Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Relative adrenal insufficiency (AI) occurs in patients with cirrhosis with sepsis, but not with variceal bleeding. We evaluated adrenal function in cirrhotic patients with and without bleeding.

METHODS

Twenty cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding were evaluated using the short synacthen test (SST) and 10 using the low-dose synacthen test (LDSST) followed by SST. The control group included 60 stable cirrhotic patients, assessed by LDSST (n = 50) or SST (n = 10), and 14 healthy volunteers. AI was diagnosed using SST, based on peak cortisol levels ≤ 18 μg/dL in nonstressed patients or Δmax <9 μg/dL or a total cortisol level <10 μg/dL in stressed patients with variceal bleeding-the current criteria for critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Using LDSST, diagnosis was based on peak concentrations of cortisol ≤ 18 μg/dL in nonstressed patients and <25 μg/dL (or Δmax <9 μg/dL) in patients with variceal bleeding. We evaluated patients with levels of serum albumin >2.5 g/dL, to indirectly assess cortisol binding.

RESULTS

All healthy volunteers had normal results from LDSSTs and SSTs. Patients with variceal bleeding had higher median baseline concentrations of cortisol (15.4 μg/dL) than stable cirrhotic patients (8.7 μg/dL, P = .001) or healthy volunteers (10.1 μg/dL, P = .01). Patients with variceal bleeding had higher median peak concentrations of cortisol than stable cirrhotic patients (SST results of 32.7 vs 21 μg/dL, P = .001; LDSST results of 9.3 vs 8.1 μg/dL; nonsignificant), with no differences in Δmax in either test. These differences were greater with variceal bleeding than in stable cirrhotic patients with AI. Subanalysis of patients with albumin levels >2.5 g/dL did not change these differences.

CONCLUSIONS

Cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding have AI. Despite higher baseline concentrations of serum cortisol and subnormal Δmax values, they did not have adequate responses to stress, and therefore had critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.

Propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease

BACKGROUND

Randomised clinical trials have addressed the question whether propylthiouracil has any beneficial effects in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of propylthiouracil for patients with alcoholic liver disease.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register (April 2011), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library (April 2011), MEDLINE (1948 to April 2011), EMBASE (1980 to April 2011), and Science Citation Index Expanded (1900 to April 2011). These electronic searches were combined with full text searches. Manufacturers and researchers in the field were also contacted.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised clinical trials studying patients with alcoholic steatosis, alcoholic fibrosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and/or alcoholic cirrhosis were included irrespective of blinding, publication status, or language. Interventions encompassed propylthiouracil at any dose versus placebo or no intervention.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

All analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat method in RevMan Analyses. The risk of bias of the randomised clinical trials was evaluated by bias risk domains such as generation of allocation sequence, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, academic bias, and source of funding.

MAIN RESULTS

Combining the results of six randomised clinical trials with high risk of bias which included 710 patients demonstrated no significant effects of propylthiouracil versus placebo on all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 1.30), liver-related mortality (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.40), or complications of the liver disease. Although propylthiouracil was not associated with a significant increased risk of non-serious adverse events, there were occasional instances of serious adverse events such as leukopenia and generalised bullous eruption.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

We could not demonstrate any significant beneficial effect of propylthiouracil on all-cause mortality, liver-related mortality, liver complications, or liver histology of patients with alcoholic liver disease. Propylthiouracil was associated with adverse events. Confidence intervals were wide. Thus, the risk of random errors and systematic errors was high. Accordingly, there is no evidence for using propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease outside randomised clinical trials.

The role of E. coli infection in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis

Among various infectious agents possibly involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), Escherichia Coli (E. coli) has received special attention because of epidemiological and experimental evidence linking this bacterium with the disease's development. This review discusses early and more recent epidemiological studies associating recurrent urinary tract infections with E. coli and the development of PBC. We also critically review data provided over the years demonstrating disease-specific humoral and cellular immune responses against E. coli antigens in patients with PBC. Finally, we assess the relevance of experimental findings reporting cross-reactive immunity between mimicking sequences of E. coli and the major PBC mitochondrial antigens in the pathogenesis of the PBC. We also address the extent to which molecular mimicry and immunological cross-reactivity can be considered as a critical pathogenic process linking infection with self destruction.

Serum ferritin is a discriminant marker for both fibrosis and inflammation in histologically proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

INTRODUCTION

Differentiation between steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is important as NASH progress to cirrhosis. No specific laboratory/imaging technique exists either to diagnose NASH or to select patients for liver biopsy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We evaluated serum ferritin and the features of metabolic syndrome with respect to histological inflammation and/or fibrosis in NAFLD patients. The Kleiner scoring system was used to classify NAFLD in consecutive liver biopsies. One hundred and eleven patients: median age 52.6, 64 males, obesity 62, diabetes mellitus (DM) 58, arterial hypertension 26 and hyperlipidaemia 40%.

