Effects of low-dose risperidone and low-dose zuclopenthixol on cognitive functions in first-episode drug-naive schizophrenic patients

BACKGROUND

Studies on the effects of antipsychotics on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia mostly suggest a superior effect of atypical over typical compounds, although findings are inconsistent and effect sizes small. Several methodological issues, such as heterogeneous patient samples, incomparable drug doses, effects of prior medication, construct validity, and retest effects on neuropsychological tasks, confound most results and the comparability between studies. Consequently, the conclusion concerning effects of antipsychotics on cognition is still equivocal.

OBJECTIVE

The present randomized clinical trial examined the effects on cognition of comparatively low doses of a typical antipsychotic (zuclopenthixol) and an atypical antipsychotic (risperidone) in a homogeneous group of drug-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients in a longitudinal setting.

METHODS

First-episode schizophrenic patients who had never previously been exposed to antipsychotic treatment (N=25) were randomly allocated to treatment with flexible doses of zuclopenthixol or risperidone in an open-label design. Cognitive functions were examined both when patients were drug-naive, and after 13 weeks of treatment. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was used in order to optimize construct validity, and principal components of cognitive functions were extrapolated in order to reduce type I errors. A healthy control group was tested at baseline and after 13 weeks, in order to examine retest effects. The cognitive domains studied were executive functions, selective attention, and reaction time.

RESULTS

The patients showed considerable cognitive deficits when drug-naive. There were few differential effects of risperidone and zuclopenthixol on cognitive deficits, except for a differential significance, respectively, tendency towards improved reaction and movement times in the risperidone group, and a lack of such in the zuclopenthixol group. These differences were no longer significant after covarying for extrapyramidal side effects and anticholinergic medication that were more prevalent in the zuclopenthixol group and the increases after medication were comparable with retest effects in controls.

CONCLUSION

The study underscores the importance of examining impact of factors, such as clinical improvement, extrapyramidal side effects, anticholinergic medication and retest effects in longitudinal efficacy studies. This study does not support efficacy of either risperidone or zuclopenthixol on cognitive functions in drug-naive schizophrenia patients after 3 months of medication, because neither could be distinguished from retest effects of the healthy control group.

In vivo tarnish of alternative alloys

The in vivo tarnishing of two low-gold alloys, two silver-palladium alloys, and one type-3 alloy in two different structural states was investigated after 4, 8, and 16 weeks. The alloy specimens were placed in 10 mandibular complete dentures by using carriers that enabled removal of the specimens from the dentures to facilitate the evaluation. By means of four different tarnish indices the present study showed that the annealing of the low-gold alloys and the two silver-palladium alloys resulted in a reduction of tarnish, but this was not the case with the high-gold alloy. Least tarnishing was seen in annealed specimens from the silver-palladium alloys and the as-cast specimens of the high-gold alloy.