First Observation of the Directed Flow of D^{0} and D^{0}[over ¯] in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

We report the first measurement of rapidity-odd directed flow (v_{1}) for D^{0} and D^{0}[over ¯] mesons at midrapidity (|y|<0.8) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV using the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. In 10-80% Au+Au collisions, the slope of the v_{1} rapidity dependence (dv_{1}/dy), averaged over D^{0} and D^{0}[over ¯] mesons, is -0.080±0.017(stat)±0.016(syst) for transverse momentum p_{T} above 1.5  GeV/c. The absolute value of D^{0} meson dv_{1}/dy is about 25 times larger than that for charged kaons, with 3.4σ significance. These data give a unique insight into the initial tilt of the produced matter, and offer constraints on the geometric and transport parameters of the hot QCD medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Polarization of Λ (Λ[over ¯]) Hyperons along the Beam Direction in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

The Λ (Λ[over ¯]) hyperon polarization along the beam direction has been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV, for the first time in heavy-ion collisions. The polarization dependence on the hyperons' emission angle relative to the elliptic flow plane exhibits a second harmonic sine modulation, indicating a quadrupole pattern of the vorticity component along the beam direction, expected due to elliptic flow. The polarization is found to increase in more peripheral collisions, and shows no strong transverse momentum (p_{T}) dependence at p_{T} greater than 1  GeV/c. The magnitude of the signal is about 5 times smaller than those predicted by hydrodynamic and multiphase transport models; the observed phase of the emission angle dependence is also opposite to these model predictions. In contrast, the kinematic vorticity calculations in the blast-wave model tuned to reproduce particle spectra, elliptic flow, and the azimuthal dependence of the Gaussian source radii measured with the Hanbury Brown-Twiss intensity interferometry technique reproduce well the modulation phase measured in the data and capture the centrality and transverse momentum dependence of the polarization signal.

Observation of Excess J/ψ Yield at Very Low Transverse Momenta in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV and U+U Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=193 GeV

We report on the first measurements of J/ψ production at very low transverse momentum (p_{T}<0.2  GeV/c) in hadronic Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV and U+U collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=193  GeV. Remarkably, the inferred nuclear modification factor of J/ψ at midrapidity in Au+Au (U+U) collisions reaches about 24 (52) for p_{T}<0.05  GeV/c in the 60%-80% collision centrality class. This noteworthy enhancement cannot be explained by hadronic production accompanied by cold and hot medium effects. In addition, the dN/dt distribution of J/ψ for the very low p_{T} range is presented for the first time. The distribution is consistent with that expected from the Au nucleus and shows a hint of interference. Comparison of the measurements to theoretical calculations of coherent production shows that the excess yield can be described reasonably well and reveals a partial disruption of coherent production in semicentral collisions, perhaps due to the violent hadronic interactions. Incorporating theoretical calculations, the results strongly suggest that the dramatic enhancement of J/ψ yield observed at extremely low p_{T} originates from coherent photon-nucleus interactions. In particular, coherently produced J/ψ's in violent hadronic collisions may provide a novel probe of the quark-gluon plasma.

[Clinical study of FibroTouch and six serological models for assessing the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B]

