[Clinical features of glucocorticoid eye drops induced ocular hypertension in pediatric and adult uveitic eyes]

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of glucocorticoid eye drops induced ocular hypertension in pediatric and adult uveitic eyes. Methods: Retrospective survey of consecutive uveitic patients attending referral service at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from March 2013 to August 2017. Incidences of glucocorticoid eye drops induced ocular hypertension were compared between the pediatric and adult uveitic groups. The clinical patterns of 1% prednisolone acetate eye drops induced ocular hypertension in pediatric and adult uveitic eyes were also investigated. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and the χ(2) test. Results: The clinical data of 1 138 uveitic eyes [677 patients; 331 males and 346 females; mean age (31±16) years]receiving corticosteroid eye drops were reviewed, among which 246 eyes (143 patients) had pediatric uveitis and 892 eyes (534 patients) had adult uveitis. The incidence of glucocorticoid eye drops induced ocular hypertension was higher in pediatric eyes (39.8%, 98/246) as compared to adults (29.1%, 260/892) (χ(2)=9.880, P=0.002). One hundred and thirty eyes (75 patients) with 1% prednisolone acetate induced ocular hypertension were included in the clinical pattern analysis, including 49 [28 patients; 15 males and 13 females; mean age (11±3) years] pediatric and 81 [47 patients; 22 males and 25 females;mean age (34±12) years] adult uveitic eyes. No differences were found in daily doses of 1% prednisolone acetate between the pediatric group [4.60 (3.46, 5.36) drops/day] and the adult group [4.00 (3.30, 4.88) drops/day; Z=-1.675, P=0.094]. But the duration of medication in pediatric eyes [4.71 (2.79, 6.36) weeks] was significantly shorter as compared to the adults [6.00 (4.86, 9.00) weeks; Z=-3.446, P<0.001]. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 26.00 (24.00, 31.00) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) in pediatric uveitic eyes and 26.00 (23.30, 31.15) mmHg in the adults, which showed no statistical significance (Z=-0.231,P=0.818). To achieve effective IOP control, 79.6% (39/49) of pediatric and 54.3% (44/81) of adult eyes received IOP-lowering drug therapy (χ(2)=8.447,P=0.004). And during the follow-up, the withdrawal rate of IOP-lowering drugs was much lower in pediatric eyes (48.7%, 19/39) as compared to the adult group (72.7%, 32/44) (χ(2)=5.031, P=0.025). Conclusion: Compared with adult patients with uveitis, children with uveitis are more prone to IOP elevation, which is more difficult to control after the use of glucocorticoid eye drops. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54: 839-842).

GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State

On 17 August 2017, the LIGO and Virgo observatories made the first direct detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a neutron star binary system. The detection of this gravitational-wave signal, GW170817, offers a novel opportunity to directly probe the properties of matter at the extreme conditions found in the interior of these stars. The initial, minimal-assumption analysis of the LIGO and Virgo data placed constraints on the tidal effects of the coalescing bodies, which were then translated to constraints on neutron star radii. Here, we expand upon previous analyses by working under the hypothesis that both bodies were neutron stars that are described by the same equation of state and have spins within the range observed in Galactic binary neutron stars. Our analysis employs two methods: the use of equation-of-state-insensitive relations between various macroscopic properties of the neutron stars and the use of an efficient parametrization of the defining function p(ρ) of the equation of state itself. From the LIGO and Virgo data alone and the first method, we measure the two neutron star radii as R_{1}=10.8_{-1.7}^{+2.0}  km for the heavier star and R_{2}=10.7_{-1.5}^{+2.1}  km for the lighter star at the 90% credible level. If we additionally require that the equation of state supports neutron stars with masses larger than 1.97  M_{⊙} as required from electromagnetic observations and employ the equation-of-state parametrization, we further constrain R_{1}=11.9_{-1.4}^{+1.4}  km and R_{2}=11.9_{-1.4}^{+1.4}  km at the 90% credible level. Finally, we obtain constraints on p(ρ) at supranuclear densities, with pressure at twice nuclear saturation density measured at 3.5_{-1.7}^{+2.7}×10^{34}  dyn cm^{-2} at the 90% level.

