Interleukin-1β Regulates Lipid Homeostasis in Human Glomerular Mesangial Cells

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have shown that hyperlipidemia is closely related to the progression of kidney disease and glomerulosclerosis has similar pathophysiological mechanisms with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is essentially a chronic inflammatory process and various kidney diseases are characterized by a micro-inflammatory state. Hyperlipidemia levels are not parallel to the degree of glomerulosclerosis, inflammatory factors together with lipids may contribute to the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis. Therefore, it is key to clarify lipid-mediated renal injury through studying the mechanism by which inflammation affects cholesterol homeostasis at the cellular level. Intracellular lipid homeostasis involves both lipid uptake and excretion, therefore in this study, we aimed to explore whether interleukin-1β (IL-1β) promotes the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) to increase in intracellular lipid levels, and to clarify the effect of IL-1β on the expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which may regulate cholesterol homeostasis in human mesangial cells (HMCs).

METHODS

The effect of IL-1β on uptake of Ox-LDL labeled with fluorescent Dil (Dil-Ox-LDL) by HMCs was observed using laser confocal microscopy. The effect of IL-1β on LOX-1 and ABCA1 expression in HMCs was detected by polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.

RESULTS

Laser confocal microscopy revealed that HMCs took up Dil-Ox-LDL. Treatment of HMCs with 5 ng/ml IL-1β for 24 h significantly increased uptake of Dil-Ox-LDL. IL-1β also promoted LOX-1 mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression were reduced by IL-1β in lipid-loaded HMCs in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-1β promotes the uptake of Ox-LDL and expression of LOX-1 in HMCs, whereas it inhibits expression of ABCA1 under lipid load. The imbalance in intracellular cholesterol resulted by IL-1β can in turn transform HMCs into foam cells and aggravate glomerulosclerosis.

Efficient total nitrogen removal from wastewater by Paracoccus denitrificans DYTN-1

Bioaugmentation is an effective treatment method to reduce nitrogenous pollutants from wastewater. A strain of DYTN-1, which could effectively remove TN from sewage, was isolated from the sludge of a wastewater treatment plant and was identified as Paracoccus denitrificans. The TN in wastewater reduced to <20 mg l^-1 within 12 h under optimal conditions by free cells of P. denitrificans DYTN-1. To enhance the removal of TN, P. denitrificans DYTN-1 cells were immobilized in sodium alginate (SA) using different divalent metal ions as cross-linking agents. It was found that the immobilized P. denitrificans DYTN-1 cells could reduce the TN concentration from 100 to below 20 mg l^-1 within 8 h. After the optimization of an orthogonal experiment, the immobilized P. denitrificans DYTN-1 cells could reduce the TN concentration from 100 mg l^-1 to below 20 mg l^-1 within 1 h and significantly reduce the fermentation cycle. These findings would provide an economical and effective method for the removal of total nitrogen in wastewater by immobilized cells of P. denitrificans DYTN-1. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We identified a new Paracoccus denitrificans strain (DYTN-1) for removal of the total nitrogen in wastewater. The total nitrogen could be removed effectively by P. denitrificans DYTN-1 within 12 h in wastewater. Using sodium alginate as the carrier and Ba²⁺ as cross-linking agent, the immobilized P. denitrificans DYTN-1 cells could improve the removal efficiency of total nitrogen in wastewater and significantly reduce the fermentation cycle. The assay has provided an economical and effective method for the removal of total nitrogen in wastewater by immobilized cell.

