). Measured height and weight data from NHANES were used to correct parent-report bias in NSCH using a non-parametric statistical matching algorithm. Model estimates were validated against surveillance data from five states (AR, FL, MA, PA and TN) that conduct censuses of children across a range of grades.

RESULTS

Parent-reported height and weight resulted in the largest overestimation of childhood obesity in males ages 2-5 years (NSCH: 42.36% vs NHANES: 11.44%). The CHOICES model estimates for this group (12.81%) and for all age and sex categories were not statistically different from NHANES. Our modeled obesity prevalence aligned closely with measured data from five validation states, with a 0.64 percentage point mean difference (range: 0.23-1.39) and a high correlation coefficient (r=0.96, P=0.009). Estimated state-specific childhood obesity prevalence ranged from 11.0 to 20.4%.

CONCLUSION

Uncorrected estimates of childhood obesity prevalence from NSCH vary widely from measured national data, from a 278% overestimate among males aged 2-5 years to a 44% underestimate among females aged 14-17 years. This study demonstrates the validity of the CHOICES matching methods to correct the bias of parent-reported BMI data and highlights the need for public release of more recent data from the 2011 to 2012 NSCH.

[Effects of 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione on neurotransmitter contents of brain in mice administered with cocaine]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the possible reversal effects of 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione (DPPD) for cocaine-induced content changes of neurotransmitters of brain in mice.

METHODS

In this study, 36 healthy ICR male mice were randomly divided into control group, cocaine group, three DPPD pretreatment groups (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) and DPPD alone group (800 mg/kg). The mice in control group were administered intragastrically with 1% Tween 80 for 3 d, and the mice in cocaine group were administered intragastrically with 1% Tween 80 for 2 d before cocaine was injected subcutaneously on the 3rd day. The mice in the three DPPD pretreatment groups were administered intragastrically (DPPD 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) for 3 d before cocaine was injected subcutaneously 30 min after the administration on the 3rd day. The mice in DPPD alone group were administered intragastrically with DPPD at dose of 800 mg/kg for 3 d. The mice were sacrificed 20 minutes after cocaine injection. The contents of dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT) in the mice brain were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detector, the contents of glutamic acid (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the mice brain were determined by HPLC-ultraviolet detector, and the neurotransmitter levels were compared between the groups.

RESULTS

The results showed that as compared with the control group, DA and GABA contents in cocaine group increased significantly (P<0.01 and P<0.05), while Glu content decreased (P<0.05). As compared with cocaine group, the DA levels in the three DPPD pretreatment groups (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) all decreased significantly (P<0.01). In DPPD 200 mg/kg pre-administration group, GABA content decreased (P<0.05), and the contents of the four kinds of neurotransmitters had no statistical differences with those of the control group.

CONCLUSION

DPPD may have potential reversal effects of the content changes of neurotransmitters in mice brain induced by cocaine at a lower dose.

The Fusarium toxin zearalenone and deoxynivalenol affect murine splenic antioxidant functions, interferon levels, and T-cell subsets

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Fusarium toxin zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) on splenic antioxidant functions, IFN levels, and T-cell subsets in mice. Herein, 360 mice were assigned to nine groups for a 12-day study. Mice were administered an intraperitoneal injection for 4 consecutive days with different concentrations of ZEA alone, DON alone, or ZEA+DON. Spleen and blood samples were collected on days 0, 3, 5, 8, and 12. Mice in each of the experimental groups showed dysreglated splenic antioxidant functions, IFN levels, and T-cell subset frequencies, suggesting that the immune system had been affected. The ZEA+DON-treated groups, especially the group that received a higher concentration of ZEA+DON (Group D2Z2), showed more obvious effects on the dysregulation of splenic antioxidant functions, IFN levels, and T-cell subsets. This finding suggested that DON and ZEA exerted synergistic effects.