RESULTS

Histologically, 40.7 had fatty liver, 30.6% had borderline NASH, 28.7% had NASH and 11% had cirrhosis. Multivariate regression showed that diabetes, serum ferritin concentrations, body mass index (BMI) and AST were independently associated with NASH: together, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) was 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.86-0.96); fibrosis was associated with ferritin concentrations and BMI: AUROC 0.87, portal inflammation with ferritin and DM: AUROC 0.82, while lobular inflammation was associated with BMI, DM and ferritin: AUROC 0.85.

CONCLUSION

Serum ferritin concentrations and BMI are strongly associated with fibrosis, portal and lobular inflammation in NAFLD patients. Both ferritin and BMI are potential discriminant markers to select patients for liver biopsy and are associated with inflammation and fibrosis.

Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein-B vaccine with MF59 adjuvant in transplant recipients: a phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Cytomegalovirus end-organ disease can be prevented by giving ganciclovir when viraemia is detected in allograft recipients. Values of viral load correlate with development of end-organ disease and are moderated by pre-existing natural immunity. Our aim was to determine whether vaccine-induced immunity could do likewise.

METHODS

We undertook a phase-2 randomised placebo controlled trial in adults awaiting kidney or liver transplantation at the Royal Free Hospital, London, UK. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, receipt of blood products (except albumin) in the previous 3 months, and simultaneous multiorgan transplantation. 70 patients seronegative and 70 seropositive for cytomegalovirus were randomly assigned from a scratch-off randomisation code in a 1:1 ratio to receive either cytomegalovirus glycoprotein-B vaccine with MF59 adjuvant or placebo, each given at baseline, 1 month and 6 months later. If a patient was transplanted, no further vaccinations were given and serial blood samples were tested for cytomegalovirus DNA by real-time quantitative PCR (rtqPCR). Any patient with one blood sample containing more than 3000 cytomegalovirus genomes per mL received ganciclovir until two consecutive undetectable cytomegalovirus DNA measurements. Safety and immunogenicity were coprimary endpoints and were assessed by intention to treat in patients who received at least one dose of vaccine or placebo. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00299260.

FINDINGS

67 patients received vaccine and 73 placebo, all of whom were evaluable. Glycoprotein-B antibody titres were significantly increased in both seronegative (geometric mean titre 12,537 (95% CI 6593-23,840) versus 86 (63-118) in recipients of placebo recipients; p<0.0001) and seropositive (118,395; 64,503-217,272) versus 24,682 (17,909-34,017); p<0.0001) recipients of vaccine. In those who developed viraemia after transplantation, glycoprotein-B antibody titres correlated inversely with duration of viraemia (p=0.0022). In the seronegative patients with seropositive donors, the duration of viraemia (p=0.0480) and number of days of ganciclovir treatment (p=0.0287) were reduced in vaccine recipients.

INTERPRETATION

Although cytomegalovirus disease occurs in the context of suppressed cell-mediated immunity post-transplantation, humoral immunity has a role in reduction of cytomegalovirus viraemia. Vaccines containing cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B merit further assessment in transplant recipients.

FUNDING

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Grant R01AI051355 and Wellcome Trust, Grant 078332.

SPONSOR

University College London (UCL).

Systematic review and meta-analysis of intraoperative versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with gallbladder and suspected common bile duct stones

BACKGROUND

Most patients with gallbladder and common bile duct stones are treated by preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (POES) followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Recently, intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (IOES) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been suggested as an alternative treatment.

METHODS

Data from randomized clinical trials related to safety and effectiveness of IOES versus POES were extracted by two independent reviewers. Risk ratios (RRs) or mean differences were calculated with 95 per cent confidence intervals based on intention-to-treat analysis whenever possible.

RESULTS

Four trials with 532 patients comparing IOES with POES were included. There were no deaths. There was no significant difference in rates of ampullary cannulation (RR 1·01, 0·97 to 1·04; P = 0·70) or stone clearance by ES (RR 0·99, 0·96 to 1·02; P = 0·58) between the groups. The proportion of patients with at least one post-ES complication, including pancreatitis, bleeding, perforation, cholangitis, cholecystitis or gastric ulcer, was significantly lower in the IOES group (RR 0·37, 0·18 to 0·78; P = 0·009). There was no significant difference in morbidity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy or requirement for open operation between the groups. Mean hospital stay was 3 days shorter in the IOES group: mean difference - 2·83 (-3·66 to - 2·00) days (P < 0·001).