[Diagnostic value of D-dimer combined with Wells score for suspected pulmonary embolism]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the value of conventional and age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value combined with 2-level Wells score for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism.

METHODS

In the study, 335 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism who visited Peking University People's Hospital were enrolled retrospectively, then 274 patients with age over fifty years were chosen. The 2-level Wells score was applied to evaluate the clinical probability of pulmonary embolism, the diagnostic value of traditional D-dimer cut-off value (500 μg/L) and age adjusted D-dimer cut-off value (age×10 μg/L above 50 years) combined with Wells score no greater than 4 were compared. Computed tomography pulmonary arteriography (CTPA) was considered as the gold standard for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.

RESULTS

(1) The area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) in analysis of the combination of Wells score no greater than 4 and traditional D-dimer cut-off value was 0.764 (95%CI: 0.703-0.818). On the other hand, the AUC in a ROC analysis of the combination of Wells Score no greater than 4 and age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value was 0.814 (95%CI:0.756-0.863). These two results did not differ statistically (Z=0.05, P=0.121). (2) The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and Youden index of the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism of the combination of traditional D-dimer cut-off value and 2-level Wells Score were 100%, 48.9%, 28.8%, 100%, and 0.49, respectively. Meanwhile, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and Youden index of the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism of the combination of age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value and 2-level Wells Score were 97.4%, 62.3%, 35.5%, 99.1%, and 0.60, respectively. Compared with using traditional D-dimer cut-off value, using age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value could improve the diagnosis specificity (traditional D-dimer cut-off value group: 48.9%, age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value group: 62.3%) of pulmonary embolism without reducing the sensitivity (traditional D-dimer cut-off value group: 100%, age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value group: 99.1%). (3) Among the 222 patients with Wells Score no greater than 4, 90 patients were with D-dimer less than traditional cut-off value (500 μg/L), and 25 patients (account for 11.3% of all 222 patients) were with D-dimer between traditional cut-off value and age-adjusted cut-off value.

CONCLUSION

The application of age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value can improve the diagnostic specificity of pulmonary embolism in patients over 50 years, without reducing the sensitivity. It can be used for ruling out suspected pulmonary embolism safely.

Co-Existence of Novel PDE6A Mutations and A Recurrent RPGR Mutation: A Potential Explanation for Phenotypic Diversity in Female RPGR Mutation Carriers

BACKGROUND

To report the co-existence of novel biallelic PDE6A mutations and heterozygous RPGR mutation in a Chinese female patient with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and to analyze the intrafamilial phenotypic diversity.

METHODS

Three patients with retinopathy and four healthy family members were included in genetic and clinical analyses. Personal medical records were obtained from another four unaffected female family members who refused blood donation. Family history was carefully recorded. Each patient received comprehensive ophthalmic tests. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach was performed on the proband to determine the retinopathy causative mutation for this family. In silico analysis was also applied to analyze the pathogenesis of identified mutations.

RESULTS

The two recruited male patients were diagnosed with RP, and the female patient RP sine pigmento (RPSP). Genetic assessments revealed a recurrent RPGR mutation, c.1926_1927insA, carried by all three patients and segregated the disease status. Three other unaffected female family members were confirmed as carriers for the identified RPGR mutation, and another four as obligate carriers. Interestingly, of all the eight female RPGR mutation carriers in this family, only one female developed retinal dystrophy. Comprehensive genetic analysis of this patient unraveled additional biallelic PDE6A mutations, c.[1066-9delT];[2324delG], carried solely by this individual.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, we hypothesize that the phenotypic variability presented by female RPGR mutation carriers may be attributed to the co-existence of other disease-causative mutations. Our study also emphasizes the importance of comprehensive genetic analysis in these female carriers, which will contribute to better diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for these patients.

Deficiency of HIF-1α in myeloid cells protects Escherichia coli or LPS-induced acute lung injury

BACKGROUND

Deficiency of hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) in macrophages reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mortality; however, whether HIF-1α expression in myeloid cells would contribute to the development of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is less investigated.