Effect of gene polymorphims on the warfarin treatment at initial stage

The adverse reactions of warfarin that were found mainly occurred in the first month. This study was carried out to observe the effect of gene polymorphisms on the warfarin therapy at the initial stage. Four-hundred and sixty Chinese patients began warfarin treatment with daily 2.5 mg after heart valve replacement operations were enrolled. The daily international normalized ratio (INR) for anticoagulation were recorded till the seventh day. Blood samples were collected and used to detect genotypes for VKORC1 rs7294, CYP2C9 rs1057910, CYP4F2 rs2108622 and ORM1 rs17650. INR and their changes were compared among genotypes. INR was partially correlated with the VKORC1 rs7294, CYP2C9 rs1057910, CYP4F2 rs2108622 and ORM1 rs17650 polymorphisms from the third, fourth and sixth day on, respectively. VKORC1 rs7294 and CYP4F2 rs2108622 carriers responded lower than the wild genotype, whereas CYP2C9 rs1057910 and ORM1 rs17650 carriers responded higher, respectively. Fifty percent of AA/*1*3/CC/*S*S patients and 16% of AA/*1*1/CC/*S*S patients were over anticoagulation treated with INR >4.0 at the third day. Ninety percent of VKORC1 rs7294 carrier patients have INR <1.63, a mark of the 25% of lower responders of the wild genotype. Our study provided another kind of evidence that VKORC1 rs7294, CYP2C9 rs1057910, CYP4F2 rs2108622 and ORM1 rs17650 affected the action of warfarin in different styles. Patients with AA/*1*1/CC/*S*S, AA/*1*3/CC/*S*S should use a less initial dosage to avoid over anticoagulation, and patients with VKORC1 rs7294 should use larger initial dose to proof an effective therapy.

Uric acid promotes chemokine and adhesion molecule production in vascular endothelium via nuclear factor-kappa B signaling

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Hyperuricemia is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis, yet the potential mechanisms are not well understood. Migration and adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells play key roles in initiation and development of atherosclerosis. We investigated monocyte-endothelial cell interactions and potential signaling pathways under uric acid (UA)-stimulated conditions.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and exposed to different concentrations of UA for various periods. Experimental hyperuricemia rat models were established. Expression of chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were evaluated. Monocyte-endothelial cell interactions were elucidated by chemotaxis and adhesion assays, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was studied using fluorescent microscopy and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results showed that high concentration of UA stimulated generation of chemokines and adhesion molecules in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Migration and adhesion of human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 cells to HUVECs were promoted and activated NF-κB was significantly increased. UA-induced responses were ameliorated by organic anion transporter inhibitor probenecid and NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082. It was also observed that human endothelial cells expressed urate transporter-1, which was not regulated by UA.

CONCLUSION

High concentration of UA exerts unfavorable effects directly on vascular endothelium via the NF-κB signaling pathway, the process of which requires intracellular uptake of UA.

Bone-cartilage interface crosstalk in osteoarthritis: potential pathways and future therapeutic strategies

Currently, osteoarthritis (OA) is considered a disease of the entire joint, which is not simply a process of wear and tear but rather abnormal remodelling and joint failure of an organ. The bone-cartilage interface is therefore a functioning synergistic unit, with a close physical association between subchondral bone and cartilage suggesting the existence of biochemical and molecular crosstalk across the OA interface. The crosstalk at the bone-cartilage interface may be elevated in OA in vivo and in vitro. Increased vascularisation and formation of microcracks associated with abnormal bone remodelling in joints during OA facilitate molecular transport from cartilage to bone and vice versa. Recent reports suggest that several critical signalling pathways and biological factors are key regulators and activate cellular and molecular processes in crosstalk among joint compartments. Therapeutic interventions including angiogenesis inhibitors, agonists/antagonists of molecules and drugs targeting bone remodelling are potential candidates for this interaction. This review summarised the premise for the presence of crosstalk in bone-cartilage interface as well as the current knowledge of the major signalling pathways and molecular interactions that regulate OA progression. A better understanding of crosstalk in bone-cartilage interface may lead to development of more effective strategies for treating OA patients.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel CBL-interacting protein kinase NtCIPK2 in the halophyte Nitraria tangutorum

CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) mediate many plant responses to abiotic stress. However, their functions are poorly understood in halophytes. In this study, we isolated a CIPK gene, NtCIPK2, from the halophyte Nitraria tangutorum. By sequence alignment and the construction of a phylogenetic tree, we found that NtCIPK2 is similar to CIPK2 proteins from other plants, and contains conserved domains and motifs. The promoter of NtCIPK2 harbors many cis-acting elements that might be recognized and bound by transcription factors that are related to hormones and stress responses. NtCIPK2 was ubiquitously and robustly expressed in all tested organs, and was induced by salinity, drought, heat, and cold stress. The overexpression of NtCIPK2 in Escherichia coli caused better growth against high salinity, alkalinity, and osmotic conditions, dehydration, and extreme temperatures (i.e., heat and cold) compared to the control. Thus, NtCIPK2 is a candidate gene that might improve the stress tolerance of crops and herbs through genetic manipulation.

