Local electronic structure of histidine in aqueous solution

X-Ray spectroscopy coupled with DFT calculations reveals the pH dependent electronic structure of an amino acid in an aqueous environment.

Value of chest imaging in the newborn with suspected COVID-19

OBJECTIVE

This paper presents a newborn (G2P2, gestational age of 39+6 weeks, birth weight of 3,200 g, with normal fetal amniotic fluid) with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) admitted to our hospital on February 10, 2020, at the birth age of 16 hours and 34 minutes. The Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min were 9 and 10 points, respectively.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The mother of the newborn was exposed to a patient with COVID-19 five days before delivery. The newborn had nausea and vomiting after birth, with feeding intolerance, and full enteral feeding was given on the 6th day after birth. The newborn was in good general condition during the period of hospitalization.

RESULTS

The two 2019-nCoV nucleic acid tests of the newborn were negative on the 5th and 7th days after birth. On the 1st and 8th days after birth, typical pulmonary lesions were detected in the newborn by chest CT. Our study supports that chest imaging examination should be actively performed in the newborn even with a negative 2019-nCoV nucleic acid test in cases where a pregnant woman is exposed to a patient with COVID-19 or is confirmed with 2019-nCoV infection.

CONCLUSIONS

For newborns with typical pulmonary lesions, strict quarantine measures are suggested if the possibility of COVID-19 cannot be excluded.

LncRNA SND1-IT1 accelerates the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma via sponging miRNA-665 to upregulate POU2F1

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SND1-IT1 in accelerating the proliferative and migratory abilities of osteosarcoma (OS) via sponging miRNA-665 to upregulate POU2F1.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The relative level of SND1-IT1 in OS tissues was determined by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). The target gene of SND1-IT1 was predicted by bioinformatics and verified by Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay. Similarly, the target gene of miRNA-665 was identified. Correlation among SND1-IT1, miRNA-665 and POU2F1 was evaluated through linear regression test. Regulatory effects of SND1-IT1/miRNA-665/POU2F1 on cellular behaviors of MG63 and U2OS cells were evaluated.

RESULTS

SND1-IT1 was upregulated in OS, knockdown of which attenuated proliferative and migratory abilities of OS cells. MiRNA-665 was the target gene of SND1-IT1, which was negatively correlated to SND1-IT1 in OS. POU2F1 was the target gene of miRNA-665. Its level was negatively regulated by miRNA-665 and positively regulated by SND1-IT1. Inhibited proliferative and migratory abilities of OS cells with SND1-IT1 knockdown were partially elevated by transfection of miRNA-665 inhibitor, and further downregulated by POU2F1 knockdown.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA SND1-IT1 accelerates proliferative and migratory abilities of OS via sponging miRNA-665 to upregulate POU2F1, thus stimulating the progression of OS.

10-Year Molecular Surveillance of Listeria monocytogenes Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in Shanghai, China, 2009-2019

Listeria monocytogenes is an etiologic agent of listeriosis, and has emerged as an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. In this study, the molecular characteristics of 155 L. monocytogenes isolates from seven food groups in Shanghai, the biggest city in China, were identified using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Most L. monocytogenes isolates (79.3%) were obtained between May and October from 2009 to 2019. The serogroups and clonal complexes (CCs) of L. monocytogenes were found useful for identifying potential health risks linked to foods. Differences in distributions of serogroups and CCs among different food groups were analyzed using t-test. The results showed that the IIa and IVb serogroups were identified among most of food groups. However, the prevalence of serogroup IIb was significantly higher in ready-to-eat (RTE) food and raw seafood than in other food groups, similar to group IIc in raw meat and raw poultry than others. Meanwhile, the prevalence of CC9 in raw meat and raw poultry, CC8 in raw poultry, and CC87 in raw seafood significantly exceeded that of in other food groups. Specially, CC87 was the predominant CC in foodborne and clinical isolates in China, indicating that raw seafood may induce a high-risk to food safety. Also, hypervirulence pathogenicity islands LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 were found in CC3, CC1, and CC87, respectively. The clonal group CC619 carried LIPI-3 and LIPI-4, as previously reported in China. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis suggested that CC87 isolates from the same food groups in different years had no allelic differences, indicating that L. monocytogenes could persist over years. These 10-year results in Shanghai underscore the significance of molecular epidemiological surveillance of L. monocytogenes in foodborne products in assessing the potential risk of this pathogen, and further address food safety issues in China.