Carbohydrate Metabolism Regulated by Antisense vicR RNA in Cariogenicity

Streptococcus mutans is a major cariogenic pathogen that resides in multispecies oral microbial biofilms. The VicRK 2-component system is crucial for bacterial adaptation, virulence, and biofilm organization and contains a global and vital response regulator, VicR. Notably, we identified an antisense vicR RNA (AS vicR) associated with an adjacent RNase III–encoding ( rnc) gene that was relevant to microRNA-size small RNAs (msRNAs). Here, we report that ASvicR overexpression significantly impeded bacterial growth, biofilm exopolysaccharide synthesis, and cariogenicity in vivo. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the AS vicR RNA mainly regulated carbohydrate metabolism. In particular, overproducing AS vicR demonstrated a reduction in galactose and glucose metabolism by monosaccharide composition analysis. The results of high-performance gel permeation chromatography revealed that the water-insoluble glucans isolated from AS vicR presented much lower molecular weights. Furthermore, direct evidence showed that total RNAs were disrupted by rnc-encoded RNase III. With the coexpression of T4 RNA ligase, putative msRNA1657, which is an rnc-related messenger RNA, was verified to bind to the 5′-UTR regions of the vicR gene. Furthermore, AS vicR regulation revealed a sponge regulatory-mediated network for msRNA associated with adjacent RNase III–encoding genes. There was an increase in AS vicR transcript levels in clinical S. mutans strains from caries-free children, while the expression of AS vicR was decreased in early childhood caries patients; this outcome may be explored as a potential strategy contributing to the management of dental caries. Taken together, our findings suggest an important role of AS vicR-mediated sponge regulation in S. mutans, indicating the characterization of lactose metabolism by a vital response regulator in cariogenicity. These findings have a number of implications and have reshaped our understanding of bacterial gene regulation from its transcriptional conception to the key roles of regulatory RNAs.

Correlations of the severity of diabetic retinopathy with EPO, Caspase-3 expression and oxidative stress

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationships of the severity of diabetic retinopathy with erythropoietin (EPO), Caspase-3 expression, and oxidative stress.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 20 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy hospitalized from January 2017 to January 2018 were enrolled as observation group 1, 20 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were chosen as observation group 2, and 20 patients with idiopathic macular hole were selected as control group. After admission, patients received all necessary examinations and underwent vitrectomy during which vitreous and retinal tissues were taken, and venous blood was collected. Then, the content of EPO, Caspase-3, nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of EPO, Caspase-3, NO, and MDA were measured via quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), and the severity of diabetic retinopathy was evaluated by diabetic retinopathy grading score.

RESULTS

Observation group 1 and 2 had significantly decreased the content of EPO (p<0.05) and overtly increased Caspase-3, NO, and MDA content (p<0.05) in comparison with control group. Compared with those in observation group 1, the EPO content was clearly lowered in observation group 2 (p<0.05), and the content of Caspase-3, NO, and MDA was evidently elevated (p<0.05). The diabetic retinopathy grading score was remarkably lower in control group than that in both observation group 1 and observation group 2 (p p<0.05), and it was significantly enhanced in observation group 2 compared with that in observation group 1 (p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the EPO content was negatively correlated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy, while the content of Caspase-3, NO, and MDA was positively related to the severity of diabetic retinopathy.

CONCLUSIONS

The severity of diabetic retinopathy has a negative association with EPO and positive correlations with Caspase-3, NO, and MDA content.

Usefulness of CT texture analysis in differentiating benign and malignant renal tumours

AIM

To elucidate visually imperceptible differences between benign and malignant renal tumours using computed tomography texture analysis (CTTA) using filtration histogram based parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective study was performed by texture analysis of pretreatment contrast-enhanced CT examinations in 354 histopathologically confirmed renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and 147 benign renal tumours. A region-of-interest was drawn encompassing the largest cross-section of the tumour on venous phase axial CT. CTTA features of entropy, kurtosis, mean positive pixel density, and skewness at different spatial filters were calculated and compared in an attempt to differentiate benign lesions from malignancy.

RESULTS

Entropy with fine spatial filter was significantly higher in RCC than benign renal tumours (p=0.022). Entropy with fine and medium filters was higher in RCC than lipid-poor angiomyolipoma (p=0.050 and 0.052, respectively). Entropy >5.62 had high specificity of 85.7%, but low sensitivity of 31.3%, respectively, for predicting RCC.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in entropy were helpful in differentiating RCC from lipid-poor angiomyolipoma, and chromophobe RCC from oncocytoma. This technique may be useful to differentiate lesions that appear equivocal on visual assessment or alter management in poor surgical candidates.

[Prevalence and influencing factors of intestinal parasitic diseases among rural children in Henan Province]

OBJECTIVE

To understand the epidemic status and influencing factors of intestinal parasitic diseases among rural children in Henan Province.

