Tumor Mutation Burden and Immune Invasion Characteristics in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Genome High-Throughput Data Analysis

In recent years, the emergence of immunotherapy has provided a new perspective for the treatment and management of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the relationship between tumor mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration and the prognosis of TNBC remains unclear. In this study, to explore the immunogenicity of TNBC, we divided patients with TNBC into high and low TMB groups based on the somatic mutation data of TNBC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and screened out genes with mutation rate ≥10. Then, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the 5-year survival rate of the high TMB group was much higher than that of the low TMB group and the two groups also showed differences in immune cell infiltration. Further exploration found that the FAT3 gene, which displays significant difference and a higher mutation rate between the two groups, is not only significantly related to the prognosis of TNBC patients but also exhibits difference in immune cell infiltration between the wild group and the mutant group of the FAT3 gene. The results of gene set enrichment analysis and drug sensitivity analysis further support the importance of the FAT3 gene in TNBC. This study reveals the characteristics of TMB and immune cell infiltration in triple-negative breast cancer and their relationship with prognosis, to provide new biomarkers and potential treatment options for the future treatment of TNBC. The FAT3 gene, as a risk predictor gene of TNBC, is considered a potential biological target and may provide new insight for the treatment of TNBC.

Natural Polysaccharides and Their Derivates: A Promising Natural Adjuvant for Tumor Immunotherapy

The treatment process of tumor is advanced with the development of immunotherapy. In clinical experience, immunotherapy has achieved very significant results. However, the application of immunotherapy is limited by a variety of immune microenvironment. For a long time in the past, polysaccharides such as lentinan and Ganoderma lucidum glycopeptide have been used in clinic as adjuvant drugs to widely improve the immunity of the body. However, their mechanism in tumor immunotherapy has not been deeply discussed. Studies have shown that natural polysaccharides can stimulate innate immunity by activating upstream immune cells so as to regulate adaptive immune pathways such as T cells and improve the effect of immunotherapy, suggesting that polysaccharides also have a promising future in cancer therapy. This review systematically discusses that polysaccharides can directly or indirectly activate macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells etc., binding to their surface receptors, inducing PI3K/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Notch and other pathways, promote their proliferation and differentiation, increasing the secretion of cytokines, and improve the state of immune suppression. These results provide relevant basis for guiding polysaccharide to be used as adjuvants of cancer immunotherapy.

CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN WOMEN IN NORTHEAST CHINA

CONTEXT

It is well known that thyroid hormones are important, being involved in affects the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, lipids. The relationship between thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism is the focus of recent research.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and lipid metabolism in women.

DESIGN

We conducted an epidemiological survey of thyroid diseases among women in Northeast China from September 2014 to December 2014.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 1397 women underwent physical examinations and laboratory tests for thyroid function and lipid metabolism.

RESULTS

We found that the detection rate of subclinical hypothyroidism was 13.03%. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism showed significantly higher levels of triglyceride (1.69±1.9 vs. 1.45±1.4) and the risk of hyper triglyceridemia in women with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels ≥10mIU/L was 4.96-fold higher compared with that in the normal population (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Disorders of lipid metabolism in women with subclinical hypothyroidism show a direct correlation with the level of TSH, and the risk of hyper triglyceridemia is significantly increased when the level of TSH ≥10mIU/L.

