Surgical incision induces phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites and GluR1 trafficking in spinal cord dorsal horn via a protein kinase Cγ-dependent mechanism

Spinal α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methy-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor plays an important role in acute pain induced by surgical tissue injuries. Our previous study has shown that the enhanced phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites by protein kinase C (PKC) in the spinal cord dorsal horn is involved in post-surgical pain hypersensitivity. However, which isoforms of PKC are responsible for the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites remains to be established. In the present study, using an animal model of postoperative pain, we found that surgical tissue injuries enhanced the membrane translocation level of PKCγ, but not PKCα, βI, and βII, and induced the trafficking of GluR1, but not GluR2 into neuronal plasma membrane. Intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment of small interfering RNA targeting PKCγ to reduce the PKCγ expression in the spinal cord significantly attenuated the pain hypersensitivity and inhibited the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites as well as GluR1 membrane trafficking. Our study indicates that the surgical incision-induced phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites and GluR1 trafficking are regulated by a PKCγ-dependent mechanism.

Abstract P5-03-06: Bisphenol A and mammary stem cells: implications in breast cancer susceptibility

It has been speculated that the increasing incidence of breast cancer might be linked to the increased exposure to environmental synthetic estrogens, such as bisphenol A (BPA), which is a most pervasive chemical in modern life as a component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used widely for food and beverage containers and dental sealants. Perinatal exposure to low, environmentally relevant doses of BPA in rodents resulted in the induction of pre-neoplastic ductal hyperplasia, carcinoma in situ, and increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis. However, the underlying mechanism for these observations is unclear. The murine mammary stem cells (MaSCs) are present in fetal mammary rudiments and could be the putative targets for BPA-induced tumorigenesis. More recently, MaSCs of different lineages have been matched with different subtypes of breast cancer by their specific gene-expression signatures. We thus hypothesize that mammary gland exposed to BPA at a susceptible window may lead to its susceptibility to tumorigenesis through a MaSC and/or stem cell niche mediated mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we exposed 21-day old Balb/C mice to BPA by gavage at 25 µg/kg/day during puberty for 3 weeks, and then isolated primary mammary cells at different time points (6-week, 2 and 4-month) for MaSC quantification using an in vitro mammosphere formation and 3D-ECM sphere differentiation assay as well as the in vivo cleared mammary fat pad regeneration assay. Our findings indicate that low dose BPA exposure at puberty can accelerate puberty onset, increase lateral branches and hyperplasia in adult mammary glands. Further, a single oral dose of DMBA at 30 mg/kg administrated at 2-month old resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in hyperplasia of mammary glands harvested at 4-month old when compared with BPA treated group without DMBA. Most significantly, puberty BPA exposure increased luminal MaSCs during gland development and this resulted in an increase of luminal cells in adult glands. In addition, puberty BPA exposure also altered basal MaSCs in such a way that regenerated glands from these basal MaSCs yielded higher preneoplastic lesion than control basal MaSCs, indicating puberty BPA exposure render basal MaSCs more susceptible to transformation. We also found significant increase of gene expression in steroid hormonal receptors (e.g. ERs and PR) in the stromal compartment (or stem cell niche), which suggest that the changes we observed above for the luminal and basal MaSCs may be caused indirectly through altered stromal environment upon BPA exposure during early life stage. Future studies are necessary to differentiate the effect of BPA exposure on MaSCs or the MaSC niche. In conclusion, our study showed that BPA-induced morphogenesis changes in mammary gland had a stem cell origin. More importantly, our findings suggest that BPA-induced susceptibility of mammary glands to tumorigenesis may also have a stem cell origin.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-03-06.

Abstract P5-03-04: Effect of aging on the function and transformation of murine mammary stem cells

Epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of getting breast cancer progressively increases with age. A woman is 100 times more susceptible to develop breast cancer in her 60s than in her 20s. A better understanding of altered cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to the development of sporadic breast cancers as a result of aging are urgently needed for its prevention and treatment in growing population of older women. Recent research implicated that adult mammary stem cells (MaSCs) might be responsible for the initiation and progression of certain types of breast cancer. But no studies have been reported on how lifelong exposure of MaSCs to endogenous and environmental stresses during aging compromises their self-renewal and differentiation function and predispose them to neoplastic transformation either spontaneously or after carcinogen exposure. In our study, we have investigated the effect of progressive aging and carcinogen exposure on MaSC number and function in a murine model. The FACS isolated MaSC enriched basal cells, characterized by their immunophenotype (Lin−CD49fhighCD24med) were utilized to evaluate MaSC frequency and function during aging by in vitro mammosphere formation and 3D-ECM sphere differentiation assay as well as by in vivo cleared mammary fat pad transplantation (IVT). The results of our study showed that the percentage of MaSCs analyzed by both FACS profile and in vitro assays, increased steadily with increasing age observed at 2, 7, 17 and 25 month-old C57BL/6 mice. Subsequent IVT using mammosphers or 3D structures formed by young (4 months) and old MaSCs (28 months) derived from C57BL/6 mice showed similar in vivo functional mammary gland regenerative capacity indicating similar self-renewal/differentiation ability between young and old MaSCs. However, we found that the regenerated glands from old MaSCs had significantly higher number of spontaneous pre-neoplastic lesions (52.0%) than those from young MaSCs (18.3%). Significantly, MaSC frequency was also increased by the in vivo exposure of a carcinogen, N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU, 25 mg/kg body weight, once a week for three consecutive weeks), in old mice with no effect on total mammary cell number. Furthermore, the old MaSCs expanded by MNU treatment were still capable of in vivo regeneration with similar success rate as that of normal old MaSCs. But, we observed increased frequency of hyperplasia and dysplasia in the regenerated glands initiated by MNU treated old MaSC. Our results indicate that MaSCs might be the precursors of preneoplastic lesions and old MaSCs appear to be predisposed to premalignant transformation, which is enhanced by the exposure to a DNA damaging agent.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-03-04.