METHODS

According to the Scheme for The National Survey on Current Status of Major Human Parasitic Diseases in China, the survey counties were selected based on the ecological zones and economic levels in Henan Province between 2014 and 2015. Then, the included counties were stratified according to the topography and economic levels. A township was randomly sampled from each stratum, and a village was randomly sampled from each township as the study site. Finally, a total of 104 study sites from 35 counties were enrolled for the survey of intestinal parasitic diseases in children. At least 250 fresh stool samples were collected from each study site for detection of intestinal helminth eggs with the Kato-Katz technique, for the identification of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale with the fecal culture method, and for the detection of intestinal protozoa trophozoite and cyst with the physiological saline smear and iodine staining techniques. In addition, the Enterobius vermicularis and tapeworm eggs were detected in children aged 3 to 6 years using the adhesive cellophane-tape perianal swab method.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 3.21% (214/6 671) among rural children in Henan Province, and the prevalence of intestinal helminthes (2.62%, 175/6 671) was higher than that of intestinal protozoa (0.60%, 40/6 671). A total of 12 species of intestinal parasites were found, including 4 nematodes species, one trematode species, and 7 protozoa species, and the highest infection was seen in E. vermicularis (2.47%, 161/6 671). Among the four ecological zones in Henan Province, the greatest prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was detected among children in the Qinba Mountain Ecological Zone (5.85%, 90/1 538). There was no gender-specific difference in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children (P > 0.05); however, there were age- (χ² = 32.762, P < 0.05) and education level-specific differences in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children (χ² = 67.507, P < 0.05), with the greatest prevalence of E. vermicularis infection seen in all species of intestinal parasites in children at all age groups. Multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that high education level, high coverage of harmless toilets, drinking tap water and deworming were protective factors for intestinal parasitic infections in children in Henan Province. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline among children in Henan Province as compared to the previous two surveys.

CONCLUSIONS

The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections shows a tendency towards a remarkable decline among children in Henan Province. E. vermicularis infection should be given a priority for future parasitic disease control activities among rural children in Henan Province.

P6290Enhanced IL-6/pSTAT3/fibroblast signaling pathway contributes to spontaneous postoperative atrial fibrillation in a novel simulated cardiac surgery mouse model

Background

Cumulative evidences have shown that IL-6 in atrium might play an important role in the pathogenesis of postoperative AF (POAF) via activation of atrial fibrosis in patients undergoing CABG. However, whether atria produces IL-6 after the stimulation of CABG and its causal relationship with spontaneous POAF (sPOAF) and its specific pathways is still unclear.

Purpose

To test the hypothesis that atrium will produce IL-6 after CABG and causes sustained sPOAF (ssPOAF) through activating pSTAT3-mediated fibroblast proliferation.

Methods

To determine the causal relationship between IL-6 and sPOAF, IL-6−/− and wild type (WT) mice were both divided into three groups (10 mice/group): CABG group (NAI, mimic CABG), anti-inflammatory group (AI, mimic CABG with pericardial administration of methylprednisolone for 3 days via chest tube), and control group (anesthesia only). Mice were monitored for ssPOAF for 7 days using implanted telemetry device. Another two sets of mice, using the same models mentioned above, were euthanatized at 48th hours postoperatively. The atria of one set animals were excised and separated into pericardium (PC), pulmonary vein (PV), left atrium (LA), and right atrium (RA) and cultured for 4 hours. IL-6 levels in the supernatant were measured at 10 min and 4 hours of culture using ELISA test. The region producing the largest amount of IL-6 in the other set of animals was harvested for analyzing expressions of IL-6, pSTAT3/STAT3, connexin 43 and 40, fibroblast deposition, and collagen I and III. Path analysis was performed to determine the causal relationship of CABG induced IL-6 release, pSTAT3/fibroblast signaling, and the onset of ssPOAF.