Objective: To evaluate the using value of FibroTouch and six serological models in detecting the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, in an attempt to provide reference for accurate diagnosis. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-eight cases with chronic hepatitis B admitted to Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou from September 1, 2015 to September 1, 2017 were selected. All patients underwent liver histopathological examination and FibroTouch measurement to determine liver stiffness (LSM). Serum biochemical parameters were detected and the scoring values of six serological models were calculated. SAS 9.4 statistical software was used for statistical analysis, and the correlation between FibroTouch and the six serological models was analyzed by Spearman correlation. The diagnostic value of FibroTouch and six serological models was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) based on liver histopathological findings. Results: The median LSM of 258 cases with chronic hepatitis B was 9.4 (6.5-13.8) kPa. In the six serological models, the median value of aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index (APRI), FIB-4 index, S-index, Forn's index, PRPindex, and FIB-5 were 0.42 (0.28-0.62), 1.27 (0.78-2.03), 0.11 (0.07-0.20), 6.95 (5.89-8.51), 0.000 8 (0.000 6-0.000 9),and 38.59 (36.28-40.97). FibroTouch had positive correlation with APRI, FIB-4, S-index, Forn's index, PRP, fibrosis stage (r= 0.73,P< 0.001) and inflammation grade, and had negative correlation with FIB-5, and both had statistical significance. The area under curve (AUC) of FT-LSM at S≥2, S≥3, S = 4 were 0.89, 0.90 and 0.85, respectively, which was significantly higher than serological models (P< 0.001). The AUC of S-index model at S≥2, S≥3, S = 4 were higher than other five serological models. Conclusion: The diagnostic performance of FibroTouch is significantly better than serological model. S-index model has the best diagnostic performance in the six serological models, and the combination of S-index and FT-LSM may better diagnose the grading of liver fibrosis, and thus can be applied and promoted in clinic.

P11.52 Reduced expression of proteolipid protein 2 increases ER-stress-induced apoptosis and autophagy in glioblastoma

BACKGROUND

The PLP2 gene encodes for the Proteolipid protein 2 (PLP2) which is an integral ion channel membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein has been shown to be involved in several human cancers, but the importance of PLP2 in gliomas is poorly understood. In the present study, we therefore investigated the role of PLP2 in human glioma development.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Immunohistochemistry was carried out for paraffin-embedded glioma samples, and changes in protein level were detected by western blot analysis. Small interfering RNA transfections were used for knockdown of specific genes. Cell viability and proliferation was then assessed by CCK-8 assay and EdU assay. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of the cells and flow cytometry for the evaluation of apoptosis. Finally, U87 and U251 cells were treated with lentiviral transduction to obtain stably PLP2-knockdown cell lines, which were used for an in vivo study.

RESULTS

Data from publicly available datasets (Rembrandt, TCGA and CGGA) showed a correlation between up-regulation of PLP2 levels and increased malignancy. This was confirmed by IHC staining of sections from our own clinical glioma samples. Mechanistically, down-regulation of PLP2 in U87 and U251 glioma cell lines decreased the proliferation and increased apoptosis and autophagy, mediated by ER-stress. In PLP2 knockdown U87 and U251 cells, autophagy inhibition by chloroquine (CQ) augmented apoptotic cell death. Finally, orthotopic U87-shPLP2 and U251-shPLP2 intracranial xenograft models revealed that down-regulating of PLP2 inhibited glioma development in vivo.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the results indicate that PLP2 expression is related to glioma progression, and could be a potential target for future treatment strategies.

Comprehensive Review of Cranial Chordomas Using National Databases in the USA

AIMS

The management of cranial chordomas is controversial. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolving patterns of care of cranial chordomas in the USA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We analysed the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2004 and 2014 for clinical characteristics and long-term survival, and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) dataset between 2005 and 2016 for perioperative characteristics and surgical morbidity.

RESULTS

In total, 936 patients were identified from the NCDB, 405 patients from SEER and 64 patients from the NSQIP. Most patients were men (56.2, 54.8 and 57.8% in NCDB, SEER and NSQIP, respectively) and White (80.9 and 83.2% in NCDB and SEER, respectively). Surgery was the preferred treatment modality (87.3% in NCDB and 86.2% in SEER). Surgery was carried out alone (41.8% in NCDB and 40.7% in SEER) or in combination with radiation (42.1% in NCDB and 45.4% in SEER). Proton therapy was the most common type of radiation (32.2% in NCDB), particularly after 2011. The median operative time, median hospital length and postoperative morbidity were significantly higher in chordoma patients compared with patients who underwent other skull-base procedures. The 5-year survival rate was 79.8% in NCDB and 76.9% in SEER. There was a trend towards longer survival in patients receiving surgery and radiation, which has been increasingly used since 2004. Patients younger than 60 years had a decreased risk of mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analysis reflects patterns of care in the USA. The use of surgery and radiation is increasing, with a trend towards longer survival. Surgery is complicated with long operative time, hospital stay and a higher rate of complications.