CONCLUSION

In patients with gallbladder and common bile duct stones, IOES is as effective and safe as POES and results in a significantly shorter hospital stay.

Elastography for the diagnosis of severity of fibrosis in chronic liver disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Transient elastography is a non-invasive method, for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis, developed as an alternative to liver biopsy. We studied the performance of elastography for diagnosis of fibrosis using meta-analysis.

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCI, Cochrane Library, conference abstracts books, and article references were searched. We included studies using biopsy as a reference standard, with the data necessary to calculate the true and false positive, true and false negative diagnostic results of elastography for a fibrosis stage, and with a 3-month maximum interval between tests. The quality of the studies was rated with the QUADAS tool.

RESULTS

We identified 40 eligible studies. Summary sensitivity and specificity was 0.79 (95% CI 0.74-0.82) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.72-0.83) for F2 stage and 0.83 (95% CI 0.79-0.86) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.87-0.91) for cirrhosis. After an elastography result at/over the threshold value for F2 or cirrhosis ("positive" result), the corresponding post-test probability for their presence (if pre-test probability was 50%) was 78%, and 88% respectively, while, if values were below these thresholds ("negative" result), the post-test probability was 21% and 16%, respectively. No optimal stiffness cut-offs for individual fibrosis stages were validated in independent cohorts and cut-offs had a wide range and overlap within and between stages.

CONCLUSIONS

Elastography theoretically has good sensitivity and specificity for cirrhosis (and less for lesser degrees of fibrosis); however, it should be cautiously applied to everyday clinical practice because there is no validation of the stiffness cut-offs for the various stages. Such validation is required before elastography is considered sufficiently accurate for non-invasive staging of fibrosis.

Assessment of fibrosis and cirrhosis in liver biopsies: an update

The liver biopsy specimen represents valuable material for the assessment of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Despite limitations related to sampling and interpretation, histologic examination remains the gold standard for staging chronic liver diseases. Hepatic fibrosis is currently viewed as a dynamic process that may often regress after successful treatment of chronic liver diseases. Even the excess fibrous tissue of cirrhotic livers may sometimes regress over time. Distinguishing between the amount of hepatic fibrosis and the disease stage is important for the assessment of the effects of antifibrotic treatments. Recent studies suggest that the proportion of the liver biopsy specimen occupied by collagen is correlated with the hepatic venous pressure gradient in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus infection, with or without cirrhosis, and represents a predictor of clinical decompensation. This parameter has also been found to correlate with liver stiffness measurements of patients with chronic viral hepatitis obtained by transient elastography. Therefore, quantitative assessment of hepatic fibrosis in liver biopsy specimens holds promise as a prognostic marker, and as a means to validate noninvasive markers of fibrosis.

Should we routinely measure portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis, using hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) as a guide for prophylaxis and therapy of bleeding and rebleeding? No

Portal hypertension (PH) is a severe complication of liver cirrhosis. Measurement of the degree of portal hypertension is usually performed by measuring the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) which is the difference between the free hepatic venous pressure (FHVP) and the wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHPG). The HVPG accurately reflects the degree of PH in the majority of liver diseases. PH is defined by an increase of HVPG values above the normal upper limit of 5 mm Hg, while clinically significant PH is defined by an HVPG to ≥10 mm Hg. Although measurement of HVPG potentially has several applications, in clinical practice its major use has been related to the assessment of hemodynamic response to pharmacological therapy, in order to evaluate the efficacy of treatment and to predict the risk of rebleeding from esophageal varices. When properly performed, HVPG is a reliable, safe and good predictive tool in the management of portal hypertension. However, the need for appropriate equipment, sufficient and reliable operators and costs, have discouraged its use outside Liver Units specifically devoted to the clinical management of portal hypertension. This has diminished its applicability. Combining its use with transjugular liver biopsy and using the prognostic value of HVPG may help encourage its use.

