Structures of the carbohydrate moieties of secretory component purified from human milk

Secretory component purified from human milk contains four asparagine-linked sugar chains in one molecule. The sugar chains were released from the polypeptide portion of secretory component by hydrazinolysis as oligosaccharides and fractionated by paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. The sugar chains of secretory component show an extraordinarily high multiplicity. By sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with methylation analysis, more than 40 structurally different sugar chains were found. They were all of biantennary complex type with either Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNac beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc or Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc as their core portions and the multiplicity is produced by variety of the two outer chain moieties. The structures of outer chains found are GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, +/- NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, GL beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3 Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, and NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2.

Comparative studies on the structures of the carbohydrate moieties of human fibrinogen and abnormal fibrinogen Nagoya

Human fibrinogen contains four asparagine-linked sugar chains in one molecule. All B beta and gamma subunits obtained from both normal fibrinogen and abnormal fibrinogen Nagoya contain 1 mol each of an asparagine-linked sugar chain. The sugar chains were quantitatively liberated as radioactive oligosaccharides from the polypeptide portion by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4 reduction. By the combination of sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis, the structures of the sugar chains of human fibrinogen were elucidated to be NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNac beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc and Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc. Neither quantitative nor qualitative differences were found between the sugar chain moieties of normal fibrinogen and fibrinogen Nagoya, indicating that the molecular basis of the abnormality in the latter may reside in its polypeptide moieties.

Studies on the structures of the carbohydrate moiety of human prothrombin

Human prothrombin contains three asparagine-linked sugar chains in one molecule. The sugar chains were quantitatively liberated as radioactive oligosaccharides from the polypeptide moiety by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and Nab3H4 reduction. All of the oligosaccharides contain N-acetylneuraminic acid. The neutral oligosaccharides obtained from all acidic oligosaccharides by sialidase digestion are identical. By the combination of sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis, the structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human prothrombin were confirmed to be as follows: (sequence in text).

The mechanism of specific suppression in effector T cell clones against tumor-associated transplantation antigens

The present study investigates the fate of effector T cell population against tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) of X5563 plasmacytoma in syngeneic mice rendered specifically unresponsive to the TATA. In this tumor system T cell-mediated tumor-specific immunity was induced by intradermal inoculation of viable tumor cells followed by the surgical resection of the tumor (immunization procedure). The intravenous (iv) presensitization of syngeneic hosts with X-irradiated tumor cells abolished the capability of those hosts to develop the tumor-specific immunity after the above appropriate immunization procedure. Spleen cells from the pretreated mice which subsequently received the immunization procedure could not regain the tumor-neutralizing activity after enzymatic treatment with papain. Moreover, lymphoid cells from the pretreated mice could not be stimulated by the immunization procedure even after proteolytic treatment with papain or trypsin, followed by transfer into other recipient mice free of the serum suppressive factor(s). On the other hand, such enzyme treatment was capable of preventing the tolerance induction of dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells after in vitro pulsing with DNP-D-GL (copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine) for 2 hr, suggesting that the enzymatic treatment used here was adequate to remove the blocked receptor and any tolerogen. These results suggest that in X5563 plasmacytoma system, the above specific unresponsiveness induced by the iv presensitization with TATA is due to the irreversible inhibition or deletion of effector T cell clones rather than mere effector cell blockade.

Comparative study of the carbohydrate moieties of rat and human plasma alpha 1-acid glycoproteins

Rat and human alpha 1-acid glycoproteins contain 5 and 6 acidic asparagine-linked sugar chains in 1 molecule, respectively. The structures of these sugar chains were studied by sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with methylation analysis after being released from the polypeptide back bone by hydrazinolysis. All oligosaccharides obtained from both glycoproteins contain N-acetylneuraminic acid. Sialidase digestion of the acidic oligosaccharides from rat sample released three biantennary complex type sugar chains and three triantennary complex type sugar chains, the outer chains of which are composed of Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc and/or Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc. In the original acidic oligosaccharides, sialic acids occur as three type linkages: NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal, and Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc. In addition to the five sugar chains reported by Fournet, B., Montreuil, J., Strecker, G., Dorland, L., Haverkamp, J., Vilegenthart, J. F. G., Binette, J. P., and Schmid, K. ((1978) Biochemistry 17, 5206-5214), the structures of three new sugar chains of human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein were elucidated.

Detection of the dominant expression of the TEPC-15 idiotypic determinant(s) on phosphorylcholine-specific suppressor T lymphocytes in vitro

Phosphorylcholine-(PC) specific suppressor T lymphocytes, induced by immunization with PC-coupled syngeneic spleen cells and capable of suppressing antibody production in an in vitro system, were successfully obtained by removal of a PC-nonspecific, i.e., diazo-phenylstructure-directed, suppressor cell population using an immunoadsorbent column coupling an unrelated hapten with a diazo phenyl structure such as azobenzene arsonate (ABA). Column-purified PC-specific suppressor T cell activity was completely abrogated by treatment of the cells with anti-TEPC-15 (T-15) anti-idiotypic antibody and complement, or by the continuous presence of that antibody in the culture, whereas nonpurified suppressor cell activity was resistant to such treatment. Thus, the column-purified PC-specific suppressor T lymphocytes in BALB/c mice have a very homogeneous T-15 idiotypic determinant(s) on their functional receptors for antigen similar to those present on PC-specific antibody and/or B lymphocytes. Because of these results, we envision the growing importance of analysis of the fine specificity of the idiotype repertoire of T lymphocytes after purification of a hapten-specific population.

