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McMichael AJ, Puzio A. Time trends in upper alimentary tract cancer rates and alcohol and tobacco consumption in Australia. COMMUNITY HEALTH STUDIES 2010; 12:289-95. [PMID: 3265905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1988.tb00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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102
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McMichael AJ. Social class (as estimated by occupational prestige) and mortality in Australian males in the 1970s. COMMUNITY HEALTH STUDIES 2010; 9:220-30. [PMID: 4085199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1985.tb00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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103
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McMichael AJ, Potter JD. Parity and death from colon cancer in women: a case-control study. COMMUNITY HEALTH STUDIES 2010; 8:19-25. [PMID: 6713817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1984.tb00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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104
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Fellay J, Ge D, Shianna KV, Colombo S, Ledergerber B, Cirulli ET, Urban TJ, Zhang K, Gumbs CE, Smith JP, Castagna A, Cozzi-Lepri A, De Luca A, Easterbrook P, Günthard HF, Mallal S, Mussini C, Dalmau J, Martinez-Picado J, Miro JM, Obel N, Wolinsky SM, Martinson JJ, Detels R, Margolick JB, Jacobson LP, Descombes P, Antonarakis SE, Beckmann JS, O'Brien SJ, Letvin NL, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF, Carrington M, Feng S, Telenti A, Goldstein DB. Common genetic variation and the control of HIV-1 in humans. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000791. [PMID: 20041166 PMCID: PMC2791220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To extend the understanding of host genetic determinants of HIV-1 control, we performed a genome-wide association study in a cohort of 2,554 infected Caucasian subjects. The study was powered to detect common genetic variants explaining down to 1.3% of the variability in viral load at set point. We provide overwhelming confirmation of three associations previously reported in a genome-wide study and show further independent effects of both common and rare variants in the Major Histocompatibility Complex region (MHC). We also examined the polymorphisms reported in previous candidate gene studies and fail to support a role for any variant outside of the MHC or the chemokine receptor cluster on chromosome 3. In addition, we evaluated functional variants, copy-number polymorphisms, epistatic interactions, and biological pathways. This study thus represents a comprehensive assessment of common human genetic variation in HIV-1 control in Caucasians.
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105
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McMichael AJ, Neira M, Bertollini R, Campbell-Lendrum D, Hales S. Climate change: a time of need and opportunity for the health sector. Lancet 2009; 374:2123-2125. [PMID: 19942278 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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106
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Kulakova N, Urban B, McMichael AJ, Ho LP. Functional analysis of dendritic cell-T cell interaction in sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:82-6. [PMID: 19878509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of the intense immune response in sarcoidosis is unclear. Potentially, a functional abnormality in dendritic cells (DCs) could cause a reduction in clearance of antigen and downstream persistence in immune activity. In this study, we investigate the interaction between monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells in patients with sarcoidosis compared to normal controls (n = 8 each) by examining the kinetics of autologous and allogeneic mixed leucocyte reactions over 9-10 days. We found markedly depressed proliferation kinetics in autologous DC-peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) co-cultures from sarcoid patients compared to normal subjects. In allogeneic experiments PBMCs from patients showed a reduced response to allogeneic DCs from a single donor, but no difference was observed in the ability of patients and control DCs to stimulate proliferation of allogeneic PBMC from a single donor. We conclude that there is a markedly impaired autologous mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) in sarcoidosis patients. In allogeneic MLR, monocyte-derived DCs in sarcoidosis were able to stimulate T cells normally, but PBMCs responses were reduced. This contradicts recent published studies on ex vivo isolated myeloid DCs from sarcoidosis patients although, potentially, an in vivo conditioning factor, which reduces DC function in sarcoidosis, could be a unifying explanation for the contrasting findings.