A novel multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of virulent Aeromonas in cultured eels

AIMS

Under intensive and stressful aquaculture conditions, cultured eels are highly susceptible to virulent Aeromonas sp. infections. To rapidly and simultaneously confirm Aeromonas isolate and its virulence, a two-tube multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay incorporating gyrB gene for genus-specific recognition and seven major virulence genes for virulence assessment was developed.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Eight pairs of primers were designed and divided into two groups-gyrB, ahpA, epr and aerA in tube 1 and alt, act, ast and hlyA in tube 2. The optimized mPCR conditions were the same except for their final concentrations. The specificity of the mPCR was validated by the extracted DNA of 10 Aeromonas and 8 non-Aeromonas species, or mixed DNA templates. Detection limits were determined to be 200 copies per μl in tube 1 and 20 copies per μl in tube 2. The mPCR reproducibility was tested by both artificial challenge and clinical samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed this two-tube mPCR assay was rapid, specific, sensitive and reliable.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

To our knowledge, this is the first report to distinguish virulent Aeromonas isolates from nonvirulent ones by seven popular and major virulence genes at the genus-specific level. And it will be useful for large-scale screening of virulent Aeromonas sp. in cultured eels.

Third Dentition Is the Main Cause of Premolar Supernumerary Tooth Formation

While the prevalence of supernumerary teeth (ST) is high in permanent dentition, the etiology of ST in humans remains unclear. However, multiple murine models of ST have elaborated on dated mechanisms traditionally ascribed to ST etiology: one involves the rescue of rudimental teeth, and the second considers the contribution of odontogenic epithelial stem cells. It remains unclear whether these mechanisms of ST formation in mice are applicable to humans. The third dentition is usually regressed apoptotic-that is, the teeth do not completely form in humans. Recently, it was suggested that ST result from the rescue of regression of the third dentition in humans. The present investigation evaluates the proportion of collected general ST cases that evinced a third dentition based on the clinical definition of ST derived from the third dentition. We also investigated the contribution of SOX2-positive odontogenic epithelial stem cells to ST formation in humans. We collected 215 general ST cases from 15,008 patients. We confirmed that the general characteristics of the collected ST cases were similar to the results from previous reports. Of the 215 cases, we narrowed our analysis to the 78 patients who had received a computed tomography scan. The frequency of ST considered to have been derived from the third dentition was 26 out of 78 cases. Evidence of a third dentition was especially apparent in the premolar region, was more common in men, and was more likely among patients with ≥3 ST. SOX2-positive odontogenic epithelial stem cells within the surrounding epithelial cells of developing ST were observed in non-third dentition cases and not in third dentition cases. In conclusion, the third dentition is the main cause of ST in humans. The odontogenic epithelial stem cells may contribute to ST formation in cases not caused by a third dentition.