Detection of the dominant expression of the TEPC-15 idiotypic determinant(s) on phosphorylcholine-specific suppressor T lymphocytes in vitro

Phosphorylcholine-(PC) specific suppressor T lymphocytes, induced by immunization with PC-coupled syngeneic spleen cells and capable of suppressing antibody production in an in vitro system, were successfully obtained by removal of a PC-nonspecific, i.e., diazo-phenylstructure-directed, suppressor cell population using an immunoadsorbent column coupling an unrelated hapten with a diazo phenyl structure such as azobenzene arsonate (ABA). Column-purified PC-specific suppressor T cell activity was completely abrogated by treatment of the cells with anti-TEPC-15 (T-15) anti-idiotypic antibody and complement, or by the continuous presence of that antibody in the culture, whereas nonpurified suppressor cell activity was resistant to such treatment. Thus, the column-purified PC-specific suppressor T lymphocytes in BALB/c mice have a very homogeneous T-15 idiotypic determinant(s) on their functional receptors for antigen similar to those present on PC-specific antibody and/or B lymphocytes. Because of these results, we envision the growing importance of analysis of the fine specificity of the idiotype repertoire of T lymphocytes after purification of a hapten-specific population.

Structure of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of alpha-fetoprotein purified from human ascites fluid

alpha-Fetoprotein purified from human serum was found to contain an asparagine-linked sugar chain in one molecule. The sugar chain was quantitatively released from the polypeptide moiety by hydrazinolysis and recovered as oligosaccharides after N-acetylation. The oligosaccharide mixture was separated into a neutral (N) and two acidic (A-1 and A-2) fractions by paper electrophoresis. By combination of sequential exoglycosidase digestion, methylation analysis, and concanavalin A-Sepharose column chromatography, the structures of these fractions were determined to be: Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GLcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc; Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6(GlcNAc; and NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc.

The structures of the carbohydrate moieties of bovine blood coagulation factor X

Bovine blood coagulation factor X contains both asparagine-linked and threonine-linked oligosaccharides. The asparagine-linked chain is a mixture of a tridecasaccharide NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc and a dodecasaccharide NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6 Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc and their partial desialylation products. The threonine-linked chain is a mixture of NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuGly alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc, NeuGly alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3 (NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc, and NeuGly alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuGly alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc, and their partial desialized forms. The carbohydrate moieties of the factor X subgroups, factors X1 and X2, are identical.

The carbohydrate of bovine prothrombin. Occurrence of Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc grouping in asparagine-linked sugar chains

Bovine prothrombin contains three asparagine-linked sugar chains in 1 molecule. The sugar chains were quantitatively released from the polypeptide backbone by hydrazinolysis. All of the oligosaccharides thus obtained contain N-acetylneuraminic acid. Sialidase treatment of these acidic oligosaccharides released three isomeric oligosaccharides, N-1, N-2 and N-3. N-3 was a typical complex type asparagine-linked sugar chain widely found in other glycoprotein, while N-1 and N-2 were unique, because they contain Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc grouping in the outer chain moiety. By comparing the data of methylation analysis of the acidic oligosaccharides before and after sialidase treatment, the structures of the sugar chains of bovine prothrombin were confirmed as a mixture of NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn and their partially desialized forms.

The asparagine-linked sugar chains of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement

Human C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, contains six asparagine-linked sugar chains in 1 molecule. The sugar chains are exclusively located in the COOH-terminal globular region which is composed of 330 amino acid residues. The sugar chains were liberated from the polypeptide portion by hydrazinolysis, and their structures were studied by the combination of sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis. Based on the results, the structures NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 6(+/- NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 3)Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4(+/-Fucalpha1 leads to 6)GlcNAc were confirmed.

Comparative studies on polyguanylate polymerase and polyadenylate polymerase activities in the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I fraction from cauliflower

The properties of poly(G) polymerase and poly(A) polymerase activities in the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase EC 2.7.7.6] I fraction from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) were comparatively investigated. The pH optimum, the effect of ionic strength, the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of synthesis, the effect of divalent metal ion concentration, and the time course of synthesis at different temperatures were all different for the three polymerase activities. The enzyme fraction preferentially utilized denatured DNA. Synthetic poly(C) and poly(U) were more effectively utillized for the synthesis of polyguanylate and polyadenylate, respectively. Further, it was found that poly(G) and poly(A) formed in vitro by the enzyme fraction had chain length of 25-28 and 84-89 nucleotides, respectively, and that poly (adenylate-gluanylate) chain was hardly formed when ATP and GTP were added together as substrates in the same reaction medium.