Effects of probiotic and Bidens pilosa on the performance and gut health of chicken during induced Eimeria tenella infection

AIM

In this study, we have examined the individual and combined protective mechanism of probiotic and Bidens pilosa on the performance and gut health of chickens during Eimeria tenella infection over a 29-day experimental trial.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of one hundred and fifty 1-day-old chickens were equally distributed into five treatment groups with three biological replicates: two groups were allocated as control groups (control group untreated unchallenged, CG and control positive untreated challenged, CPG) and three groups were fed diets with probiotic (PG), B. pilosa (BPG) and probiotic + B. pilosa (PG + BPG) and challenged with E. tenella. Birds of all groups were assessed for pre and post-infection body weights, oocysts shedding, caecal lesion scores and mRNA expression levels of apoptosis related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3), antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD 1), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and tight junction proteins (CLDN 1 and ZO 1). Our results revealed that during infection (day 21-29), E. tenella challenged chickens significantly decreased the body weight compared with uninfected control chickens; however, there was no significant effect on body weight of chickens fed with probiotic, B. pilosa and probiotic + B. pilosa was observed. Eimeria tenella challenged untreated birds increased (P < 0·05) oocysts shedding, destructive ratio of caeca and mortality as compared to treated challenged birds. CPG group up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 while down-regulated the pro-apoptosis protein Bax relative to PG, BPG and PG + BPG groups. Moreover chickens fed probiotic, B. pilosa and probiotic + B. pilosa diets enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins with the comparison of control positive untreated challenged chickens.

CONCLUSION

These findings elaborated that feed supplementation of probiotic and B. pilosa (individually or in combination) appeared to be effective in inhibiting the occurrence of disease and decreasing the severity of Eimeria infection in chickens.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This study explained the underlying anti-coccidial mechanism in which probiotic and B. pilosa (individually and/or in combination) improve the performance of chicken and protect against gut inflammatory responses caused by E. tenella.

microRNAs expression profiles in Schistosoma japonicum of different sex 14 and 28 days post-infection

Different miRNAs are involved in the life cycles of Schistosoma japonicum. The aim of this study was to examine the expression profile of miRNAs in individual S. japonicum of different sex before and after pairing (18 and 24 dpi). The majority of differential expressed miRNAs were highly abundant at 14 dpi, except for sja-miR-125b and sja-miR-3505, in both male and female. Moreover, it was estimated that sja-miR-125b and sja-miR-3505 might be related to laying eggs. sja-miR-2a-5p and sja-miR-3484-5p were expressed at 14 dpi in males and were significantly clustered in DNA topoisomerase III, Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 and L-serine/L-threonine ammonia-lyase. Target genes of sja-miR-2d-5p, sja-miR-31- 5p and sja-miR-125a, which were expressed at 14 dpi in males but particularly females, were clustered in kelch-like protein 12, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, class I, and heat shock protein 90 kDa beta. Predicted target genes of sja-miR-3483-3p (expressed at 28 dpi in females but not in males) were clustered in 26S proteasome regulatory subunit N1, ATPdependent RNA helicase DDX17. Predicted target genes of sja-miR-219-5p, which were differentially expressed at 28 dpi in females but particularly males, were clustered in DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6, protein phosphatase 1D, and ATPase family AAA domaincontaining protein 3A/B. Moreover, at 28 dpi, eight miRNAs were significantly up-regulated in females compared to males. The predicted target genes of these miRNAs were significantly clustered in heat shock protein 90 kDa beta, 26S proteasome regulatory subunit N1, and protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1. To sum up, differentially expressed miRNAs may have an essential role and provide necessary information on clarifying this trematode's growth, development, maturation, and infection ability to mammalian hosts in its complex life cycle, and may be helpful for developing new drug targets and vaccine candidates for schistosomiasis.