ORAOV1-B Promotes OSCC Metastasis via the NF-κB-TNFα Loop

Metastasis, a powerful prognostic indicator of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is chiefly responsible for poor cancer outcomes. Despite an increasing number of studies examining the mechanisms underlying poor outcomes, the development of potent strategies is hindered by insufficient characterization of the crucial regulators. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been gaining interest as significant modulators of OSCC metastasis; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying lncRNA-mediated OSCC metastasis remain relatively uncharacterized. Here, we identified a novel alternative splice variant of oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1), named as ORAOV1-B, which was subsequently validated as an lncRNA and correlated with OSCC lymph node metastasis; significantly increased invasion and migration were observed in ORAOV1-B-overexpressing OSCC cells. RNA pulldown and mass spectrometry identified Hsp90 as a direct target of ORAOV1-B, and cDNA microarrays suggested TNFα as a potential downstream target of ORAOV1-B. ORAOV1-B was shown to directly bind to and stabilize Hsp90, which maintains the function of client proteins, receptor-interaction protein, and IκB kinase beta, thus activating the NF-κB pathway and inducing TNFα. Additionally, TNFα reciprocally enhanced p-NF-κB-p65 and the downstream epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ORAOV1-B effects were reversed by a TNFα inhibitor, demonstrating that TNFα is essential for ORAOV1-B-regulated metastatic ability. Consistent epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the ORAOV1-B group was demonstrated via an orthotopic model. In the metastatic model, ORAOV1-B significantly contributed to OSCC-related lung metastasis. In summary, the novel splice variant ORAOV1-B is an lncRNA, which significantly potentiates OSCC invasion and metastasis by binding to Hsp90 and activating the NF-κB-TNFα loop. These findings demonstrate the versatile role of ORAOV1 family members and the significance of genes located within 11q13 in promoting OSCC. ORAOV1-B might serve as an attractive OSCC metastasis intervention target.

[Forensic Individual Identification Based on the New Coding Method of Oral Pano-ramic Tomography]

Abstract

Objective To discuss a new coding method for individual identification based on oral panoramic tomography, analyze the diversity of different coding modules in nonhomologous images and the consistency and the matching rate of the coding indexes of different coding modules in homologous images, and evaluate the application value of the different modules and the new coding method in individual identification. Methods The oral panoramic tomography images of 1 000 patients with permanent teeth were collected retrospectively. Each patient had two images taken at different times （called the Early database and the Late database according to the chronological order）. Each image was coded according to the designed coding method. A computer program was designed to compare the diversity of different modules, and calculate the diversity and consistency of different coding modules as well as the matching rate of the coding indexes. Results The diversity of the 4 modules that reflected teeth characteristics was much higher than that of other modules in the same database. The highest diversity was noticed in the module of right mandibular teeth in samples of both databases. The coding consistencies of the 4 modules were all above 50%. Besides, 90.2% of the matching rates of indexes of homologous images were over 80%. Conclusion The 4 modules have higher application value in individual identification, especially the right mandibular teeth. The coding method has a certain value in forensic individual identification.

A review of the biological activity and pharmacology of cryptotanshinone, an important active constituent in Danshen

Cryptotanshinone (IUPAC name: (R)-1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl-phenanthro(1,2-b)furan-10,11-dione), a biologically active constituent extracted from the roots and rhizomes of the plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been studied in depth as a medicinally active compound and shown to have efficacy in the treatment of numerous diseases and disorders. In this review, we describe in detail the current status of cryptotanshinone research, including findings relating to the structure, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activity, and derivatives of this compound. Cryptotanshinoneh as a diverse range of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, neuroprotective, and anti-fibrosis activities. Studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying the activities of cryptotanshinone have established that the JAK2/STAT3, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, AMPK, and cell cycle pathways are involved in the inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects of cryptotanshinone on different tumor cell lines, these molecular pathways interact in a coordinated manner to inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion,and induce transformation, autophagy, necrosis, and cellular immunity. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of cryptotanshinone have been found to be associated with the TLR4-MyD88/PI3K/Nrf2 and TLR4-MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK pathways, whereasthe Hedgehog, NF-κB, and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways are regulated by cryptotanshinone to reduce organ fibrosis, and its inhibitory effects on the PI3K/AKT-eNOS pathway have been linked to neuroprotective effects. Given the potential medicinal utility of cryptotanshinone, further research is needed to verify the efficacy and safety of this compound in clinical use, evaluate its pharmacological activity, and identify molecular targets.