Results

40% NAI-WT mice developed ssPOAF (Figure 1A) which was completely protected in IL-6−/− and AI groups. IL-6 was produced by all 4 atrial regions at 4hrs after CABG stimulation with the LA producing the highest amount. Western blotting (Figure 1B), RT-CPR, Masson staining, and immunofluorescence all showed a significantly upregulation of IL-6, pSTAT3/STAT3, fibroblasts, collagen I and III, and downregulation of Cx40 an 43 in NAI-WT mice, but not in IL-6−/− and AI mice. IL-6 was colocalized with vimentin to a large extent in cytoplasm (Figure 1C). IL-6 had strong positive correlation with pSTAT3/STAT3, collagen I and III (all r>0.700, P<0.001), moderate and weak negative correlation with Cx40 and 43 (r=−0.505, P<0.001; r=−0.307, P=0.048, respectively). Path analysis (Figure 1D) revealed that every 1 unit increase in IL-6 upregulated a 0.589 unit increase in ssPOAF, which was mediated by pSTAT3/collagen indirectly and collagen I/ collagen III directly.

Conclusion

Our study, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, established a novel pathophysiological role of IL-6/pSTAT3/fibroblast signaling in the pathogenesis of ssPOAF and demonstrated that inhibition of atrial IL-6 might be a potential novel sPOAF prevention strategy.

Acknowledgement/Funding

The National Natural Science Foundation (No.81170170)

Paramagnon drag in high thermoelectric figure of merit Li-doped MnTe

Local thermal magnetization fluctuations in Li-doped MnTe are found to increase its thermopower α strongly at temperatures up to 900 K. Below the Néel temperature (T _N ~ 307 K), MnTe is antiferromagnetic, and magnon drag contributes α_md to the thermopower, which scales as ~T ³. Magnon drag persists into the paramagnetic state up to >3 × T _N because of long-lived, short-range antiferromagnet-like fluctuations (paramagnons) shown by neutron spectroscopy to exist in the paramagnetic state. The paramagnon lifetime is longer than the charge carrier-magnon interaction time; its spin-spin spatial correlation length is larger than the free-carrier effective Bohr radius and de Broglie wavelength. Thus, to itinerant carriers, paramagnons look like magnons and give a paramagnon-drag thermopower. This contribution results in an optimally doped material having a thermoelectric figure of merit ZT > 1 at T > ~900 K, the first material with a technologically meaningful thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency from a spin-caloritronic effect.

Effects of antibacterial peptides on rumen fermentation function and rumen microorganisms in goats

Although many studies have confirmed that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs: PBD-mI and LUC-n) can be used as feed additives, there are few reports of their use in ruminants. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of AMPs on ameliorating rumen fermentation function and rumen microorganisms in goats. Eighteen 4-month-old Chuanzhong black goats were used in a 60-day experiment (6 goats per group). Group I was used as the control and was fed a basal diet, the group II were fed the basal diet supplemented with 2 g of AMPs [per goat/day] and group III were fed the basal diet supplemented 3 g of AMPs [per goat/day], respectively. Rumen fluid samples were collected at 0, 20 and 60 days. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes and ciliate protozoal 18S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR from DNA extracted from rumen samples. The amplicons were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Rumen fermentation parameters and digestive enzyme activities were also examined. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with AMPs increased the levels of the bacterial genera Fibrobacter, Anaerovibrio and Succiniclasticum and also increased the ciliates genus Ophryoscolex, but reduced the levels of the bacterial genera Selenomonas, Succinivibrio and Treponema, and the ciliate genera Polyplastron, Entodinium, Enoploplastron and Isotricha. Supplementation with AMPs increased the activities of xylanase, pectinase and lipase in the rumen, and also increased the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid and total volatile fatty acids. These changes were associated with improved growth performance in the goats. The results revealed that the goats fed AMPs showed improved rumen microbiota structures, altered ruminal fermentation, and improved efficiency regarding the utilization of feed; thereby indicating that AMPs can improve growth performance. AMPs are therefore suitable as feed additives in juvenile goats.