Aberrant promoter methylation of the CD4 gene in peripheral blood cells of mastitic dairy cows

Bovine mastitis is the most common and costly disease of dairy cattle. Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is closely related to the immune response in mastitis. We quantified promoter CpG methylation levels of the CD4 gene in Chinese Holsteins with clinical mastitis (CM) and in healthy controls; these levels were quantitatively detected with bisulfite pyrosequencing assays and confirmed by cloning sequencing. We found that the bovine CD4 promoter had 16% more methyl groups in the cows with CM (75.0 ± 5.8%) compared to the controls (59.0 ± 8.5%). The decreased expression level of CD4 in CM cows may be downregulated by the increased DNA methylation levels in the CD4 promoter. Two-dimensional hierarchical clustering analyses showed large differences in promoter CD4 methylation between mastitic and healthy cows; the dendrogram clearly distinguished the cows with clinical mastitis from healthy controls based on methylation levels. The DNA methylation level of the CD4 gene was strongly influenced by mastitis status in all comparisons. We suggest that the DNA methylation level of the CD4 promoter can be used as a molecular marker for clinical mastitis in dairy cows.

Abstract S5-8: Parallel upregulation of Bcl2 and estrogen receptor (ER) expression in HER2+ breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant lapatinib

Background: We previously showed in HER2+ models of breast cancer (BC) that potent inhibition of the HER receptor layer can lead to re-expression of estrogen receptor (ER) or activation of the ER pathway. Consequently, the anti-apoptotic ER gene product Bcl2 is upregulated, resulting in enhanced tumor cell survival and treatment resistance. In this study, we investigated whether Bcl2 and ER expression levels are simultaneously increased by neoadjuvant treatment with the dual HER1/2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib in HER2+ BC patients.

Methods: In a neoadjuvant phase II clinical trial 49 HER2+ BC patients were treated with lapatinib as a single agent for 6 weeks, followed by trastuzumab/docetaxel for 12 weeks before surgery. Tumor specimens were prospectively collected at different time-points during lapatinib treatment (baseline, and weeks 2 and 4). Bcl2, ER, progesterone receptor (PR), total (t) and phosphorylated (p)-HER2, and Ki67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Spearman correlation was used to evaluate the association among the biomarkers at baseline, and the correlation of their changes over time. Fisher's Exact test and non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test were used respectively to determine if the frequency and the magnitude of Bcl2 expression changes were associated with baseline ER status.

Results: 35/49 HER2+ tumor specimens (71%) were available for baseline evaluation of Bcl2 and ER. Of those, 12 (34%) were ER-positive (Allred score ≥ 3) and 23 (66%) ER-negative. Baseline Bcl2 expression correlated positively with ER (r = .75; p &lt; .0001) and PR (r = .53; p = .0015), and inversely with t-HER2 (r = −.43; p = .0097). ER baseline expression correlated positively with PR (r = .57; p = .0004), and inversely with t and p-HER2 (r = −.55; p = .0005, and r = −.37; p = .0282, respectively) and Ki67 (r = −.39; p = .0271). Bcl2 changes at week 2 (w2) positively correlated with changes in both ER and PR levels (r = .70; p = .0002 and r = .57; p = .0076, respectively). Additionally, the increase in Bcl2 expression, observed in 9 of the 23 (39%) tumors with tissue available at w2, was significantly more frequent (p = .0147) and of greater magnitude (p = .0001) in ER-pos vs. ER-neg tumors — 8/9 ER-pos tumors at w2 (including 3 converted from ER-neg by lapatinib) had increased Bcl2, while only 1 of the 14 (7%) ER-neg tumors (at baseline and w2) had increased Bcl2. The expression of ER itself at w2 also increased in 3 out of the 6 (50%) tumors which were originally ER-pos and had tissue available at w2, and in all of them Bcl2 increased in parallel. Of note, the single baseline ER-pos tumor that showed a reduction in ER at w2 had a parallel decrease in Bcl2. Similar observations or trends were found at week 4.