Oligonucleotides complementary to c-myb messenger RNA inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human Burkitt lymphoma cells

A 24-mer (antisense) phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (ODN) corresponding to the codons 2-9 of the c-myb gene was evaluated for its effects on the growth of a human Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Raji) in vitro. Raji cells incubated with different concentrations of c-myb antisense ODN (5-15 mu g/ml) for 24-72 h showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in growth. The same concentrations of control (sense) or scrambled c-myb phosphorothioate ODNs did not inhibit Raji cell growth. The c-myb antisense ODN, but not the control ODNs, significantly decreased c-myb mRNA levels in treated cells as determined by RT-PCR. Additionally, the c-myb antisense ODN induced apoptosis of Raji cells as demonstrated by i) flow cytometry to enumerate the A(o) (apoptotic cell population) population of propidium iodide stained cells; ii) electron microscopy to evaluate the cell morphology; and iii) DNA fragmentation pattern. Thus, an antisense c-myb ODN causes significant growth inhibition of Burkitt lymphoma cells, and one mechanism of growth inhibition is the induction of apoptosis of the lymphoma cells. In addition, antisense c-myb ODN did not reduce CFU-GM or BFU-e colony-forming ability of normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Because the inhibition is sequence-specific and Burkitt lymphoma cell selective, evaluation of the therapeutic effects of c-myb antisense ODN against Burkitt lymphoma is warranted.

O030 Evasion of the OAS-RNase L pathway by murine coronavirus ns2 protein is required for viral replication and hepatitis

Introduction

The 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-ribonuclease L (OAS-RNase L) system is a potent IFN induced antiviral pathway. Following infection, IFNs induce a group of OAS genes whose products are activated by viral double-stranded RNA. OAS uses ATP to generate 2′,5′-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A). 2-5A binds to and activates the ubiquitous cellular endoribonuclease RNase L causing cleavages of single stranded regions of both viral and cellular RNA thus inhibiting viral replication. In addition, detection of the newly generated short RNAs by cellular pattern recognition receptors, MDA5 and RIG-I, further enhances IFN production and the ensuing antiviral activities. The intracellular concentration of 2-5A is believed to be the primary factor controlling RNase L activation. The liver contains abundant innate immune cells, which provide the first line of defense against pathogens. However, the factors that determine whether a virus can bypass this defense to access and infect the liver parenchyma are not well understood. The murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), strain A59, infection of mice provides a model for virus induced hepatitis. The MHV accessory protein, ns2, antagonizes the type I IFN response in macrophages and promotes the induction of hepatitis. Here we will describe how the ns2 protein facilitates the development of viral hepatitis by blocking OAS-RNase L pathway.

Methods

Bone marrow macrophages (BMM) from wild type (wt) and RNase L−/− mice were infected with A59 and ns2 mutant MHV. Viral titers were determined by plaque assays. RNase L activity was monitored by rRNA integrity in RNA chips. Intracellular levels of 2-5A were measured using RNase L activation assays. Effects of ns2 on 2-5A levels in cells were determined by transfecting ns2 or mutant ns2 cDNAs into HEK-293T cells. Recombinant ns2 and mutant ns2H126R proteins were purified and incubated with 2-5A in vitro and the 2-5A breakdown products were measured by HPLC. Hepatitis was determined by histology following inoculation A59 or ns2 mutant MHV into wt and RNase L−/− mice.

Results

We found evidence for a new molecular mechanism of subversion of the RNase L pathway in macrophages that regulates acute hepatitis during MHV infection. Coronavirus ns2 belongs to the LigT-like protein family, within the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily, some of which possess cyclophosphodiesterase activity (CPD). We have found that ns2 is not a CPD, but instead is a 2′,5′-phosphodiesterase (PDE) that cleaves, and thus eliminates 2-5A, the activator of RNase L. We observed that ns2 blocks the IFN inducible OAS-RNase L pathway to facilitate hepatitis development. Ns2 prevents activation of RNase L and consequently limits viral RNA degradation. An ns2 mutant virus was unable to replicate in the liver or induce hepatitis in wt mice, but was highly pathogenic in RNase L−/− mice. Thus, RNase L is a critical cellular factor for protection against viral infection of the liver and the resulting hepatitis.