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107
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Liu MK, Ferrari G, Salazar J, Keele B, Tanner RL, Hraber P, Giorgi E, Ganusov VV, Learn GH, Salazar MG, Moore SR, Digleria K, Yu Z, Rostron T, DeBoer C, Williams A, Margaret C, Kopycinski J, Campion SL, Bourne VE, Brackenridge S, Hahn B, Cohen M, Borrow P, Weinhold K, Perelson A, Shaw G, Korber BT, Goonetilleke N, McMichael AJ. OA06-04. The role of early T-cell responses in subjects with acute HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767563 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-o40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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108
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Tenzer S, Wee E, Burgevin A, Stewart-Jones G, Friis L, Lamberth K, Chang C, Harndahl M, Weimershaus M, Gerstoft J, Akkad N, Klenerman P, Fugger L, Jones EY, McMichael AJ, Buus S, Schild H, van Endert P, Iversen AK. P16-23. Antigen processing influences HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunodominance. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767751 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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109
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Yang H, Yan H, Li W, Zhang X, Fischer W, Zhang H, Wu H, Korber BT, McMichael AJ, Xu X, Goonetilleke N. P16-13. A greater breadth of HIV-1-specific T cell responses detected using mosaic peptides compare to consensus peptides. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767740 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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110
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Roshorm Y, Hong JP, Kobayashi N, McMichael AJ, Volsky DJ, Potash MJ, Takiguchi M, Hanke T. Novel HIV-1 clade B candidate vaccines designed for HLA-B*5101(+) patients protected mice against chimaeric ecotropic HIV-1 challenge. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1831-40. [PMID: 19585509 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel candidate HIV-1 vaccines have been constructed, which are tailor-designed for HLA-B*5101(+) patients infected with HIV-1 clade B. These vaccines employ novel immunogen HIVB-B*5101 derived from consensus HIV-1 clade B Gag p17 and p24 regions coupled to two Pol-derived B*5101-restricted epitopes, which are together with a third B*5101 epitope in Gag dominant in HIV-1-infected long-term non-progressing patients. Both plasmid DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors supported high expression levels of the HIVB-B*5101 immunogen in cultured cells. Heterologous DNA prime-recombinant MVA boost regimen induced efficiently HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses in BALB/c mice. These vaccine-elicited T cells were multifunctional, killed efficiently target cells in vivo, and protected mice against challenge with ecotropic HIV-1/NL4-3 and ecotropic HIV-1/NDK chimaeric viruses with HIV-1 clade B or D backbones, respectively, and ecotropic murine leukemia virus gp80 envelope, and therefore did so in the absence of anti-HIV-1 gp120 antibodies. These results support further development of HIVB-B*5101 vaccines in combined heterologous-modality regimens. The use of allele-specific vaccines in humans is discussed in the context of other developments in the HIV-1 field.
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Balkrishnan R, Feldman SR, McMichael AJ, DeHart KE, Cayce K, Fleischer AB. Racial differences in the treatment of pigmentation disorders in outpatient settings: analysis of US national practice data. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009; 15:227-30. [PMID: 15764036 DOI: 10.1080/09546630410033790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pigmentary disorders tend to disproportionately affect individuals with darker skin pigmentation. An understanding of why certain patients or races present more frequently to physicians would help guide attempts for early interventions and education for these patients. METHODS Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1996-2000) were used to examine associations between the race/ethnicity of the patient and the type of skin-related visit. We examined the impact of non-white (and separately, black) individuals and Hispanic ethnicity on the probability of a pigmentary disorder or non-pigmentary disorder-related outpatient physician visit in weighted multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Non-white patients have a higher probability of a pigmentary disorder-related skin condition visit than white patients (RR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.31). Black patients are more likely than non-black patients to be seen for a pigmentary disorder (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.04). Hispanic patients are less likely to be seen for a pigmentary disorder (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.91). This is in contrast to non-pigmentary skin disorder-related visits, where non-white, black, as well as Hispanic patients have a lower probability of visits than white individuals. CONCLUSIONS There is a race-related differential in the treatment of pigmentary skin disorders, with non-white patients having a probability of receiving more care for these conditions in US outpatient settings. This lends support to our hypothesis that darker pigmentation in non-white populations is the driver of a differential in the utilization of pigmentation-related skin visits.