Identifying the potential regulators of neutrophils recruitment in hepatocellular carcinoma using bioinformatics method

Background

Neutrophils play a crucial role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanism underlying neutrophil recruitment is not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to explore the potential genes or pathways related to neutrophil recruitment in the cancer microenvironment.

Methods

We downloaded TCGA HCC gene expression profiles, the abundance of 22 different immune cells in HCC patients, and patient survival information. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to determine if neutrophils were related to survival. Next, we screened different expression genes (DEGs) between patients with high and low level of neutrophils. We then identified the transcription factor and its targets in the fence of DEGs. Then, we carried out enrichment analysis and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) for targets. Finally, we explored the potential mechanism of targets via calculating correlation scores.

Results

Our survival analysis results showed that neutrophils were significantly associated with patient survival. A total of 736 DEGs were screened. Next, we identified transcription factor larger E26 transformation-specific (ETS) homologous factor (EHF) and 702 targets of EHF from 736 DEGs. Among these targets, the level of FGD6 expression had the highest correlation with the level of EHF expression. Enrichment and GSVA analysis for FGD6 showed that the level of GO:0043547 had a positive regulatory effect on GTPase activity and the GO:0007010 cytoskeleton organization was significantly difference between the high and low neutrophils counts. By calculating the correlation between FGD6 and genes in GO:0043547 and GO:0007010, we identified RIC8B and SIPA1L3.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrated that transcription factor EHF can influence recruitment of neutrophils by mediating the transcription of FGD6. Further investigations are needed to shed new light on EHF and its target FGD6.

A Novel Glycolysis-Related Four-mRNA Signature for Predicting the Survival of Patients With Breast Cancer

Background: Glycolysis is critical in the occurrence and development of tumors. Owing to the biological and clinical heterogeneity of patients with BRCA, the traditional predictive classification system is far from satisfactory. Survival and prognosis biomarkers related to glycolysis have broad application prospects for assessing the risk of patients and guiding their individualized treatment.

Methods: The mRNA expression profiles and clinical information of patients with BRCA were obtained from TCGA database, and glycolysis-related genes were obtained by GSEA. Patients with BRCA were randomly divided into the training cohort and testing cohort. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were used to establish and validate a new mRNA signature for predicting the prognosis of patients with BRCA.

Results: We established a four-gene breast cancer prediction signature that included PGK1, SDHC, PFKL, and NUP43. The patients with BRCA in the training cohort and testing cohort were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the signature. The AUC values were 0.74 (training cohort), 0.806 (testing cohort) and 0.769 (entire cohort), thereby showing that the prediction performance of the signature is acceptable. Additionally, Cox regression analysis revealed that four-gene signature could independently predict the prognosis of BRCA patients without being affected by clinical factors.

Conclusion: We constructed a four-gene signature to predict the prognosis of patients with BRCA. This signature will aid in the early diagnosis and personalized treatment of breast cancer, but the specific associated biological mechanism requires further study.

An mRNA characterization model predicting survival in patients with invasive breast cancer based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database

BACKGROUND

Invasive breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous tumor, although there have been many prediction methods for invasive breast cancer risk prediction, the prediction effect is not satisfactory. There is an urgent need to develop a more accurate method to predict the prognosis of patients with invasive breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE

To identify potential mRNAs and construct risk prediction models for invasive breast cancer based on bioinformaticsMETHODS: In this study, we investigated the differences in mRNA expression profiles between invasive breast cancer and normal breast samples, and constructed a risk model for the prediction of prognosis of invasive breast cancer with univariate and multivariate Cox analyses.

RESULTS

We constructed a risk model comprising 8 mRNAs (PAX7, ZIC2, APOA5, TP53AIP1,MYBPH, USP41, DACT2, and POU3F2) for the prediction of invasive breast cancer prognosis. We used the 8-mRNA risk prediction model to divide 1076 samples into high-risk groups and low-risk groups, the Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the high-risk group was closely related to the poor prognosis of overall survival in patients with invasive breast cancer. The receiver operating characteristic curve revealed an area under the curve of 0.773 for the 8 mRNA model at 3-year overall survival, indicating that this model showed good specificity and sensitivity for prediction of prognosis of invasive breast cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The study provides an effective bioinformatic analysis for the better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and prognosis risk assessment of invasive breast cancer.