Cytochalasin H Inhibits Angiogenesis via the Suppression of HIF-1α Protein Accumulation and VEGF Expression through PI3K/AKT/P70S6K and ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Our previous study has demonstrated that cytochalasin H (CyH) isolated from mangrove-derived endophytic fungus induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. In this study, we further explored the effect of CyH on angiogenesis in NSCLC cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. A549 and H460 NSCLC cells were treated with different concentrations of CyH for 24 h. The effects of CyH on NSCLC angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in xenografted NSCLC of nude mice was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. ELISA was used to analyze the concentration of VEGF in the conditioned media derived from treated and untreated NSCLC cells. Western blot was performed to detect the levels of HIF-1α, p-AKT, p-P70S6K, and p-ERK1/2 proteins, and RT-qPCR was used to determine the levels of HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA in A549 and H460 cells. Our results showed that CyH significantly inhibited angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and suppressed the hemoglobin content and HIF-1α and VEGF protein expression in xenografted NSCLC tissues of nude mice. Meanwhile, CyH inhibited the secretion of VEGF protein and the expression of HIF-1α protein in A549 and H460 cells. Moreover, CyH had a significant inhibitory effect on VEGF mRNA expression but had no effect on HIF-1α mRNA expression, and CyH inhibited HIF-1α protein expression by promoting the degradation of HIF-1α protein in A549 and H460 cells. Additionally, CyH dramatically inhibited AKT, P70S6K, and ERK1/2 activation in A549 and H460 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that CyH can inhibit NSCLC angiogenesis by the suppression of HIF-1α protein accumulation and VEGF expression through PI3K/AKT/P70S6K and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.

Azimuthal Harmonics in Small and Large Collision Systems at RHIC Top Energies

The first (v_{1}^{fluc}), second (v_{2}), and third (v_{3}) harmonic coefficients of the azimuthal particle distribution at midrapidity are extracted for charged hadrons and studied as a function of transverse momentum (p_{T}) and mean charged particle multiplicity density ⟨N_{ch}⟩ in U+U (sqrt[s_{NN}]=193  GeV), Au+Au, Cu+Au, Cu+Cu, d+Au, and p+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV with the STAR detector. For the same ⟨N_{ch}⟩, the v_{1}^{fluc} and v_{3} coefficients are observed to be independent of the collision system, while v_{2} exhibits such a scaling only when normalized by the initial-state eccentricity (ϵ_{2}). The data also show that ln(v_{2}/ϵ_{2}) scales linearly with ⟨N_{ch}⟩^{-1/3}. These measurements provide insight into initial-geometry fluctuations and the role of viscous hydrodynamic attenuation on v_{n} from small to large collision systems.

[Observation on clinical efficacy and prognosis analysis of endoscopic surgery treatment for rT1-rT2 recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma]

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of endoscopic surgery for treatment of rT1-rT2 recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Method: The clinical data and of 57 patients who had recurrence of the primary lesion after treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma from February 2011 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were re-staged according to Union for International Cancer Control(UICC, 2010) staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma before surgery. Patients suitable for surgery underwent endoscopic surgery to remove nasopharyngeal lesions; those combined with cervical lymph node metastases underwent cervical lymph node dissection at the same time; patients with positive surgical margins of pharyngeal lesions and cervical lymph node extramembranous filtration were treated with radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy; patients unsuitable for surgery were treated with radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy directly. All patients were followed up regularly to observe clinical efficacy and survival. Result:Fifty-seven patients were re-staged according to UICC(2010) staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 19 cases in stage Ⅰ,30 cases in stage Ⅱ, 6 cases in stage Ⅲ and 2 cases in stage Ⅳ,including 27 cases in stage rT1, 30 cases in stage rT2, and 43 cases in stage rN0,6 cases in stage rN1,6 cases in stage rN2,2 cases in stage rN3. Forty-four cases of primary lesions were sected for endoscopic surgery. Patients combined with cervical lymph node metastases underwent cervical lymph node dissection at the same time, with 6 cases of positive surgical margins of pharyngeal lesions and 4 cases of cervical lymph node extramembranous infiltration, who were treated with radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy after surgery. Thirteen patients received radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy directly. At a median follow-up of 36 months, the 3-year overall survival rate of 57 patients was 61.4%. The 3-year overall survival rates of patients in stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were 73.7%, 63.3%, 33.3%, 0.0% respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed a significant difference in the overall survival rate of patients in different stages(P=0.002). The 3-year overall survival rates of rT1 and rT2 patients were 63.0%, 60.0% respectively, and KaplanMeier survival curve analysis showed no significant difference in the overall survival rate between rT1 and rT2 patients(P=0.707). The 3-year overall survival rates of patients in stages rN0, rN1, rN2, rN3 were 69.8%, 50.0%, 33.3%, 0.0% respectively, and Kaplan-Meier Survival curve analysis showed a significant difference in overall survival between patients in different rN stages(P=0.002). The 3-year overall survival rate was 68.2% in 44 surgical patients, and 38.5% in 13 non-surgical patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed significant difference in overall survival rate between surgical and non-surgical patients(P=0.014).Conclusion: Endoscopic surgery for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a safe and effective treatment to improve survival.