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112
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Walley NM, Julg B, Dickson SP, Fellay J, Ge D, Walker BD, Carrington M, Cohen MS, de Bakker PIW, Goldstein DB, Shianna KV, Haynes BF, Letvin NL, McMichael AJ, Michael NL, Weintrob AC. The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines null promoter variant does not influence HIV-1 acquisition or disease progression. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 5:408-10; author reply 418-9. [PMID: 19454339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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113
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Goonetilleke N, Liu MKP, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Ferrari G, Giorgi E, Ganusov VV, Keele BF, Learn GH, Turnbull EL, Salazar MG, Weinhold KJ, Moore S, Letvin N, Haynes BF, Cohen MS, Hraber P, Bhattacharya T, Borrow P, Perelson AS, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Korber BT, McMichael AJ. The first T cell response to transmitted/founder virus contributes to the control of acute viremia in HIV-1 infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1253-72. [PMID: 19487423 PMCID: PMC2715063 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the transmitted/founder virus makes possible, for the first time, a genome-wide analysis of host immune responses against the infecting HIV-1 proteome. A complete dissection was made of the primary HIV-1–specific T cell response induced in three acutely infected patients. Cellular assays, together with new algorithms which identify sites of positive selection in the virus genome, showed that primary HIV-1–specific T cells rapidly select escape mutations concurrent with falling virus load in acute infection. Kinetic analysis and mathematical modeling of virus immune escape showed that the contribution of CD8 T cell–mediated killing of productively infected cells was earlier and much greater than previously recognized and that it contributed to the initial decline of plasma virus in acute infection. After virus escape, these first T cell responses often rapidly waned, leaving or being succeeded by T cell responses to epitopes which escaped more slowly or were invariant. These latter responses are likely to be important in maintaining the already established virus set point. In addition to mutations selected by T cells, there were other selected regions that accrued mutations more gradually but were not associated with a T cell response. These included clusters of mutations in envelope that were targeted by NAbs, a few isolated sites that reverted to the consensus sequence, and bystander mutations in linkage with T cell–driven escape.
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114
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Tenzer S, Wee E, Burgevin A, Stewart-Jones G, Friis L, Lamberth K, Chang CH, Harndahl M, Weimershaus M, Gerstoft J, Akkad N, Klenerman P, Fugger L, Jones EY, McMichael AJ, Buus S, Schild H, van Endert P, Iversen AKN. Antigen processing influences HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunodominance. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:636-46. [PMID: 19412183 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can potentially target multiple virus epitopes, the same few are recognized repeatedly. We show here that CTL immunodominance in regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group-associated antigen proteins p17 and p24 correlated with epitope abundance, which was strongly influenced by proteasomal digestion profiles, affinity for the transporter protein TAP, and trimming mediated by the endoplasmatic reticulum aminopeptidase ERAAP, and was moderately influenced by HLA affinity. Structural and functional analyses demonstrated that proteasomal cleavage 'preferences' modulated the number and length of epitope-containing peptides, thereby affecting the response avidity and clonality of T cells. Cleavage patterns were affected by both flanking and intraepitope CTL-escape mutations. Our analyses show that antigen processing shapes CTL response hierarchies and that viral evolution modifies cleavage patterns and suggest strategies for in vitro vaccine optimization.
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115
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Winstone N, Guimarães-Walker A, Roberts J, Brown D, Loach V, Goonetilleke N, Hanke T, McMichael AJ. Increased detection of proliferating, polyfunctional, HIV-1-specific T cells in DNA-modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vaccinated human volunteers by cultured IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:975-85. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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116
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Bangs SC, Baban D, Cattan HJ, Li CKF, McMichael AJ, Xu XN. Human CD4+ memory T cells are preferential targets for bystander activation and apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1962-71. [PMID: 19201849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is much evidence that T cells may be activated via mechanisms that act independently of direct TCR ligation. Despite this, the question of whether such forms of bystander T cell activation occur during immune responses is hotly debated. To address some outstanding questions, we set up an in vitro system within which to analyze bystander T cell activation in human T cells, in the absence of the possibility for TCR cross-reactivity. In addition, we have investigated the genetic, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of bystander-activated T cells. In this study, we show that bystander T cell activation is, indeed, observed during a specific immune response, and that it occurs preferentially among CD4(+) memory T cells. Furthermore, bystander-activated T cells display a distinct gene expression profile. The mechanism for bystander T cell activation involves soluble factors, and the outcome is an elevated level of apoptosis. This may provide an explanation for the attrition of T cell memory pools of heterologous specificity during immune responses to pathogens such as viruses.