A diagnostic test that uses isothermal amplification and lateral flow detection sdaA can detect tuberculosis in 60 min

AIMS

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is now the leading cause of death from infectious disease, thus rapid diagnostic and screening techniques for TB are urgently needed.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Here, a detection of MTB using multiple cross displacement amplification coupling with nanoparticles-based lateral flow device (MCDA-LFD) was developed and validated, targeting the specific sdaA gene. The whole detection procedure, including rapid genomic DNA extraction (15 min), amplification (30 min) and result reporting (2 min), was completed within 50 min. No cross-reaction with non-mycobacteria and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) strains was observed. The sensitivity of sdaA-MCDA-LFD, Xpert MTB/RIF assay and culture results was 81·6, 48·3 and 37·9%, respectively, in TB patients. Among positive culture samples, the sensitivity of sdaA-MCDA-LFD and Xpert MTB/RIF assay was 93·9% (31/33) and 81·8% (27/33), respectively. Among culture-negative samples, the sensitivity of sdaA-MCDA-LFD and Xpert MTB/RIF assay was 74·1% (40/54) and 27·8% (15/54), respectively. The specificity of sdaA-MCDA-LFD and Xpert MTB/RIF was 95·4% (62/65) and 100% (65/65) in clinical samples from non-TB patients.

CONCLUSION

The sdaA-MCDA-LFD assay was a rapid, simple, specific and sensitive TB diagnostic test.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The sdaA-MCDA-LFD assay holds promise for application as a useful point-of-care test to detect MTB, and will play an important role in controlling and preventing TB.

Efficacy of utidelone plus capecitabine versus capecitabine for heavily pretreated, anthracycline- and taxane-refractory metastatic breast cancer: final analysis of overall survival in a phase III randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Primary analysis of the phase III trial BG01-1323L demonstrated that utidelone plus capecitabine significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall response rate (ORR) versus capecitabine alone in heavily-pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Here, we report the final overall survival (OS) analysis and updates of other endpoints.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In total, 405 patients were randomised 2:1 to receive utidelone (30 mg/m² IV daily, days 1-5, over 90 min) plus capecitabine (1000 mg/m² orally b.i.d., days 1-14) or capecitabine alone (1250 mg/m² orally b.i.d., days 1-14) every 21 days. The secondary endpoint, OS, was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit approach at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05 after the prespecified 310 death events had been reached. Exploratory analyses of the primary endpoint, PFS, and the secondary endpoint, ORR, were also done. Safety was analysed in patients who had at least one dose of study drug.

RESULTS

At the final OS analysis, the median duration of follow-up was 19.6 months in the utidelone plus capecitabine group and 15.4 months in the capecitabine alone group. In the intention-to-treat population, 313 deaths had occurred at data cut-off, 203 of 270 patients in the combination group and 110 of 135 in the monotherapy group. Median OS in the combination group was 19.8 months compared with 16.0 months in the monotherapy group [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.75, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.59-0.94, P = 0.0142]. The updated analysis of PFS and ORR showed that the combination therapy remained superior to monotherapy. Safety results were similar to those previously reported with respect to incidence, severity and specificity. No late-emerging toxicities or new safety concerns occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

For heavily-pretreated, anthracycline- and taxane-resistant MBC patients, utidelone plus capecitabine significantly improved OS versus capecitabine alone. These results support the use of utidelone plus capecitabine as a novel therapeutic regimen for patients with MBC.

Understanding the electric and nonelectric field components of the cation effect on the electrochemical CO reduction reaction

Electrolyte cations affect the activity of surface-mediated electrocatalytic reactions; however, understanding the modes of interaction between cations and reaction intermediates remains lacking. We show that larger alkali metal cations (excluding the thickness of the hydration shell) promote the electrochemical CO reduction reaction on polycrystalline Cu surfaces in alkaline electrolytes. Combined reactivity and in situ surface-enhanced spectroscopic investigations show that changes to the interfacial electric field strength cannot solely explain the reactivity trend with cation size, suggesting the presence of a nonelectric field strength component in the cation effect. Spectroscopic investigations with cation chelating agents and organic molecules show that the electric and nonelectric field components of the cation effect could be affected by both cation identity and composition of the electrochemical interface. The interdependent nature of interfacial species indicates that the cation effect should be considered an integral part of the broader effect of composition and structure of the electrochemical interface on electrode-mediated reactions.

Contemporary predictors of readmission outcomes in patients with infective endocarditis: analysis from a national readmission database

Background/Introduction

Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a serious illness that is associated with remarkable morbidity and mortality in the United States (US). There are limited studies that investigated predictors of 30-day readmission risk in this population.

Purpose

We aimed to perform a contemporary analysis to investigate predictors of 30-day readmission in IE patients in the US.

Methods

We used the 2017 national readmission database to identify index admissions among adults (age ≥18) with the diagnosis of IE. Appropriate International Statistical Classification (ICD-10) codes were used to identify patients with IE. Primary outcome of interest was 30-day readmission, and hospital cost was the secondary outcome.