Prevalence, distribution and risk factors of farmer reported swine influenza infection in Guangdong Province, China

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to better understand the husbandry, management and biosecurity practices of pig farms in Guangdong Province (GD), China to identify risk factors for farmer reported swine influenza (SI) on their farms. Questionnaires were administered to 153 owners/managers of piggeries (average of 7 from each of the 21 prefectures in GD). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for farmer reported SI in piggeries during the six months preceding the questionnaire administration. The ability of wild birds to enter piggeries (OR 2.50, 95% CI: 1.01-6.16), the presence of poultry on a pig-farm (OR 3.24, 95% CI: 1.52-6.94) and no biosecurity measures applied to workers before entry to the piggery (OR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.04-6.78) were found to increase the likelihood of SI being reported by farmers in a multivariable logistic regression model. The findings of this study highlight the importance of understanding the local pig industry and the practices adopted when developing control measures to reduce the risk of SI to pig farms.

Multicolor fluorescent imaging by space-constrained computational spectral imaging

Spectral imaging is a powerful technique used to simultaneously study multiple fluorophore labels with overlapping emissions. Here, we present a computational spectral imaging method, which uses sample spatial fluorescence information as a reconstruction constraint. Our method addresses both the under-sampling issue of compressive spectral imaging and the low throughput issue of scanning spectral imaging. With simulated and experimental data, we have demonstrated the reconstruction precision of our method in two and three-color imaging. We have experimentally validated this method for differentiating cellular structures labeled with two red-colored fluorescent proteins, tdTomato and mCherry, which have highly overlapping emission spectra. Our method has the advantage of totally free wavelength choice and can also be combined with conventional filter-based sequential multi-color imaging to further improve multiplexing capability.

[Primary tracheal malignant glomus tumor with lung metastasis diagnosed by pathological analysis: a case report and literature review]

Objective: To study the clinical manifestations, pathological features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of primary tracheobronchial or pulmonary malignant glomus tumor (MGT). Methods: A case of primary tracheal MGT with lung metastasis diagnosed by pathological analysis admitted to Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in May. 2015 was analyzed, and the related literatures were reviewed. We searched databases including PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Cochrane, Wanfang and Chinese National Knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), using the keyword "tracheal or bronchial or pulmonary malignant glomus tumor" from Jan. 1975 to Dec. 2016. Results: A 47 year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital because of cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath for 3 days. The chest CT showed a soft tissue mass with a diameter of 2.5 cm in the lower tracheal segment, and the lumen was narrowed. Meanwhile, multiple nodular opacities were shown in both lungs. The admission diagnosis was thyroid cancer with multiple metastases of lung. Electronic bronchoscopic airway tumor ablation and cryotherapy were performed, and then the biopsy of the tumor was conducted and the pathological study confirmed the diagnosis of primary tracheal MGT. After 1 month, the tracheal tumor recurred. Then, electronic bronchoscopic airway tumor ablation and cryotherapy were performed again. The patient declined further therapy such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy and died one month later. A total of 14 literatures including 15 cases were retrieved from databases. In addition of this case, a total of 16 cases were analyzed, including 9 males, 7 females. Age of onset ranged from 9 to 74 years, and the average age was 49 years. These patients' chest CT showed airway mass or lung space occupying lesions, and the clinical manifestations were nonspecific. Conclusions: Primary MGT in trachea, bronchus or lung is a rare disease, which is easy to be misdiagnosed or to miss diagnosis. The final diagnosis depends on pathological morphology, and the main treatment is lobectomy or tracheal segment resection surgery. Due to its high invasiveness, local recurrence and metastasis may occur easily. The primary MGT in trachea, bronchus or lung is of poor prognosis.