AIM

To test whether deletion of Hif1α in myeloid cells affects E. coli or LPS-induced ALI and to elicit the underlying mechanisms.

DESIGN

Laboratory study.

METHODS

We intratracheally challenged Hif1αfl/fl and Hif1αfl/flLysMCre mice with E. coli or LPS to analyze lung and spleen inflammatory responses. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the changes of α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells in the lung and spleen. Double knockout of Chrna7 and Itgam mice were used to examine expression of HIF-1α during E. coli lung infection. Vagotomy was performed to demonstrate the role of vagus nerve in mediating protective effects of deletion of Hif1α in myeloid cells on LPS-induced ALI.

RESULTS

Deletion of Hif1α in myeloid cells could reduce lung edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and lung and BAL inflammatory cytokines in E. coli-induced ALI. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells in the lung and spleen were markedly increased in E. coli-challenged Hif1αfl/flLysMCre mice compared with E. coli-challenged Hif1αfl/fl mice. Double knockout of Chrna7 and Itgam increased HIF-1α expression in lung and spleen cells during lung E. coli infection. Vagotomy abolished the protective effect of deletion of Hif1α in myeloid cells on LPS-induced ALI.

CONCLUSION

Deletion of Hif1α in myeloid cells could protect mice from lung injury depending on α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells and innervation of vagal circuits.

Characterization of bacteriophage HN48 and its protective effects in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus against Streptococcus agalactiae infections

Streptococcus agalactiae is a causative agent responsible for massive mortalities of tilapia that has led to catastrophic losses to tilapia culture globally. Bacteriophages represent a new class of antimicrobials against bacteria. In this study, we characterized the bacteriophage HN48, which formed small and round-transparent plaques on a double-layer plate. With a hexagonal head and a long tail, this phage may belong to the Caudovirales according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. HN48 was found to have a relatively wide and highly specific host range, to be sensitive to high temperature (60-80°C) and low pH (3-5), and to be relatively stable at alkaline pH (8-10). Intraperitoneal injection with HN48 had no adverse effects on tilapia and effectively inactivated the bacteria in the kidney. Fish that received phage therapy had 60% ± 3.3% survival rates and a delayed mean death time of about 3 days when compared to the control group. To the best of knowledge, this is the first study of tilapia streptococcal phage. Overall, the results indicated that phage HN48 could prevent tilapia from experimental S. agalactiae infection, suggesting it has the potential to control this disease.

[Clinical analysis of hepatic perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm: a report of eleven cases]

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and therapy of hepatic perivascular epithelioid neoplasms (PEComa). Methods: The clinical data of eleven patients with hepatic PEComa who received surgical treatment at Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University from April 2012 to October 2017 were collected. The clinical manifestations, imaging features, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, pathologic features, prognosis were analyzed. Results: The patients aged from 35 to 55 years (mean: 47 years , 3 males and 8 females). Two patients had epigastric pain, the others rarely had any clinical symptom. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was present in one patient 9.09%(1/11), the rate of correct diagnosis by imageological examination before operation was only 9.09%(1/11). All patients received a surgical resection, the final diagnosis of hepatic PEComa was made with pathology and immunohistochemistry. The antibodies used for immunohistochemistry varied from patient to patient. The positive rates of Melan A, HMB45, smooth muscle actin and S-100 were 100%(10/10), 90%(9/10), 77.8%(7/9)and 33.3%(3/9) respectively, the Ki-67 positive index was 1%-10%. One patient died after surgery because of hemorrhage, other ten patients received long-term follow-up(5-71 months), and no recurrence or metastasis was observed. Conclusion: Hepatic PEComa is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm which expresses both melanocytic and myogenic markers. Middle aged females are susceptive to hepatic PEComa, and patients rarely have any specific clinical presentation. It's difficult to make a correct diagnosis before operation. The diagnosis finally depends on the pathological examination. Surgical resection and close follow-up are the principal methods for the management of hepatic PEComa.