Results

Out of 49,692 admissions for IE, 5,743 (11.6%) patients were readmitted within 30 days. Patients who had 30-day readmission were younger (55±20 vs 61±19 years, P&lt;0.001), 44.8% were females (P=0.08), 27.9% had diabetes mellitus (DM), 56.8% had hypertension, 37.9% had heart failure (HF), 31.3% had chronic kidney disease (CKD), 12.2% had end stage renal disease, and 47.8% had Medicare insurance. Patients who had readmissions within 30 days were more likely to have non-elective index admission (96.9% vs 93.4%, P&lt;0.001), more likely to have hepatitis C (19.5% vs 12.2%, P&lt;0.001), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (1.7% vs 1.2%, P&lt;0.001), substance abuse (8.6% vs 5.4%, P&lt;0.001), opioid abuse (24% vs 14.7%, P&lt;0.001), and cocaine use (7.4% vs 4.3%, P&lt;0.001). Overall, 5,393 (10.9%) patients died during index admission. Median cost for readmissions within 30 days was $83,217 [$41,457-$165,487], compared to the index admission cost of $90,257 [$41,945- $208,851] (P&lt;0.001). After adjusting for age, DM, HF, and CKD, substance abuse (odds ratio (OR): 1.19 [1.07–1.33]; P 0.001), opioid abuse (OR: 1.37, [1.26- 1.48]; P&lt;0.001), cocaine use (OR: 1.33 [1.18- 1.48]; P&lt;0.001), HIV (OR: 1.25 [1.01–1.56]; P=0.04), and hepatitis C (OR: 1.34 [1.24–1.45]; P&lt;0.001) correlated with higher odds of readmissions within 30 days (Figure 1).

Conclusion

Approximately 1 in 4 patients admitted for IE in the US had a history of opioid abuse and almost one fifth had hepatitis C. The 30-day readmission rate remains significant in IE with high financial burden on the health system. Both opioid abuse and hepatitis C were among the highest predictors of readmission within 30 days. Identifying modifiable predictors of readmission in this population may reduce readmission risk and healthcare cost.

Figure 1

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Earlier surgery improves long-term survival compared to class I surgical indications and infective endocarditis surgery for isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation

Background

Isolated tricuspid surgery has markedly higher mortality rates (9–10%) in contemporary national registries compared to other single-valve operations. The optimal timing and indications remain controversial, and earlier surgery before developing ESC guidelines class 1 indications may improve the survival for isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation.

Purpose

We aimed to compare the characteristics and outcomes of isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) surgery by indication.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing isolated tricuspid valve surgery for TR without other concomitant valve surgery at Cleveland Clinic from 2004 to 2019 were studied. Indications were divided into group 1: ESC guidelines class 1 (severe symptomatic TR), group 2: infective endocarditis, and group 3: non-class 1 (asymptomatic severe TR with or without right ventricular dilation and/or dysfunction) and no endocarditis, for comparative analyses of characteristics and outcomes.

Results

The study included 207 patients (group 1: 115, group 2: 48 and group 3: 44) with mean age 54.1±17.8 years, 116 (56.0% females and 151. Tricuspid repair was performed in 72.9% (73.0%, 66.7% and 79.5% for Groups 1–3, P=0.381). Group 3 patients were younger, had higher prevalence of primary TR, lower prevalence of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic lung disease, cirrhosis, renal impairment, right ventricular and left ventricular dysfunction than Group 1. Overall operative mortality rates were 4.9% ( group 1: 7.0%, group 2: 4.2% and group 3: 0.0%), while mortality during follow-up of 3.3±4.0 years was lower for group 3 than for groups 1 or 2 (Figure 1). Independent predictors of long-term mortality were Group 1 compared to Group 3 and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Conclusion

Patients without class I or endocarditis indications had superior unadjusted and adjusted survival compared to those with these indications. The high mortality rate of isolated TR surgery may be reduced by both earlier surgery and being performed at an experienced cardiac surgery center.

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier survival curves

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): National Heart Foundation of New Zealand - Overseas Clinical and Research Fellowship

Benefits and risks of longer-than-1-year dual antiplatelet therapy in TWLIGHT-like patients with high risk of ischemic or bleeding events after drug-eluting stents implantation

Background

Dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) exceeding 1 year may increase a bleeding risk despite reducing the risk of ischemic events. The benefits and harms of prolonging DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel beyond 1 year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation for TWLIGHT-like patients with high-risk for bleeding or an ischemic event remain unknown.