Digital image analysis of liver collagen predicts clinical outcome of recurrent hepatitis C virus 1 year after liver transplantation

Clinical outcomes of recurrent hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation are difficult to predict. We evaluated collagen proportionate area (CPA), a quantitative histological index, at 1 year with respect to the first episode of clinical decompensation. Patients with biopsies at 1 year after liver transplantation were evaluated by Ishak stage/grade, and biopsy samples stained with Sirius red for digital image analysis were evaluated for CPA. Cox regression was used to evaluate variables associated with first appearance of clinical decompensation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also used. A total of 135 patients with median follow-up of 76 months were evaluated. At 1 year, median CPA was 4.6% (0.2%-36%) and Ishak stage was 0-2 in 101 patients, 3-4 in 23 patients, and 5-6 in 11 patients. Decompensation occurred in 26 (19.3%) at a median of 61 months (15-138). Univariately, CPA, tacrolimus monotherapy, and Ishak stage/grade at 1 year were associated with decompensation; upon multivariate analysis, only CPA was associated with decompensation (P = 0.010; Exp(B) = 1.169; 95%CI, 1.037-1.317). Area under the ROC curve was 0.97 (95%CI, 0.94-0.99). A cutoff value of 6% of CPA had 82% sensitivity and 95% specificity for decompensation. In the 89 patients with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement, similar results were obtained. When both cutoffs of CPA > 6% and HVPG ≥ 6 mm Hg were used, all patients decompensated. Thus, CPA at 1-year biopsy after liver transplantation was highly predictive of clinical outcome in patients infected with hepatitis C virus who underwent transplantation, better than Ishak stage or HVPG.

Management of varices in cirrhosis

INTRODUCTION

Acute variceal bleeding is a medical emergency and one of the main causes of mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Timely and effective treatment of the acute bleeding episode results in increased survival, and appropriate prophylactic treatment can prevent bleeding or rebleeding from varices.

AREAS COVERED

We discuss the prevention of development and growth of varices, the primary and secondary prophylaxis of bleeding, the treatment of acute bleeding, and the management of gastric varices. We systematically reviewed studies, without time limits, identified through Medline and searches of reference lists, and provide an overview of the evidence underlying the -treatment options in the management of varices in cirrhosis.

EXPERT OPINION

The management of variceal hemorrhage relies on nonspecific interventions (e.g., adequate fluid resuscitation, airway protection) and on specific interventions. These are routine prophylactic antibiotics, vasoactive drugs and endoscopic treatment. Procedures such as the placement of a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube or a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) can be lifesaving. The primary and secondary prophylaxis of bleeding is based on nonselective beta-blockers and endoscopy, even though TIPS or, less frequently, surgery have a role in selected cases.

Risk factors associated with early hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation - univariable and multivariable analysis

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is a serious complication in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). It is associated with a high graft loss and mortality rate. In this study, possible risk factors associated with early HAT (occurring within the first postoperative month) were evaluated using univariable and multivariable analyses. Nine-hundred-and-fourteen consecutive OLTs in our institution were examined by univariable and multivariable analyses. Early HAT occurred in 43 patients (4.7%). Graft number, abnormal donor arterial anatomy, bench arterial reconstruction, aortic conduit use, multiple anastomoses, reperfusion time (interval between portal vein reperfusion and restoration of arterial flow) and the number of units of blood received intraoperatively were significantly associated with early HAT in the univariable analysis(P<0.1). These variables were included in a multivariable regression model which showed that bench arterial reconstruction was associated with a fourfold risk of early HAT(P<0.0001), whereas each additional 10min delay in reperfusion was associated with a 27% increase in the risk of early HAT (P<0.04). The main risk factors associated with early HAT are abnormal arterial anatomy in the graft requiring bench reconstruction and a delay in arterial reperfusion. Early recognition of these factors, strict surveillance protocols with arterial Doppler and selective anticoagulation for patients at risk need to be evaluated prospectively.

Noninvasive tests for evaluation of fibrosis in HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: a systematic review

Noninvasive tests (NIT) for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis have not been evaluated extensively in liver transplantation. We systematically reviewed the literature regarding NIT after liver transplantation. We identified 14 studies evaluating NIT based on serum markers and/or liver imaging techniques: 10 studies assessed NIT in recipients with recurrent HCV infection for fibrosis and four studies evaluated predictors of progression of fibrosis in recurrent HCV. Transient Elastography (TE) had good discrimination for significant fibrosis (median AUROC: 0.88). Among the serum NIT, APRI had good performance (median AUROC: 0.75). TE performed better than serum (direct and indirect) NIT for significant fibrosis with median AUROC 0.88 (vs. 0.66, P < 0.001), median sensitivity 0.86 (vs. 0.56, P = 0.002), median NPV 0.90 (vs. 0.74, P = 0.05) and median PPV 0.80 (vs. 0.63, P = 0.02). TE compared to indirect serum NIT, had better performance, but was not superior to APRI score. Finally, direct, compared to indirect NIT, were not significantly different except for specificity: median: 0.83 vs. 0.69, respectively, P = 0.04. In conclusion, NIT could become an important tool in clinical management of liver transplant recipients, but whether they can improve clinical practice needs further evidence. Their optimal combination with liver biopsy and assessment of collagen content requires investigation.