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117
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Teoh D, Johnson LA, Hanke T, McMichael AJ, Jackson DG. Blocking Development of a CD8+ T Cell Response by Targeting Lymphatic Recruitment of APC. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2425-31. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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118
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Li CKF, Wu H, Yan H, Ma S, Wang L, Zhang M, Tang X, Temperton NJ, Weiss RA, Brenchley JM, Douek DC, Mongkolsapaya J, Tran BH, Lin CLS, Screaton GR, Hou JL, McMichael AJ, Xu XN. T cell responses to whole SARS coronavirus in humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5490-500. [PMID: 18832706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effective vaccines should confer long-term protection against future outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a novel zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with unknown animal reservoirs. We conducted a cohort study examining multiple parameters of immune responses to SARS-CoV infection, aiming to identify the immune correlates of protection. We used a matrix of overlapping peptides spanning whole SARS-CoV proteome to determine T cell responses from 128 SARS convalescent samples by ex vivo IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. Approximately 50% of convalescent SARS patients were positive for T cell responses, and 90% possessed strongly neutralizing Abs. Fifty-five novel T cell epitopes were identified, with spike protein dominating total T cell responses. CD8(+) T cell responses were more frequent and of a greater magnitude than CD4(+) T cell responses (p < 0.001). Polychromatic cytometry analysis indicated that the virus-specific T cells from the severe group tended to be a central memory phenotype (CD27(+)/CD45RO(+)) with a significantly higher frequency of polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells producing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2, and CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and CD107a (degranulation), as compared with the mild-moderate group. Strong T cell responses correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with higher neutralizing Ab. The serum cytokine profile during acute infection indicated a significant elevation of innate immune responses. Increased Th2 cytokines were observed in patients with fatal infection. Our study provides a roadmap for the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV and types of immune responses that may be responsible for the virus clearance, and should serve as a benchmark for SARS-CoV vaccine design and evaluation.
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119
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Lee LYH, Ha DLA, Simmons C, de Jong MD, Chau NVV, Schumacher R, Peng YC, McMichael AJ, Farrar JJ, Smith GL, Townsend AR, Askonas BA, Rowland-Jones S, Dong T. Memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection cross-react with avian influenza A (H5N1) in healthy individuals. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3478-90. [PMID: 18802496 PMCID: PMC2542885 DOI: 10.1172/jci32460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans remains a global health concern. Current influenza vaccines stimulate antibody responses against the surface glycoproteins but are ineffective against strains that have undergone significant antigenic variation. An alternative approach is to stimulate pre-existing memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection that could cross-react with H5N1 by targeting highly conserved internal proteins. To determine how common cross-reactive T cells are, we performed a comprehensive ex vivo analysis of cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell responses to overlapping peptides spanning the full proteome of influenza A/Viet Nam/CL26/2005 (H5N1) and influenza A/New York/232/2004 (H3N2) in healthy individuals from the United Kingdom and Viet Nam. Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from the majority of participants exhibited human influenza-specific responses and showed cross-recognition of at least one H5N1 internal protein. Participant CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognized multiple synthesized influenza peptides, including peptides from the H5N1 strain. Matrix protein 1 (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP) were the immunodominant targets of cross-recognition. In addition, cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognized target cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either H5N1 M1 or NP. Thus, vaccine formulas inducing heterosubtypic T cell-mediated immunity may confer broad protection against avian and human influenza A viruses.
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120
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Ho LP, Denney L, Luhn K, Teoh D, Clelland C, McMichael AJ. Activation of invariant NKT cells enhances the innate immune response and improves the disease course in influenza A virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1913-22. [PMID: 18521958 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200738017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have an indubitable role in antiviral immunity, although the mechanisms by which these cells exert their functions are not fully elucidated. With the emerging importance of high-pathogenicity influenza A virus infections in humans, we questioned whether iNKT cells contribute to immune defence against influenza A virus and whether activation of these cells influences outcome. We show that activation of iNKT cells with alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GC) during influenza virus infection transiently enhanced early innate immune response without affecting T cell immunity, and reduced early viral titres in lungs of C57BL/6 mice. This is accompanied by a better disease course with improved weight loss profile. Temporal changes in iNKT cells in the liver, blood and lungs suggest activation and migration of iNKT cells from the liver to the lungs in mice that were administered alpha-GC. Improvement in viral titres appears dependent on activation of iNKT cells via the intraperitoneal route since intranasal administration of alpha-GC did not have the same effect. We conclude that activation of iNKT cells enhances early innate immune response in the lungs and contribute to antiviral immunity and improved disease course in influenza A virus infection.
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121
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Duvall MG, Precopio ML, Ambrozak DA, Jaye A, McMichael AJ, Whittle HC, Roederer M, Rowland-Jones SL, Koup RA. Polyfunctional T cell responses are a hallmark of HIV-2 infection. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:350-63. [PMID: 18200635 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
HIV-2 is distinguished clinically and immunologically from HIV-1 infection by delayed disease progression and maintenance of HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell help in most infected subjects. Thus, HIV-2 provides a unique natural human model in which to investigate correlates of immune protection against HIV disease progression. Here, we report a detailed assessment of the HIV-2-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response compared to HIV-1, using polychromatic flow cytometry to assess the quality of the HIV-specific T cell response by measuring IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha, MIP-1beta, and CD107a mobilization (degranulation) simultaneously following Gag peptide stimulation. We find that HIV-2-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are more polyfunctional that those specific for HIV-1 and that polyfunctional HIV-2-specific T cells produce more IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on a per-cell basis than monofunctional T cells. Polyfunctional HIV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells were generally more differentiated and expressed CD57, while there was no association between function and phenotype in the CD8(+) T cell fraction. Polyfunctional HIV-specific T cell responses are a hallmark of non-progressive HIV-2 infection and may be related to good clinical outcome in this setting.