Prospective Comparison of Equations Based on Creatinine and Cystatin C for the Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimation in Chinese Renal Transplant Recipients

BACKGROUND

Currently, there is no dedicated equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for transplanted kidneys. This study aimed to compare the performance of serum creatinine (Scr)- and cystatin C (CysC)-based equations in Chinese renal transplant recipients.

METHODS

A total of 252 stable renal transplant recipients were enrolled in this study. The plasma clearance of ^99mTc-DTPA (rGFR) was used as a reference standard. The Scr, CysC, and rGFR of the patients were measured on the same day. The bias, precision, accuracy (percentage of estimates within 10%, 30%, and 50% of rGFR), and agreements of 8 Scr and 5 CysC eGFR equations were assessed. The factors affecting the accuracy were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Among the Scr-based equations, the Japanese Society of Nephrology-Chronic Kidney Disease Initiatives (JSN-CKDI) equation had the best overall performance with a bias of -6.2 mL/min/1.73 m², and 96.1% of its estimates were within 30% of the rGFR. For the CysC-based equations, the Filler equation had the best performance with a bias of -3.9 mL/min/1.73 m², and 93.7% of its estimates were within 30% of the rGFR. Overall, the CysC-based equations showed better performance than the Scr-based equations. In addition, significant differences were observed between bias and gender and between bias and rGFR value in some equations, whereas transplantation time and immunosuppressive regimens were not correlated with the bias.

CONCLUSION

The JSN-CKDI equation provides the best estimation of the GFR equations, and the CysC-based equations performed better than the Scr-based equations in this population.

Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs

Dogs were domesticated by human and originated from wolves. Their evolutionary relationships have attracted much scientific interest due to their genetic affinity but different habitats. To identify the differences between dogs and wolves associated with domestication, we analysed the blood transcriptomes of wolves and dogs by RNA-Seq. We obtained a total of 30.87 Gb of raw reads from two dogs and three wolves using RNA-Seq technology. Comparisons of the wolf and dog transcriptomes revealed 524 genes differentially expressed genes between them. We found that some genes related to immune function (DCK, ICAM4, GAPDH and BSG) and aerobic capacity (HBA1, HBA2 and HBB) were more highly expressed in the wolf. Six differentially expressed genes related to the innate immune response (CCL23, TRIM10, DUSP10, RAB27A, CLEC5A and GCH1) were found in the wolf by a Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Immune system development was also enriched only in the wolf group. The ALAS2, HMBS and FECH genes, shown to be enriched by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, were associated with the higher aerobic capacity and hypoxia endurance of the wolf. The results suggest that the wolf might have greater resistance to pathogens, hypoxia endurance and aerobic capacity than dogs do.

Microdomain elements of airway smooth muscle in calcium regulation and cell proliferation

Airway remodeling manifested by hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) and other structural and functional changes is a pathological condition in asthma not addressed by current treatment. Ca²⁺ signaling is crucial for ASMC proliferation. Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and ryanodine receptor (RyR) mediate Ca²⁺ release from endoplasmic reticulum/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Upon sensing the depletion of Ca²⁺ in ER/SR, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) aggregates and redistributes at the microdomain of ER/SR-plasma membrane (PM) and activates Orai1, a component of the store-operated Ca²⁺ (SOC) channels, to initiate Ca²⁺ influx. The STIM1/Orai1-mediated SOC entry is the main cause of a sustained intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) elevation, which is different from a transient rise of [Ca²⁺]_i mediated by IP₃R and RyR. Extended-synaptotagmin 1 (E-Syt1) is recruited to the ER/SR-PM junction and anchors to the PM lipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(_4,5)P₂) in a SOC-dependent manner. The subsequent strengthening of the ER/SR-PM connection by E-Syt1 facilitates the phosphatidylinositol (PI) transfer protein, Nir2, to supplement PI, a PI(_4,5)P₂ substrate, for the generation of IP3 and the propagation of Ca²⁺ signaling. Calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T cells are the downstream signaling factors of elevated [Ca²⁺]_i contributing to ASMC proliferation. Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake/efflux, mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitochondrial-ER/SR coupling also play important roles in modulating [Ca²⁺]_i and ASMC proliferation. Together, these pathways and mechanisms represent new therapeutic targets for airway remodeling. The present review provides an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms of ASMC proliferation involving Ca²⁺ and highlights potential directions to control airway remodeling in asthma.