Identification of Four Genes as Prognosis Signatures in Lung Adenocarcinoma Microenvironment

Background

Tumor microenvironment (TME) cells constitute a vital element of tumor tissues. Increasing evidence has shown that immune response in the microenvironment plays an active role in tumor invasion, metastasis, and recurrence, and is an important factor affecting tumor prognosis. Our study aimed to identify the gene signatures in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) microenvironment for prognosis and immunotherapy.

Methods

In this study, we evaluated, for the first time, the stromal and immune scores of 594 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database with LUAD using the ESTIMATE algorithm. Three hundred and sixty-seven dysregulated immune-related genes were identified. Then, we performed functional enrichment analysis of these genes, and found the best gene model and construct the signature through univariate, Lasso and multivariate COX regression analysis. To assess the independently prognostic ability of the signature, the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox’s proportional hazards model were performed.

Results

Functional enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction networks showed that the immune-related genes mainly played a role in immune response, activation/proliferation of immune-related cells, and chemokine activity. A prognostic model involving 6 genes was constructed and the signature was identified as an independent prognostic factor and significantly associated with the overall survival (OS) of LUAD. The area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) for the 6 genes signature in predicting the 3-year survival rate was 0.708. Finally, four genes (FOXN4, KLHL4, FAM83F and CCR2) can be used as candidate prognostic biomarkers for LUAD.

Conclusion

Our findings will help evaluate the prognosis of LUAD and provide new ideas for exploring the potential relationship between TME and LUAD treatment and prognosis.

Cryptotanshinone Is a Intervention for ER-Positive Breast Cancer: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Natural Product Intervention Mechanisms

Background: Resistance to endocrine therapy has hampered clinical treatment in patients with ER-positive breast cancer (BRCA). Studies have confirmed that cryptotanshinone (CPT) has cytotoxic effects on BRCA cells and can significantly inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of ER-positive cancer cells.

Methods: We analyzed the gene high-throughput data of ER-positive and negative BRCA to screen out key gene targets for ER-positive BRCA. Finally, the effects of CPT on BRCA cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) were examined, and quantitative RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of the key targets during CPT intervention.

Results: A total of 169 differentially expressed genes were identified, and revealed that CPT affects the ER-positive BRCA cells by regulating CDK1, CCNA2, and ESR1. The overall experimental results initially show that MCF-7 cells were more sensitive to CPT than MDA-MB-231 cells, and the expression of ESR1 was not affected in the BRCA cells during CPT intervention, while the expression of CDK1 and CCNA2 were significantly down-regulated.

Conclusion: CPT can inhibit the proliferation and migration of BRCA cells by regulating CDK1, CCNA2, and ESR1, especially in ER-positive BRCA samples. On the one hand, our research has discovered the possible mechanism that CPT can better interfere with ER+ BRCA; on the other hand, the combination of high-throughput data analysis and network pharmacology provides valuable information for identifying the mechanism of drug intervention in the disease.

Gene signatures of 6-methyladenine regulators in women with lung adenocarcinoma and development of a risk scoring system: a retrospective study using the cancer genome atlas database

Although the emergence of new treatments has improved the prognosis of women with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the emergence of drug resistance limits their clinical efficacy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new targets and develop a risk scoring system to evaluate the prognosis of patients. 6-methyladenine (M6A), as the most common methyl modification in RNA modification, its clinicopathological features, diagnosis and prognostic value in lung cancer, especially in LUAD remain to be discussed. We analyzed the clinical and sequencing data of the female LUAD cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), evaluated the expression profiles of 16 M6A regulation-related genes in the cohort and the relationships between genetic changes and clinical characteristics, developed an M6A-related risk scoring system using Cox analysis. Finally, the copy number variations (CNVs) of the related genes in the samples were analyzed and verified using the cBioPortal platform. Compared with other clinical factors, this risk scoring system showed a higher predictive sensitivity and specificity. The M6A-related risk scoring system developed in this study may help to improve the screening of female patients at high risk of LUAD and provides important theoretical bioinformatics support for evaluating the prognosis of such patients.