Conclusion: Our study suggests that Bcl2 is upregulated as a result of enhanced/restored ER activity upon anti-HER2 therapy with lapatinib in HER2+ tumors. This further supports the use of endocrine along with anti-HER-2 therapy to block this escape pathway which could otherwise cause treatment resistance. In addition, the ER re-expression with lapatinib treatment observed in this study emphasizes the need to re-biopsy HER2+/ER− patients receiving anti-HER2 therapy and to add endocrine therapy if the tumor becomes ER-positive.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr S5-8.

WITHDRAWN: Bioaugmentation strategies to improve cellulolytic and hydrogen-producing characteristics of CSTR intermittent fed with vegetable kitchen waste and napiergrass

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Effects of zearalenone on calcium homeostasis of splenic lymphocytes of chickens in vitro

Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic mycotoxin. It is produced by several Fusarium species and can contaminate food and feed. To investigate the role of calcium homeostasis in ZEA-induced toxicity of poultry and elucidate its cytotoxic mechanism, splenic lymphocytes isolated from chickens were exposed to ZEA (0-25 μg/mL) for 48 h. The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), pH, calmodulin (CaM) mRNA levels, and Na+/K+-ATPase activities and Ca2+-ATPase activities were detected by the fluorescent dyes Fluo-3/AM and BCECF/AM, quantitative real-time PCR, and chromatometry. Supernatant CaM concentrations were simultaneously detected by ELISA. As the ZEA exposure concentration increased, the [Ca2+]i and CaM mRNA levels gradually increased, while intracellular pH, CaM concentrations of supernatants, and intracellular Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities gradually decreased in a dose-dependent manner. There were significant differences (P<0.05 or P<0.01) between the treatment groups and the control group. These results indicate that ZEA cytotoxicity arises by causing an imbalance in calcium homeostasis and intracellular acidification in lymphocytes.

Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms of the bovine methyltransferase 3b gene and their association with meat quality traits in beef cattle

DNA methylation is essential for adipose deposition in mammals. We screened SNPs of the bovine DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) gene in Snow Dragon beef, a commercial beef cattle population in China. Nine SNPs were found in the population and three of six novel SNPs were chosen for genotyping and analyzing a possible association with 16 meat quality traits. The frequencies of the alleles and genotypes of the three SNPs in Snow Dragon beef were similar to those in their terminal-paternal breed, Wagyu. Association analysis disclosed that SNP1 was not associated with any of the traits; SNP2 was significantly associated with lean meat color score and chuck short rib score, and SNP3 had a significant effect on dressing percentage and back-fat thickness in the beef population. The individuals with genotype GG for SNP2 had a 25.7% increase in lean meat color score and a 146% increase in chuck short rib score, compared with genotype AA. The cattle with genotype AG for SNP3 had 35.7 and 24% increases in dressing percentage and 28.8 and 29.2% increases in back-fat thickness, compared with genotypes GG and AA, respectively. Genotypic combination analysis revealed significant interactions between SNP1 and SNP2 and between SNP2 and SNP3 for the traits rib-eye area and live weight. We conclude that there is considerable evidence that DNMT3b is a determiner of beef quality traits.

Three-dimensional chemical imaging of embedded nanoparticles using atom probe tomography

Analysis of nanoparticles is often challenging especially when they are embedded in a matrix. Hence, we have used laser-assisted atom probe tomography (APT) to analyze the Au nanoclusters synthesized in situ using ion-beam implantation in a single crystal MgO matrix. APT analysis along with scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) indicated that the nanoparticles have an average size ~8-12 nm. While it is difficult to analyze the composition of individual nanoparticles using STEM, APT analysis can give three-dimensional compositions of the same. It was shown that the maximum Au concentration in the nanoparticles increases with increasing particle size, with a maximum Au concentration of up to 50%.

Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials

BACKGROUND

Moderate differences in efficacy between adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer are plausible, and could affect treatment choices. We sought any such differences.

METHODS

We undertook individual-patient-data meta-analyses of the randomised trials comparing: any taxane-plus-anthracycline-based regimen versus the same, or more, non-taxane chemotherapy (n=44,000); one anthracycline-based regimen versus another (n=7000) or versus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF; n=18,000); and polychemotherapy versus no chemotherapy (n=32,000). The scheduled dosages of these three drugs and of the anthracyclines doxorubicin (A) and epirubicin (E) were used to define standard CMF, standard 4AC, and CAF and CEF. Log-rank breast cancer mortality rate ratios (RRs) are reported.

FINDINGS

In trials adding four separate cycles of a taxane to a fixed anthracycline-based control regimen, extending treatment duration, breast cancer mortality was reduced (RR 0·86, SE 0·04, two-sided significance [2p]=0·0005). In trials with four such extra cycles of a taxane counterbalanced in controls by extra cycles of other cytotoxic drugs, roughly doubling non-taxane dosage, there was no significant difference (RR 0·94, SE 0·06, 2p=0·33). Trials with CMF-treated controls showed that standard 4AC and standard CMF were equivalent (RR 0·98, SE 0·05, 2p=0·67), but that anthracycline-based regimens with substantially higher cumulative dosage than standard 4AC (eg, CAF or CEF) were superior to standard CMF (RR 0·78, SE 0·06, 2p=0·0004). Trials versus no chemotherapy also suggested greater mortality reductions with CAF (RR 0·64, SE 0·09, 2p<0·0001) than with standard 4AC (RR 0·78, SE 0·09, 2p=0·01) or standard CMF (RR 0·76, SE 0·05, 2p<0·0001). In all meta-analyses involving taxane-based or anthracycline-based regimens, proportional risk reductions were little affected by age, nodal status, tumour diameter or differentiation (moderate or poor; few were well differentiated), oestrogen receptor status, or tamoxifen use. Hence, largely independently of age (up to at least 70 years) or the tumour characteristics currently available to us for the patients selected to be in these trials, some taxane-plus-anthracycline-based or higher-cumulative-dosage anthracycline-based regimens (not requiring stem cells) reduced breast cancer mortality by, on average, about one-third. 10-year overall mortality differences paralleled breast cancer mortality differences, despite taxane, anthracycline, and other toxicities.

INTERPRETATION

10-year gains from a one-third breast cancer mortality reduction depend on absolute risks without chemotherapy (which, for oestrogen-receptor-positive disease, are the risks remaining with appropriate endocrine therapy). Low absolute risk implies low absolute benefit, but information was lacking about tumour gene expression markers or quantitative immunohistochemistry that might help to predict risk, chemosensitivity, or both.

FUNDING

Cancer Research UK; British Heart Foundation; UK Medical Research Council.

A dynamic ventilation model for gravity sewer networks

To implement any effective odour and corrosion control technology in the sewer network, it is imperative that the airflow through gravity sewer airspaces be quantified. This paper presents a full dynamic airflow model for gravity sewer systems. The model, which is developed using the finite element method, is a compressible air transport model. The model has been applied to the North Head Sewerage Ocean Outfall System (NSOOS) and calibrated using the air pressure and airflow data collected during October 2008. Although the calibration is focused on forced ventilation, the model can be applied to natural ventilation as well.

Simulation models of obesity: a review of the literature and implications for research and policy

Simulation models (SMs) combine information from a variety of sources to provide a useful tool for examining how the effects of obesity unfold over time and impact population health. SMs can aid in the understanding of the complex interaction of the drivers of diet and activity and their relation to health outcomes. As emphasized in a recently released report of the Institute or Medicine, SMs can be especially useful for considering the potential impact of an array of policies that will be required to tackle the obesity problem. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of existing SMs for obesity. First, a background section introduces the different types of models, explains how models are constructed, shows the utility of SMs and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. Using these typologies, we then briefly review extant obesity SMs. We categorize these models according to their focus: health and economic outcomes, trends in obesity as a function of past trends, physiologically based behavioural models, environmental contributors to obesity and policy interventions. Finally, we suggest directions for future research.