56 EFFECTS OF PHYLOGENIC GENERA OF RECIPIENT CYTOPLASTS ON DEVELOPMENT AND VIABILITY OF CANADA LYNX (LYNX CANADENSIS) CLONED EMBRYOS

Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis; CL) once occupied 16 states in the Unites States of America, but small populations remain in only 3 states. Interspecies-somatic cell nuclear transfer (Is-SCNT) offers the possibility of preventing their extinction; however, developmental constraints on Is-SCNT embryos are proportional to the phylogenetic distance between the donor cell and the recipient oocyte. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy may be involved in nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibilities, thus inhibiting development of cloned embryos at the time of genomic activation. Minimizing the phylogenetic distance between the donor cell and recipient oocyte may enhance development of clone embryos. Caracal (Caracal caracal) may be suitable as an oocyte donor for SCNT and a recipient of CL cloned embryos because caracals hybridize with other felid species and share physical characteristics with the lynx family, marked by being previously classified in the lynx genera and having similar gestational length. To ensure compatibilities between the donor nuclei of the CL and the mitochondria of recipient oocytes, we (1) compared in vitro development of CL cloned embryos reconstructed with domestic cat (Felis catus; DSH) or caracal cytoplasts, (2) examined the mtDNA genotypes in CL cloned embryos, and (3) evaluated in vivo developmental competence of CL cloned embryos after transfer into caracal recipients. A total of 160 and 217 preovulatory oocytes were collected by laparoscopy from gonadotropin-treated caracals (n = 8) and DSH (n = 10) and used as recipient cytoplasts for reconstructing CL embryos. Results indicated that the phylogenetic genera of recipient cytoplasts did not affect embryo cleavage at Day 2 (caracal 50/55, 91% v. DSH 63/65, 97%), but development of CL cloned embryos to the blastocyst stage was higher when caracal oocytes were used as recipient cytoplasts (15/50; 30%) than with DSH cytoplasts (9/63, 14%; P < 0.05). The extent of mtDNA homoplasmy or heteroplasmy in CL cloned embryos was calculated by the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) derived from the DSH or caracal oocyte donors and from the somatic cell donor CL. DNA was isolated from 25 and 35 CL cloned embryos reconstructed with caracal or DSH cytoplasts, respectively. All amplified products after PCR were sequenced and SNP analyzed. All CL embryos reconstructed with DSH cytoplasts were homoplasmic, carrying mtDNA only from the DSH oocyte donor (n = 35; SNP DSH = 2-6). Embryos reconstructed with caracal cytoplasts were homoplasmic for CL mtDNA (n = 9; SNPCL = 10-12) or heteroplasmic (caracal × CL, n = 17; SNPCL = 7-9; SNP caracal = 2-3). A total of 69 (mean = 34.5 ± 4.9 per caracal) and 70 (mean = 35.0 ± 9.8 per caracal) CL cloned embryos reconstructed with caracal and DSH cytoplasts, respectively, were transferred into 4 caracal recipients; however, no pregnancies were established. In summary, Is-SCNT between 2 phylogenetically closer species favors retention of the donor’s mitochondria, which might lead to a better nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction for reprogramming of donor nucleus.

Azimuthal charged-particle correlations and possible local strong parity violation

Parity-odd domains, corresponding to nontrivial topological solutions of the QCD vacuum, might be created during relativistic heavy-ion collisions. These domains are predicted to lead to charge separation of quarks along the system's orbital momentum axis. We investigate a three-particle azimuthal correlator which is a P even observable, but directly sensitive to the charge separation effect. We report measurements of charged hadrons near center-of-mass rapidity with this observable in Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions at square root of s(NN) = 200 GeV using the STAR detector. A signal consistent with several expectations from the theory is detected. We discuss possible contributions from other effects that are not related to parity violation.

Breast-Conserving Surgery Is Preferred Though Not Commonly Performed in an Urban Region of China

Introduction: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) followed by radiation therapy has proven to be as effective as modified radical mastectomy, and has, therefore, been considered as the standard treatment for patients with localized breast cancer in Western societies. However, performance of BCS for the treatment of breast cancer in China is not as common as in Western countries. This study was to evaluate healthy women's attitudes towards BCS in an urban region of China.Method: Between February and March 2009, three hundred and fifty healthy women from three urban suburbs of Taiyuan city in Northern China were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Participants' characteristics, including age, education, occupation, and attitudes towards breast cancer treatment options and involvement of treatment decisions, were collected and analyzed.Results: Three hundred and fifteen women returned the questionnaire. The response rate was 90%. The median age of the participants was 31.2 years old (range: 16 – 69 years old). Among them, 49.2% were married, 27.9% had received high levels of education, and 87.3%, 95.2% and 71.4% would like to know the disease status, to involve making treatment decisions, and to accept BCS, respectively, if they were diagnosed with breast cancer. Women aged above 45 years were more likely to choose BCS compared with those less than 45 years old (73.4% vs 61.5%, P = 0.08). There was no association between choices of surgical approaches and levels of education or occupation. As for breast cancer treatment information sources, 76.8% of the participants mentioned oncologists, followed by the internet (12.1%), friends, and media (10.8%). Almost all responders (93.3%) would like to attend hospitals specialized in cancer treatment if breast lumps were detected.Conclusion: Although only 7.1% of breast cancer patients attending a specialized tumor hospital in Taiyuan city underwent BCS, the current study indicate that most women in Northern China would prefer BCS to mastectomy if they were diagnosed with breast cancer. Therefore, further occupational training is warranted for oncologists in China so that optimal treatments for patients with breast cancer can be carried out.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6077.