MiR-223-5p inhibitor suppresses microglia inflammation and promotes Nrg-1 in rats of spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of microRNA-233-5p (miR-233-5p) in spinal cord injury (SCI), and to explore the possible underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Microglia were first isolated from neonate rats and cultured in a suitable environment in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were used to activate microglia. The expressions of miR-223-5p, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 1 (Arg-1) were measured by qRT-PCR, respectively. After transfection of miR-233-5p inhibitor, the expression levels of miR-223-5p, iNOS and Arg-1 in cells were detected as well. A moderate SCI model was successfully established in rats (10 g fallen on T10 spinal cord at the height of 5 cm). Subsequently, inflammation indexes at miR-223-5p peak moment were observed. Meanwhile, its neuro-protective effect at 28 days after SCI was estimated. Finally, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) rating scale was applied to evaluate the hindlimb locomotor function of rats at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after SCI.

RESULTS

MiR-223-5p inhibitor significantly promoted M2 microglia expression and degenerated M1 microglia expression in vitro. SCI elevated the level of miR-223-5p in injured spinal cord tissues within one week, which reached a peak at 5 days after injury. Meanwhile, miR-223-5p inhibitor remarkably reduced the expressions of inflammatory factors, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at 3 days after SCI, as well as increased neuregulin1 (NRG-1) expression. However, miR-223-5p inhibitor significantly declined the levels of apoptosis key enzyme-caspase-3 and glia reaction marker-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at 7 and 28 days after SCI, respectively. As a result, BBB rating scale demonstrated that hindlimb locomotor function was significantly recovered in miR-223-5p injection group.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-223-5p was up-regulated in M1 microglia, whereas down-regulated in M2 microglia. MiR-223-5p inhibitor could significantly increase M2 microglia expression, while decrease M1 microglia expression in vitro. In vivo, miR-223-5p inhibitor suppressed the inflammatory response and reinforced NRG-1 level to reduce glia reaction and neuron apoptosis. Thereby, its treatment promoted the hindlimb locomotor function of rats.

ADRB1 was identified as a potential biomarker for breast cancer by the co-analysis of tumor mutational burden and immune infiltration

Breast cancer (BRCA) has traditionally been considered as having poor immunogenicity and is characterized by relatively low tumor mutational burden (TMB). Improving immunogenicity may improve the response to clinical immunotherapy of BRCA. However, the relationship between TMB, immune infiltration, and prognosis in BRCA remains unclear. We aimed to explore their interrelations and potential biomarkers. In this study, based on somatic mutation data of BRCA from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), patients were categorized into high and low TMB groups utilizing the TMB values. CIBERSOFT algorithm indicated significant infiltration of activated partial immune cells in high TMB group. Besides, ADRB1 had been identified as a prognosis-related immune gene in the mutant genes by the combination of the ImmPort database and the univariate Cox analysis. ADRB1 mutation was associated with lower TMB and manifested a satisfactory clinical prognosis. Various database applications (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource, Connectivity Map, KnockTF) supported the selection of treatment strategies targeting ADRB1. In conclusion, TMB was not an independent prognostic factor for BRCA and high TMB was more likely to activate a partial immune response. ADRB1 was identified as a potential biomarker and may provide new insights for co-therapy of BRCA.