Antiviral prophylactic intervention for chronic hepatitis C virus in patients undergoing liver transplantation

BACKGROUND

It is not clear whether prophylactic antiviral therapy is indicated in patients undergoing liver transplantation for chronic decompensated hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the benefits and harms of different prophylactic anti-viral therapies for patients undergoing liver transplantation for chronic HCV infection.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded until August 2010.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Only randomised clinical trials irrespective of language, blinding, or publication status and comparing various prophylactic antiviral therapies (alone or in combination) in the prophylactic treatment of patients undergoing liver transplantation for chronic HCV infection.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors collected the data independently. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) or hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the fixed-effect and the random-effects models based on available case analysis.

MAIN RESULTS

A total of 477 liver transplant recipients undergoing liver transplantation for chronic HCV infection were randomised in eleven trials to various interventions and controls. The proportion of genotype I varied between 49% to 88% in the five trials that reported the genotype. Only one or two trials were included under each comparison. All the trials were of high risk of bias. There was no significant differences in the patient survival, graft rejection, re-transplantation, or HCV recurrence between intervention and control groups in any of the comparisons that reported these outcomes. None of the trials reported liver decompensation, primary graft non-function, intensive therapy unit stay, hospital stay, or quality of life. Life-threatening adverse events were not reported in either group in any of the comparisons. Up to 91% of patients required reduction in dose and up to 36% of patients required cessation of treatment in the various comparisons because of adverse events or because of patient's choice to stop treatment.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

There is currently no evidence to recommend prophylactic antiviral treatment to prevent recurrence of HCV infection either in primary liver transplantation or re-transplantation. Further randomised clinical trials with adequate trial methodology and adequate duration of follow-up are necessary.

Prioritization for liver transplantation

There are three possible policies for prioritization for liver transplantation: medical urgency, utility and transplant benefit. The first is based on the severity of cirrhosis, using Child-Turcotte-Pugh score and, more recently, the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, or variants of MELD, for allocation. Although prospectively developed and validated, the MELD score has several limitations, including interlaboratory variations for measurement of serum creatinine and international normalized ratio of prothrombin time, and a systematic adverse female gender bias. Adjustments to the original MELD equation and new scoring systems have been proposed to overcome these limitations; incorporation of serum sodium improves its predictive accuracy. The MELD score poorly predicts outcomes after liver transplantation due to the absence of donor factors incorporated into the scoring system. Several utility models are based on donor and recipient characteristics. Combined poor recipient and donor characteristics lead to very poor outcomes, which in a utility system would be considered unacceptable. Finally, transplant benefit models rank patients according to the net survival benefit that they would derive from transplantation. However, complex statistical models are required, and unmeasured characteristics may unduly affect the models. Well-designed prospective studies and simulation models are necessary to establish the optimal allocation system in liver transplantation.

Enhanced thrombin generation in patients with cirrhosis-induced coagulopathy

BACKGROUND

Prothrombin time (PT) and the international normalized ratio (INR) are still routinely measured in patients with liver cirrhosis to 'assess' their bleeding risk despite the lack of correlation with the two. Thrombin generation (TG) assays are global assays of coagulation that are showing promise in assessing bleeding and thrombosis risks.

AIM

To study the relationship between the INR and TG profiles in cirrhosis-induced coagulopathy.

METHODS

Seventy-three patients with cirrhosis were studied. All TG parameters were compared with those from a normal control group. Contact activation was prevented using corn trypsin inhibitor. TG was also assayed in the presence of Protac(®). The endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) ratio was derived by dividing the ETP with Protac® by the ETP without Protac®.

RESULTS

The INR (mean 1.7) did not correlate with the ETP and the velocity of TG (P > 0.05). There was no difference between the lag time and ETP of the two groups (P > 0.05). The velocity of TG was increased in cirrhosis (67.95 ± 34.8 vs. 45.05 ± 25.9 nM min⁻¹ ; P = 0.016) especially in patients with INRs between 1.21 and 2.0. Both the ETP with Protac(®) and the ETP ratio were increased in cirrhosis (mean 1074 ± 461.4 vs. 818 ± 357.9 nM min, P = 0.004 and 0.80 ± 0.21 vs. 0.44 ± 0.15, P ≤ 0.0001, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Despite a raised INR, TG parameters are consistent with a hypercoagulable profile in cirrhosis-related coagulopathy. This confirms that the PT or INR should not be used to assess bleeding risk in these patients, and other parameters, such as TG, need to be explored as clinical markers of coagulopathy.