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122
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Ishizuka J, Stewart-Jones GBE, van der Merwe A, Bell JI, McMichael AJ, Jones EY. The structural dynamics and energetics of an immunodominant T cell receptor are programmed by its Vbeta domain. Immunity 2008; 28:171-82. [PMID: 18275829 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Revised: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunodominant and public T cell receptor (TCR) usage is relatively common in many viral diseases yet surprising in the context of the large naive TCR repertoire. We examined the highly conserved Vbeta17:Valpha10.2 JM22 T cell response to the influenza matrix peptide (58-66)-HLA-A*0201 (HLA-A2-flu) through extensive kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural analyses. We found several conformational adjustments that accompany JM22-HLA-A2-flu binding and identified a binding "hotspot" within the Vbeta domain of the TCR. Within this hotspot, key germline-encoded CDR1 and CDR2 loop residues and a crucial but commonly coded residue in the hypervariable region of CDR3 provide the basis for the substantial bias in the selection of the germline-encoded Vbeta17 domain. The chances of having a substantial number of T cells in the naive repertoire that have HLA-A2-flu-specific Vbeta17 receptors may consequently be relatively high, thus explaining the immunodominant usage of this clonotype.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- HLA-A Antigens/chemistry
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- HLA-A Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Mutant Proteins/chemistry
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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123
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Simon AK, Newsom-Davis T, Frayne MEF, Ch'en PFT, McMichael AJ, Screaton GR. Generation of tumour-rejecting anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies using melanoma modified with Fas ligand. Int Immunol 2008; 20:525-34. [PMID: 18310066 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens such as glycolipids and glycoproteins are over-expressed in a variety of cancers and have therefore been identified as ideal candidates for tumour vaccines. Detection of anti-carbohydrate antibodies is associated with a good prognosis in cancer patients. However, generation of an efficient adaptive immune response has been hampered by the low immunogenicity of carbohydrates due to tolerance. Here, we describe a method by which tumour-rejecting antibodies directed against carbohydrates can be elicited in two different melanoma mouse models. Thus, using the murine melanoma B16F10 over-expressing Fas ligand (FasL), we have generated mAbs against cancer carbohydrate antigens expressed by the melanoma. Importantly, passive transfer of mAbs resulted in rejection of melanoma in vivo. Their protective effect in vivo was dependent on FcR and in vitro antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. They were also able to delay tumour growth when injected after the tumour was established. FasL-expressing tumours as an adjuvant are a novel way to generate anti-carbohydrate antibodies able to reject tumours in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Fas Ligand Protein/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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124
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Hanke T, Goonetilleke N, McMichael AJ, Dorrell L. Clinical experience with plasmid DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade A vaccine focusing on T-cell induction. J Gen Virol 2008. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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125
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Li D, Chen N, McMichael AJ, Screaton GR, Xu XN. Generation and characterisation of CD1d tetramer produced by a lentiviral expression system. J Immunol Methods 2008; 330:57-63. [PMID: 18068183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer)-loaded CD1d tetramer remains the most powerful tool in identifying natural killer T (NKT) cells, a subpopulation of T cells that express an unusual semi-invariant T cell antigen receptor, and mediate a variety of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. The difficulty of generating large amounts of the alphaGalCer-CD1d tetramer has limited its availability and consequently hampered the study of NKT cells. In this report, we used a lentiviral system to generate stable cell lines producing beta2m-CD1d single chain protein in large quantities and in a relatively short period of time. When the protein was loaded with alphaGalCer and tetramerised with fluorescence-labelled streptavidin, its ability to efficiently bind to NKT cells was confirmed both by phenotype analysis and functional study. The CD1d tetramer generated from these stable cell lines should facilitate a wide range of studies on the biology and clinical applications of CD1d-restricted NKT cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD1/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/isolation & purification
- Antigens, CD1d
- Biotinylation
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Line
- Cell Separation
- Cloning, Molecular
- Culture Media/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Galactosylceramides/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lentivirus/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/isolation & purification
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