Ginkgetin in vitro and in vivo reduces Streptococcus suis virulence by inhibiting suilysin activity

AIMS

Suilysin (SLY), a crucial virulence-related factor, has multiple cytotoxicities that are regarded as playing a key role in several diseases induced by Streptococcus suis. The aim of this study was to identify an effective inhibitor of SLY and to evaluate the potential inhibitory effect of the inhibitor against S. suis virulence.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Antibacterial activity experiments and haemolysis tests were used to identify the SLY inhibitor ginkgetin, and Western blot analysis and oligomerization inhibition tests were employed to determine the potential mechanism for its inhibition effect. The potential inhibitory effect of ginkgetin against S. suis virulence was then assessed through a cytotoxicity test and a mouse infection model. In this study, we demonstrated that the natural ingredient ginkgetin can significantly reduce the haemolytic activity of SLY to protect against S. suis-mediated cell injury in vitro by directly binding to SLY to block the oligomerization of the protein and reducing the bacterial burden in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that ginkgetin can start being used as a potential lead drug for the treatment of S. suis infections.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The prevention and treatment of S. suis infection might be possible through the targeting of SLY by ginkgetin.

[Status of health examination on public health employees in Beijing]

Objective: The aim of this study was to understand the status of health examination on public health employees in Beijing, in order to further standardize the health management of the employees. Methods: Questionnaire surveys and personal interviews were produced to obtain the basic information, physical examination, occupational training, knowledge of health laws and regulations, and satisfaction of employees. Pairwise comparison was conducted by chi-square test. Multivariate linear regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: The percentage of the public health employees who took the blood tests, X-ray examinations, fecal examinations, and skin examinations were 97.0%, 77.6%, 86.4%, and 51.0%, respectively. After excluding the skin examination, the completion rate of other examination items was 72.1%, and the difference of this rate between public hospitals and private hospitals were statistically significant (χ(2)=36.22, P<0.001; χ(2)=9.09, P=0.003; χ(2)=31.06, P<0.001). The percentage of correct answers to all the five questions was 3.2%, and age, working age and education level were positively correlated with knowledge scores of employees. Conclusions: The problems in Beijing's health examination of employees included poor examination quality, lack of supervision, inability to trace the source and low awareness rate of health knowledge, which suggested that counter measures should be taken immediately.

MicroRNA-466a-3p attenuates allergic nasal inflammation in mice by targeting GATA3

Allergic rhinitis is thought to be an allergic disease associated with immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated immune response, characterized by increased T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine production, elevated eosinophil levels in the nasal mucosa and induced nasal secretions. MicroRNA (miRNA) microarray data revealed that the expression level of miR-466a-3p was significantly decreased. Notably, GATA binding protein (GATA-3) was identified as one of its target genes through miRNA target prediction web tools. The expression levels of miR-466a-3p were altered by mimics and lentivirus both in vivo and in vitro, similar to those of GATA-3. Furthermore, the symptoms and histology of allergic rhinitis as well as the levels of serum IgE and interleukin (IL)-4 were examined in different groups of mice. Interestingly, the results for lentiviral miR-466a-3p-treated allergic rhinitis mice were relatively similar to normal mice, compared to allergic rhinitis mice without treatment. Also, miR-466a-3p negatively regulated GATA-3 expression in allergic rhinitis mice, indicating the participant of Th2-cell responses in allergic rhinitis. Taken together, our findings highlight a new perspective on the role of miR-466a-3p in allergic rhinitis. In addition, this study provides a theoretical framework and experimental reference for future research targeting microRNAs as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers of allergic rhinitis.

Application of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil in high-intensity ultrasound ablation of uterine fibroids: a randomised study

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil with the traditional analgesia and sedation regimen midazolam-remifentanil during HIFU treatment of uterine fibroids.

DESIGN

A randomised controlled trial.

SETTING

Department of Anesthesia in a single hospital.

POPULATION

Patients with uterine fibroids.