Method

Between January 2013 and December 2013, all consecutive patients undergoing PCI were prospectively included in the China Fuwai PCI Registry. We evaluated 7521 patients who were at high risk for ischemic or hemorrhagic complications and were events free (no death, myocardial infarction [MI], stroke, stent thrombosis [ST], any revascularization, or major bleeding) at 1 year after the index procedure. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: DAPT&gt;1-year group (n=5252) and DAPT≤1-year group (n=2269). Patients at high-risk for ischemic or bleeding events were defined as having at least one additional clinical feature and one angiographic feature according to TWILIGHT trial criteria. The clinical criteria for high risk were age≥65 years, female sex, troponin-positive ACS, established vascular disease, diabetes mellitus that was being treated with medication, and CKD. Angiographic criteria included multivessel coronary artery disease, total stent lengthd≥30 mm, a thrombotic target lesion, a bifurcation lesion treated with two stents, an obstructive left main or proximal left anterior descending lesion, and a calcified target lesion treated with atherectomy. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events [MACCE] (a composite of all-cause death, MI, or stroke).

Results

During a median follow-up of 30 months after the index procedure, DAPT&gt;1-year was associated with a reduction in risk for MACCE compared with DAPT≤1-year (1.5% vs. 3.8%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27–0.50; P&lt;0.001) after multivariable adjustment. This difference was largely driven by a lower risk of all-cause mortality. In contrast, the risk of BARC type 2, 3 or 5 bleeding was statistically similar between the 2 groups (1.0% vs. 1.1%; adjusted HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.50–1.30; P=0.373). After propensity score matching, incidence of MACCE was still lower in the DAPT&gt;1-year group than the DAPT≤1-year group (1.6% versus 4.5%; HR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.22–0.52; P&lt;0.001) and the rates of BARC type 2, 3 or 5 bleeding was not different between the 2 groups (1.1% versus 0.9%; adjusted HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.57–2.18; P=0.744). In subgroup analysis, the treatment effect of prolonged DAPT was consistent across subgroups regardless of ACS, DAPT score, or type of used DES.

Conclusions

DAPT continuation with aspirin and clopidogrel beyond 1-year after DES implantation resulted in a significantly lower rate of MACCE, with no higher risk of clinically relevant bleeding in TWLIGHT-like patients who were at high-risk for ischemic or bleeding events.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Natural Science Foundation of China

PCI complexity and cardiovascular risk in relation to high bleeding risk among patients receiving drug-eluting Stents: insight from China Fuwai PCI registry

Background

The relation between complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), high bleeding risk (HBR), and adverse events after coronary artery implantation of drug-eluting stents has been incompletely characterized. This study sought to investigate the ischemic and bleeding events after complex PCI including a stratification according to HBR estimated by PARIS bleeding risk score.

Methods

Between January 2013 and December 2013, 10,167 consecutive patients undergoing PCI were prospectively enrolled in Fuwai PCI Registry. Complex PCI was defined when having at least one of the following characteristics: 3 vessels treated, ≥3 stents implanted, ≥3 lesions treated, bifurcation with 2 stents implanted, total stent length &gt;60 mm, treatment of chronic total occlusion, unprotected left main PCI, in-stent restenosis target lesion, and severely calcified lesion requiring a rotablator system. The primary ischemic endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) [composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and definite/probable stent thrombosis], and primary bleeding endpoint was Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding.

Results

The median duration of follow-up was 30 months. In adjusted Cox regression analysis, patients having complex PCI procedures experienced higher risks of MACE (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38–1.92; P&lt;0.001), compared with non-complex PCI. In contrast, the risk of clinically relevant bleeding was statistically similar between the 2 groups (HR: 0.86 [0.66–1.11]; P=0.238). There was no statistical interaction between HBR (PARIS bleeding score ≥8 or &lt;8) and complex PCI in regard to MACE (adjusted Pinteraction=0.388) and clinically relevant bleeding (adjusted Pinteraction=0.279).

Conclusions

Patients who had undergone complex PCI resulted in substantially more ischemic events, without an increase in clinically relevant bleeding risk; and these associations did not seem to be modified by HBR status. More intensified antiplatelet therapy may be beneficial for patients with complex percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences;National Natural Science Foundation of China

Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with premature coronary artery disease of different genders after intervention

Objective

To investigate the clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of coronary intervention in patients with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) between different genders.