The Developing Nature of Menstrual and Reproductive Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Risk among Women in an Urban Region of China

Introduction: The incidence rate of female breast cancer has increased rapidly over the past 20 years in China. It has become the leading cause of newly diagnosed cancer and a major cause of mortality among women in some large Chinese cities with higher socio-economic status. This was partly explained by the change of lifestyle and reproductive risk factors. However, little data exists on the extent to which the menstrual and reproductive factors with breast cancer risk have changed in other less developed Chinese cities.Method: One cross sectional study was conducted in urban region of Taiyuan of China from September 2008 to March 2009. One thousand and five hundreds healthy women were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Participants' characteristics, including age, education, occupation, weight, height, age at menarche, age at first birth, parity, duration of breastfeeding, and age at menopause were collected and analyzed. Study subjects were divided into six groups: younger than or equal to 20, 21 to 30, 31 to 40, 41 to 50, 51 to 60 and older than 60 years old.Results: One thousand four hundreds and twenty eight women returned the questionnaire. The response rate was 95.2%. Median age of women in this study was 39 years old (range: 16 – 86 years old). There was a 4.8cm difference in the mean height between women born in 1990s and 1940s. The average age at menarche dropped from 16 years for women aged above 60 to 14.3 years for those younger than 20 years old. The average birth rate markedly decreased from 4.4 births per woman in the 1960s to 1.1 births per woman in the 1990s. The mean age at first birth increased 5.6 years through the period from the 1940s to 1980s. The breastfeeding time significantly reduced from 20.3 months to 3.6 months over 40 years.Conclusion: This study indicates that there has been significant change in the menstrual and reproductive factors associated with breast cancer risk in the last 40 years. These changes will certainly influence the incidence rate of breast cancer in the local city. Therefore, measures are needed to enhance the awareness of breast cancer and its early-detection methods among the urban region women in China.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6068.

Clinical Applications and Acute Hepatotoxicity of Intravenous Amiodarone

This cross-sectional, retrospective study was designed to evaluate the current clinical applications and acute hepatotoxicity of intravenous amiodarone administration at a hospital in China. Clinical data were collected from 1214 patients receiving intravenous amiodarone treatment between October 2003 and September 2005. Baseline patient characteristics, drug indications, administration records and acute hepatotoxicity associated with the drug were examined. Amiodarone was used primarily in arrhythmic patients with obvious cardiac dysfunction. Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmia were the two most commonly treated dysfunctions. Incorrect indications and administration methods were also noted. Hepatotoxicity occurred in 12.6% of the patients, but was mild in most cases. Males showed a higher incidence of hepatotoxicity than females. The use of amiodarone was considered to be reasonable and standardized, but there was still considerable room for improvement, particularly in the standardization of administration guidelines. Intravenous amiodarone can cause hepatotoxicity and hepatic function tests should be performed soon after giving amiodarone intravenously.

Wet explosion of wheat straw and codigestion with swine manure: effect on the methane productivity

The continuously increasing demand for renewable energy sources renders anaerobic digestion to one of the most promising technologies for renewable energy production. Twenty-two (22) large-scale biogas plants are currently under operation in Denmark. Most of these plants use manure as the primary feedstock but their economical profitable operation relies on the addition of other biomass products with a high biogas yield. Wheat straw is the major crop residue in Europe and the second largest agricultural residue in the world. So far it has been used in several applications, i.e. pulp and paper making, production of regenerated cellulose fibers as an alternative to wood for cellulose-based materials and ethanol production. The advantage of exploiting wheat straw for various applications is that it is available in considerable quantity and at low-cost. In the present study, the codigestion of swine manure with wheat straw in a continuous operated system was investigated, as a method to increase the efficiency of biogas plants that are based on anaerobic digestion of swine manure. Also, the pretreatment of wheat straw with the wet explosion method was studied and the efficiency of the wet explosion process was evaluated based on (a) the sugars release and (b) the methane potential of the pretreated wheat straw compared to that of the raw biomass. It was found that, although a high release of soluble sugars was observed after wet explosion, the methane obtained from the wet-exploded wheat straw was slightly lower compared to that from the raw biomas s. On the other hand, the results from the codigestion of raw (non-pretreated) wheat straw with swine manure were very promising, suggesting that 4.6 kg of straw added to 1t of manure increase the methane production by 10%. Thus, wheat straw can be considered as a promising, low-cost biomass for increasing the methane productivity of biogas plants that are based mainly on swine manure.