METHODS

A total of 80 patients diagnosed with uterine fibroids and scheduled for selective HIFU treatment were randomly divided into the dexmedetomidine group (the D group) and midazolam group (the M group). At 20 minutes before the HIFU procedure, patients in the D group received a loading dose of 0.8 μg/kg dexmedetomidine, followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of 0.2 μg/kg/hour until the end of the operation. Patients in the M group were given a corresponding amount of 0.9% saline. Patients in the M group received a slow intravenous infusion of 0.03 mg/kg midazolam before the procedure, an intravenous injection of 0.02 mg/kg 30 minutes later, another 0.02 mg/kg 60 minutes later, followed by 0.02 mg/kg at 40-minutes intervals. Patients in the D group were given a corresponding amount of 0.9% saline. During the HIFU procedure, patients in both groups were administered remifentanil at an effect site concentration of 1.0 ng/ml. Sedation and analgesia were rated using the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before drug administration (T1), after drug administration but before HIFU (T2), at the beginning of HIFU (T3), 15 minutes later (T4), 45 minutes later (T5), 75 minutes later (T6), and at the end of HIFU (T7). Patient satisfaction score and Steward recovery score survey were conducted 30 minutes after surgery.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Different effects of the traditional midazolam-remifentanil regimen and dexmedetomidine-remifentanil.

RESULTS

All patients in both groups underwent a successful HIFU procedure without developing serious complications during the postoperative period. However, the D group reported significantly fewer cases of respiratory depression than the M group during HIFU treatment (P < 0.05). The pause during HIFU ablation in the D group was significantly shorter than that in the M group. HIFU ablation intensity, the number of patients with an RSS of 3 or 4 measured at different time points, and the number of patients with an RSS of 3 or 4 measured at arousal were significantly greater in the D than the M group (P < 0.05). Likewise, the D group scored significantly higher in the evaluation of patient satisfaction, recovery score, and surgeon satisfaction (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Both dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and midazolam-remifentanil met the requirements and ensured the safety of HIFU treatment of uterine fibroids. However, compared with the traditional midazolam-remifentanil regimen, dexmedetomidine-remifentanil was associated with more stable sedation in patients, more efficient HIFU treatment and higher degree of patient comfort.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT

Dexmedetomidine-remifentanil is associated with more stable sedation in patients, more efficient HIFU treatment and higher degree of patient comfort than is midazolam-remifentanil.

[C5-6 nerve root block technique for postoperative analgesia of shoulder arthroscope: a randomized controlled trial]

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block and C5-6 nerve root block for analgesia after shoulder arthroscopy.

METHODS

In the study, 40 patients of ASA I-II were selected for elective general anesthesia to repair the shoulder ligament rupture in Peking University Third Hospital, who were randomly divided into two groups, respectively for the intermuscular brachial plexus block group (group I) and C5-6 nerve root block group (group C), n=20. The forty patients underwent ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block or C5-6 nerve root block before general anesthesia. Group I: 0.2% ropivacaine 10 mL was injected into brachial plexus intermuscular approach; Group C: 0.2% ropivacaine 10 mL was injected around the nerve roots of C5 and C6, and the ultrasound images showed that the liquid wrapped nerve roots. The time of sensory and motor block after puncture, operation time, the time of postoperative analgesia, numerical rating scale (NRS) scores at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively and the finger movements were recorded. The adverse drug reactions and the patient satisfaction were recorded. The primary end point was the study of shoulder rest and movement pain in the patients with postoperative nerve blockage; the secondary end point was the patient's limb movements and thepatient satisfaction.

RESULTS

The duration of analgesia was (571.50±70.11) min in group I and (615.60±112.15) min in group C, and there was no difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The static and dynamic NRS scores at 1, 6, and 12 h in group C were lower than those in group I (P<0.05). There was no difference in static and dynamic NRS scores between the two groups during 24 hours (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in grade of muscle strength between group C [5(4,5)] and group I [4(2,4)] in the patients with nerve block hind limb (P<0.01), and there were significant differences between the two groups' sensation in the radial nerve group C [1(0,2)] and group I [2(1,2)], the median nerve group C [0(0,2)] and group I [2(1,2)], and the ulnar nerves group C [0(0,1)] and group I [1(1,2)] (P<0.01). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in the sencation of the shoulder, group C 2(1,2) and group I 2(1,2) , P>0.05. Compared with group I 8(6,9), group C 9(8,10) was a significant difference in satisfaction (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Interscalene brachial plexus block and C5-6 nerve root block could satisfy the needs of analgesia after shoulder arthroscopy, but C5-6 nerve root blockage does not limit the limb activity, the numbness is less, and the patient's satisfaction is higher.