Conclusion

MHV accessory protein ns2 is a 2′,5′-PDE which degrades 2-5A and limits RNase L activation thus facilitating virus-induced hepatitis in mice.

Early changes in cerebral oxidative stress and apoptotic neuronal injury after various flows for selective cerebral perfusion in piglets

BACKGROUND

The impact of various flows for selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) on cerebral oxidative stress in the immature brain is unknown. We examined early changes in cerebral markers of oxidative damage, apoptotic protein activation and histological outcome after different flows for SCP in a piglet model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA).

METHODS

Twenty piglets, randomly divided into four groups (each n = 5), were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at 20°C, then underwent DHCA for 60 minutes. SCP was conducted at flow rates of 0, 25, 50 and 80 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1) through the innominate artery in the DHCA, SCP 25, SCP 50, and SCP 80 groups, respectively. The animals were killed at 2 hours off CPB. Brain tissues were examined for the activity of SOD, MDA and caspase-3, and histological damage was quantitatively assayed by light microscopic examinations.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in the activities of SOD, MDA and the SOD/MDA index between the groups. Caspase-3 activity significantly decreased in the SCP 25, SCP 50 and SCP 80 groups compared with the DHCA group. However, the caspase-3 level was higher in the SCP 80 group than in the SCP 25 and SCP 50 group. There were no significant correlations between MDA, SOD, SOD/MDA index and caspase-3.

CONCLUSIONS

In this acute model, under different flows for SCP, cerebral MDA and SOD activities show no change, whereas activated caspase-3 has a marked change. There was no relationship between oxidative stress, indicated by MDA and SOD, and apoptotic protein activation in the early phase after DHCA.

An engineered anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody for PET imaging of pancreas cancer and targeting of polymerized liposomal nanoparticles

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Background: Antibody-based therapeutics is a rapidly growing field. Small engineered antibody fragments, such as the cys-diabody demonstrate similar antigen affinity compared to the parental antibody but have a shorter serum half-life (4hrs) and possess the ability to be conjugated to nanoparticles. Our goal was to engineer an anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody fragment in hopes of imaging and targeting pancreatic cancer.

Methods: The anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody was created by cloning the variable region of the parental antibody, engineering a C-terminus cysteine, expressing in NS0 cells followed by protein purification utilizing HPLC. Maleimide chemistry was used to conjugate the cys-diabody to PLNs through the engineered cysteine residues. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to evaluate targeting of cys-diabody and diabody conjugated PLNs to human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The cys-diabody was evaluated in a mouse xenograft model harboring CA19-9 positive (BxPC3) and negative (MiaPaca) tumors. The cys-diabody was radiolabeled with a positron emitter (I-124) and microPET/CT were performed after tail vein injection. Percent of injected dose per gram (%ID/g) of radioactivity was measured in blood and tumor to provide objective confirmation of the microPET images.

Results: Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry showed specific binding of the anti-CA19-9 cys- diabody. Tumor xenograft imaging of the anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody demonstrated an average tumor:blood (%ID/g) ratio of 3.3 and positive:negative tumor ratio of 7.4. Successful conjugation of the cys-diabody to PLNs was indicated by immunofluorescence showing specific targeting of PLN-cys- diabody conjugate to human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro.

Conclusions: Our results show that the anti-CA19.9 cys- diabody targets pancreatic cancer providing specific molecular imaging in tumor xenograft models. Furthermore, the PLN-cys-diabody conjugate targets human pancreatic cancer cells with the potential to deliver targeted treatment. Further studies evaluating the in vivo ability of the PLN-cys-diabody conjugate to target pancreatic cancer need to be performed.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Innovative DNA vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16, has been associated with a subset of head and neck cancers. The viral-encoded oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 represent ideal targets for immunotherapy against HPV-associated head and neck cancers. DNA vaccines have emerged as attractive approaches for immunotherapy due to its simplicity, safety, and ease of preparation. Intradermal administration of DNA vaccine via gene gun represents an efficient method to deliver DNA directly into dendritic cells for priming antigen-specific T cells. We have previously shown that a DNA vaccine encoding an invariant chain (Ii), in which the class II-associated Ii peptide (CLIP) region has been replaced by a Pan-DR-epitope (PADRE) sequence to form Ii-PADRE, is capable of generating PADRE-specific CD4+ T cells in vaccinated mice. In the current study, we hypothesize a DNA vaccine encoding Ii-PADRE linked to E6 (Ii-PADRE-E6) will further enhance E6-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses through PADRE-specific CD4+ T helper cells. We found that mice vaccinated with Ii-PADRE-E6 DNA generated comparable levels of PADRE-specific CD4+ T cell immune responses as well as significantly stronger E6-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses and antitumor effects against the lethal challenge of E6-expressing tumor compared to mice vaccinated with Ii-E6 DNA. Taken together, our data indicates that vaccination with Ii-E6 DNA with PADRE replacing the CLIP region is capable of enhancing the E6-specific CD8+ T cell immune response generated by the Ii-E6 DNA. Thus, Ii-PADRE-E6 represents a novel DNA vaccine for the treatment of HPV-associated head and neck cancer and other HPV-associated malignancies.