Methods

From January 2013 to December 2013, 4 744 patients diagnosed as PCAD with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in our hospital were enrolled. The general clinical data, laboratory results and interventional treatment data of all patients were collected, and the occurrence of major adverse cardio-cerebrovascular events (MACCE) within 2 years after PCI was followed up.

Results

Of the 4 744 patients undergoing PCI, 3 390 (71.5%) were males and 1 354 (28.5%) were females. The 2-year follow-up results showed that the incidence of BARC grade 1 hemorrhage in female patients was significantly higher than that in male patients (6.9% vs. 3.7%; P&lt;0.001); however, there was no significant difference in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), all-cause death, cardiac death, recurrent myocardial infarction, revascularization (target vessel revascularization and target lesion revascularization), stent thrombosis, stroke and BARC grade 2–5 hemorrhage between the two groups (P&gt;0.05). Multivariate COX regression analysis showed that gender was an independent risk factor for BARC grade 1 bleeding events in PCAD patients (HR=2.180, 95% CI: 1.392–3.416, P&lt;0.001), but it was not an independent risk factor for MACCE and BARC grade 2–5 bleeding. Hyperlipidemia, preoperative SYNTAX score, multivessel lesions and NSTE-ACS were the independent risk factors for MACCE in PCAD patients with PCI (HR=1.289, 95% CI: 1.052–1.580, P=0.014; HR=1.030, 95% CI: 1.019–1.042, P&lt;0.001; HR=1.758, 95% CI: 1.365–2.264, P&lt;0.001; HR=1.264, 95% CI: 1.040–1.537, P=0.019); gender, hyperlipidemia, anticoagulant drugs like low molecular weight heparin or sulfonate were the independent risk factors for bleeding events (HR=1.579,95% CI 1.085–2. 297, P=0.017; HR=1.305, 95% CI 1.005–1.695, P=0.046; HR=1.321, 95% CI 1.002–1.741, P=0.048; HR=1.659, 95% CI 1.198–2.298, P=0.002).

Conclusion

The incidence of minor bleeding in women with PCAD is significantly higher than that in men; After adjusting for various risk factors, gender is an independent risk factor for minor bleeding events, but not an independent risk factor for MACCE in patients with PCAD.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Science and Technology Support Program of China

[Related factors and the long-term outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention of premature acute myocardial infarction]

Objective: To explore the related factors of premature acute myocardial infarction(AMI), and to compare the the long-term outcomes in patients with and without premature AMI after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: This study was a prospective cohort study.From January 2013 to December 2013, 10 724 consecutive patients with coronary heart disease undergoing PCI in Fuwai Hospital were enrolled. Among them 1 920 patients with the diagnosis of AMI were divided into two groups: premature AMI (man≤50 years old, woman≤60 years old) and non-premature AMI. The baseline characteristics were collected, and multivariate logistic regression was uesed to analysis the related factors of premature AMI. The clinical outcomes, including the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCE) which was the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke and stent thrombosis, as well as bleeding events, during hospitalization, at 2 years and 5 years follow-up were analyzed. Results: A total of 1 920 AMI patiens were included(age was (56.5±11.3) years old)，with 1 612(84.0%) males. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in gender, body mass index, blood lipid, complications, inflammatory markers, etc (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed body mass index(OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.01-1.10, P<0.01), triglyceride(OR=1.47, 95%CI 1.14-1.90, P<0.01), serum uric acid level(OR=1.02, 95%CI 1.01-1.04, P<0.01), high density lipoprotein cholesterol level(OR=0.33, 95%CI 0.14-0.78, P=0.01) and history of hypertension(OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.56-0.93, P=0.01) were independent related factors of premature AMI. The incidence of all-cause death and cardiac death were lower during hospitalization, at 2 years and 5 years follow-up in the premature AMI group than in non-premature AMI group(all P<0.05). In the premature AMI group, the incidence of MACCE and stroke was lower, with more bleeding events in 5 years follow-up(all P<0.05). Conclusions: Metabolic abnormalities, including high BMI, high triglyceride level and high serum uric acid, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level are the related factor of premature AMI. The incidence of ischemic events in patients with premature AMI is lower, while the incidence of bleeding events is higher than non-premature AMI patients.