Identification of four type I IFNs from Japanese eel with differential expression properties and Mx promoter inducibility

Type I IFNs are a family of cytokines with antiviral, anti-proliferative and immune-modulatory functions. In this study, four type I IFNs (termed AjIFN1-4) have been cloned from the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. The open reading frames of AjIFN1-4 are 552, 534, 546 and 561 bp in length, encoding 183, 177, 181, and 186 amino acids (aa), respectively. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis results revealed that AjIFN1 and AjIFN2 belong to group one (2C-containing) IFNs, while AjIFN3 and AjIFN4 belong to group two (4C-containing) IFNs. Syntenic comparison showed that chromosome block duplication and rearrangement events might have occurred at IFN loci in different teleost lineages. Expression analysis revealed the rapid induction of AjIFNl and AjIFN2 in response to poly I:C stimulation, while AjIFN3 and AjIFN4 were predominantly expressed at later time points. Two Mx promoter reporter assays were conducted to assess the Mx-inducing capability of AjIFN1-4. It is shown that the overexpression of AjIFN1-4 all promoted the luciferase activity of MxB reporter, but the activity of MxC reporter increased only in cells transfected with AjIFN1. Collectively, it is suggested that teleost IFNs were evolved independently in different lineages of fish and may function differently in teleost antiviral immunity.

The prognostic significance of macroscopic serosal change in subserosal invasion (stage T3) gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

For patients with gastric cancer intraoperative macroscopic serosal change is not always consistent with pathological T stage. We investigated whether macroscopic serosal change is associated with unfavourable prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.

METHODS

We reviewed 856 patients with stage T3 gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy in our institution. All patients were classified as serosa negative and serosa positive according to the macroscopic serosal change during the operation. The prognostic difference between two groups was compared and clinicopathologic features were analysed.

RESULTS

The percentage of macroscopic serosal change accounted for 55.7% of all patients. Compared with normal serosal surface, the patients with macroscopic serosal change had larger tumour size, more extensive stomach involvement and more advanced stage N. The prognosis of stage T3 with macroscopic serosal change was significantly poorer than that of those with normal serosal surface, especially for those with stages T3N0 and T3N1. Multivariate analysis identified macroscopic serosal change as an independent factor associated with unfavourable prognosis of stage T3 cancer.

CONCLUSION

Although the depth of tumour invasion mainly depends on pathological evaluation after surgery, the prognostic significance of intraoperative macroscopic serosal change should not be ignored for those patients with subserosal invasion.

[An RNA Scoring Function for Tertiary Structure Prediction Based on Multi-layer Neural Networks]

A good scoring function is necessary for ab inito prediction of RNA tertiary structures. In this study, we explored the power of a machine learning based approach as a scoring function. Compared with the traditional scoring functions, the present approach is more flexible in incorporating different kinds of features; it is also free of the difficult problem of choosing the reference state. Two multi-layer neural networks were constructed and trained. They took RNA a structural candidate as input and then output its likeness score that evaluates the likeness of the candidate to the native structure. The first network was working at the coarse-grained level of RNA structures, while the second at the all-atom level. We also built an RNA database and split it into the training, validation, and testing sets, containing 322, 70, and 70 RNAs, respectively. Each RNA was accompanied with 300 decoys generated by high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. The networks were trained on the training set and then optimized with an early-stop strategy, based on the loss of the validation set. We then tested the performance of the networks on the testing set. The results were found to be consistently better than a recent knowledge-based all-atom potential.