No pulsed radio emission during a bursting phase of a Galactic magnetar

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration radio transients of unknown physical origin observed at extragalactic distances^1-3. It has long been speculated that magnetars are the engine powering repeating bursts from FRB sources^4-13, but no convincing evidence has been collected so far¹⁴. Recently, the Galactic magnetar SRG 1935+2154 entered an active phase by emitting intense soft γ-ray bursts¹⁵. One FRB-like event with two peaks (FRB 200428) and a luminosity slightly lower than the faintest extragalactic FRBs was detected from the source, in association with a soft γ-ray/hard-X-ray flare^18-21. Here we report an eight-hour targeted radio observational campaign comprising four sessions and assisted by multi-wavelength (optical and hard-X-ray) data. During the third session, 29 soft-γ-ray repeater (SGR) bursts were detected in γ-ray energies. Throughout the observing period, we detected no single dispersed pulsed emission coincident with the arrivals of SGR bursts, but unfortunately we were not observing when the FRB was detected. The non-detection places a fluence upper limit that is eight orders of magnitude lower than the fluence of FRB 200428. Our results suggest that FRB-SGR burst associations are rare. FRBs may be highly relativistic and geometrically beamed, or FRB-like events associated with SGR bursts may have narrow spectra and characteristic frequencies outside the observed band. It is also possible that the physical conditions required to achieve coherent radiation in SGR bursts are difficult to satisfy, and that only under extreme conditions could an FRB be associated with an SGR burst.

Periodontal Inflammation Primes the Systemic Innate Immune Response

The presence of periodontal diseases (PDs) often strongly correlates with other severe chronic inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and arthritis. However, the mechanisms through which these diseases interact are unclear. In PD, tissue and bone destruction in the mouth is driven by elevated recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which are primed and recruited from the circulation to sites of inflammation. We predicted that systemic effects on PMN mobilization or priming could account for the interaction between PD and other inflammatory conditions. We tested this using a mouse model of ligature-induced PD and found elevated PMN counts specifically in bone marrow, supporting a systemic effect of periodontal tissue inflammation on PMN production. In contrast, mice with induced peritonitis had elevated PMN counts in the blood, peritoneum, and colon. These elevated counts were further significantly increased when acute peritonitis was induced after ligature-induced PD in mice, revealing a synergistic effect of multiple inflammatory events on PMN levels. Flow cytometric analysis of CD marker expression revealed enhanced priming of PMNs from mice with both PD and peritonitis compared to mice with peritonitis alone. Thus, systemic factors associated with PD produce hyperinflammatory PMN responses during a secondary infection. To analyze this systemic effect in humans, we induced gingival inflammation in volunteers and also found significantly increased activation of blood PMNs in response to ex vivo stimulation, which reverted to normal following resolution of gingivitis. Together, these results demonstrate that periodontal tissue inflammation has systemic effects that predispose toward an exacerbated innate immune response. This indicates that peripheral PMNs can respond synergistically to simultaneous and remote inflammatory triggers and therefore contribute to the interaction between PD and other inflammatory conditions. This suggests larger implications of PD beyond oral health and reveals potential new approaches for treating systemic inflammatory diseases that interact with PD.

Advances in SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

In December 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection broke out in Wuhan, China. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of this emerging virus. In this manuscript, we collected relevant articles and reviewed the characteristics about SARS-CoV-2.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed an online search on PubMed and Web of Science with the keywords COVID-19, 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV-2, and summarized the epidemiology, virology, clinical features and treatments of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

RESULTS

We retrieved 157 published papers about SARS-CoV-2 from January, 2020 to April, 2020. We found that SARS-CoV-2 was a kind of virus with low mortality rate and high infectivity. This virus can enter human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in alveoli and activate immune response in human body. SARS-CoV-2 infection can be classified as asymptomatic, mild, common, severe, and critical. We summarized antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, such as remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and favipiravir. Because the vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 is developing, more clinical studies are needed to verify the safety and efficacy of these treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that has caused a global pandemic. We should pay more attention to prevent SARS-CoV-2 and try to control it sooner.