Specific and sensitive detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in soil with quantitative, real-time PCR assays

AIMS

The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and an effective method suitable for large-scale detection and quantification of Ralstonia solanacearum in soil.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Based on the specific sequence of R. solanacearum strain G1000, the primer pair R.sol1-R.sol2 and the TaqMan probe Rs-pro were designed, and specific and sensitive PCR detection methods were successfully established. The detection limit was 100 fg microl(-1) DNA in conventional PCR and 1.2 fg microl(-1) in real-time PCR. By combining real-time PCR with the modified protocols to extract DNA from soil, it was possible to achieve real-time detection of R. solanacearum in soil, and the degree of sensitivity was 100 fg microl(-1). To detect inhibition in soil samples, an exogenous internal positive control (IPC) was included preventing false negative results, and IPC was successfully amplified from all samples tested. The methodology developed was used to detect the presence of R. solanacearum in tobacco fields in China.

CONCLUSIONS

The real-time PCR combined with the protocol to extract DNA from soil led to the development of a specific, sensitive and rapid detection method for R. solanacearum in soil.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The real-time PCR improves the detection sensitivity and specificity and provides an important tool for routine detection of R. solanacearum in soil samples and for epidemiological and ecological studies.

Growth of long range forward-backward multiplicity correlations with centrality in Au + Au collisions at square root of sNN = 200 GeV

Forward-backward multiplicity correlation strengths have been measured with the STAR detector for Au + Au and p + p collisions at square root of s(NN) = 200 GeV. Strong short- and long-range correlations (LRC) are seen in central Au + Au collisions. The magnitude of these correlations decrease with decreasing centrality until only short-range correlations are observed in peripheral Au + Au collisions. Both the dual parton model (DPM) and the color glass condensate (CGC) predict the existence of the long-range correlations. In the DPM, the fluctuation in the number of elementary (parton) inelastic collisions produces the LRC. In the CGC, longitudinal color flux tubes generate the LRC. The data are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the DPM and indicate the presence of multiple parton interactions.

Search for axions with the CDMS experiment

We report on the first axion search results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment at the Soudan Underground Laboratory. An energy threshold of 2 keV for electron-recoil events allows a search for possible solar axion conversion into photons or local galactic axion conversion into electrons in the germanium crystal detectors. The solar axion search sets an upper limit on the Primakov coupling g(agammagamma) of 2.4x10(-9) GeV-1 at the 95% confidence level for an axion mass less than 0.1 keV/c2. This limit benefits from the first precise measurement of the absolute crystal plane orientations in this type of experiment. The galactic axion search analysis sets a world-leading experimental upper limit on the axioelectric coupling g(aee) of 1.4x10(-12) at the 90% confidence level for an axion mass of 2.5 keV/c2.

Effect of sodium tanshinone II A sulfonate on the activity of CYP1A2 in healthy volunteers

Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) is a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone IIA, a famous Chinese medicine which has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders for many years. Using caffeine as a probe drug, this project was designed to investigate the effect of STS on the activity of CYP1A2 in humans. Sixteen unrelated healthy volunteers were recruited for this two-phase, randomized and crossover study. The volunteers received either placebo or 60 mg day(-1) of STS injections through vein for 13 days. Pharmacokinetics of caffeine and the metabolite paraxanthine was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. CYP1A2 activity was monitored by the ratio of paraxanthine to caffeine at 6 h in plasma. Enzyme activity analysis showed that STS significantly increased the activity of CYP1A2 by 41.1% [90% confidence interval (CI), 17.4-64.8%] (p = 0.036). The area under the curve [AUC((0-24h))] of caffeine significantly decreased by 13.3% [90% CI = 7.0-19.6%] (p = 0.005) with 13 days of treatment of STS. AUC((0-24h)) of paraxanthine significantly increased by 17.4% [90% CI = 4.3-30.5%] (p = 0.035). No significant difference was found for other parameters of caffeine and paraxanthine between two phases. STS has significantly induced the activity of CYP1A2 in vivo. Simultaneously, AUC((0-24h)) of caffeine and paraxanthine were significantly affected by STS. The findings have provided some useful information for safe and effective usage of STS in clinic.

A new cell culture system for infection with hepatitis B virus that fuses HepG2 cells with primary human hepatocytes

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection exhibits a very narrow host range and shows a strong tropism for liver parenchymal cells, however none of the previously established experimental models can reproduce the natural process of HBV infection. In the present study, primary human hepatocytes were fused with HepG2 cells to establish the hybrid HepCHLine-4 cell line with high susceptibility to HBV. The HepCHLine-4 cells expressed HBV-specific antigen when co-incubated with HBV-positive serum from a hepatitis B patient. Post-infection, HBV relaxed circular DNA and covalently closed circular DNA were detected in HepCHLine-4 cells using a nested polymerase chain reaction, and HBV-specific particles were visualized by electron microscopy of the culture media of HepCHLine-4 cells. HepG2 cells were not susceptible to HBV infection under the same conditions. The HepCHLine-4 cells can be sub-cultured for > 12 months while maintaining susceptibility to HBV and may, therefore, be useful for studying HBV infection and the viral life cycle in human hepatocytes.