Laboratory comparison of two Aphelinus mali clades for control of woolly apple aphid from Hebei Province, China

Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) is an effective natural enemy of woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann). Previous studies have found that, with WAA from Shandong Province (Qingdao) as the host, there are significant differences in various biological characteristics between a Shandong clade and Liaoning clade of A. mali. The ability of the Shandong clade to control this aphid was significantly higher than that of the Liaoning clade in Shandong Province. In order to determine whether differences were caused by better adaptation of the Shandong parasitoid clade to the population of the host in that province or if it represents a more general fitness of this clade to control the host regardless of location, we compared the same parasitoid clades with hosts from Hebei Province. We found no significant differences in the developmental threshold temperature, effective accumulated temperature, fecundity, longevity, and oviposition period of the two clades, but the duration of host searching of the Shandong clade was significantly longer than that of the Liaoning clade. The instantaneous attack rate, the control ability (a/Th), the search parameter (Q) of the Shandong clade (0.0946, 0.543, 0.0725) of A. mali were higher than that of the Liaoning clade (0.0713, 0.382, 0.0381), and therefore, with WAA from Hebei Province as the host, the host adaptability of the Shandong clade of A. mali was not worse than that of the Liaoning clade, while the pest control ability of the Shandong clade was still greater than that of the Liaoning clade.

Search for Tensor, Vector, and Scalar Polarizations in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background

The detection of gravitational waves with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo has enabled novel tests of general relativity, including direct study of the polarization of gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for only two tensor gravitational-wave polarizations, general metric theories can additionally predict two vector and two scalar polarizations. The polarization of gravitational waves is encoded in the spectral shape of the stochastic gravitational-wave background, formed by the superposition of cosmological and individually unresolved astrophysical sources. Using data recorded by Advanced LIGO during its first observing run, we search for a stochastic background of generically polarized gravitational waves. We find no evidence for a background of any polarization, and place the first direct bounds on the contributions of vector and scalar polarizations to the stochastic background. Under log-uniform priors for the energy in each polarization, we limit the energy densities of tensor, vector, and scalar modes at 95% credibility to Ω_{0}^{T}<5.58×10^{-8}, Ω_{0}^{V}<6.35×10^{-8}, and Ω_{0}^{S}<1.08×10^{-7} at a reference frequency f_{0}=25  Hz.

Successful targeting of the NRG1 pathway indicates novel treatment strategy for metastatic cancer

Background

NRG1 fusion-positive lung cancers have emerged as potentially actionable events in lung cancer, but clinical support is currently limited and no evidence of efficacy of this approach in cancers beyond lung has been shown.

Patients and methods

Here, we describe two patients with advanced cancers refractory to standard therapies. Patient 1 had lung adenocarcinoma and patient 2 cholangiocarcinoma. Whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing were carried out for these cases with select findings validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Results

Both tumors were found to be positive for NRG1 gene fusions. In patient 1, an SDC4-NRG1 gene fusion was detected, similar gene fusions having been described in lung cancers previously. In patient 2, a novel ATP1B1-NRG1 gene fusion was detected. Cholangiocarcinoma is not a disease type in which NRG1 fusions had been described previously. Integrative genome analysis was used to assess the potential functional significance of the detected genomic events including the gene fusions, prioritizing therapeutic strategies targeting the HER-family of growth factor receptors. Both patients were treated with the pan HER-family kinase inhibitor afatinib and both displayed significant and durable response to treatment. Upon progression sites of disease were sequenced. The lack of obvious genomic events to describe the disease progression indicated that broad transcriptomic or epigenetic mechanisms could be attributed to the lack of prolonged response to afatinib.

Conclusion

These observations lend further support to the use of pan HER-tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of NRG1 fusion-positive in both cancers of lung and hepatocellular origin and indicate more broadly that cancers found to be NRG1 fusion-positive may benefit from such a clinical approach regardless of their site of origin.

Clinical trial information

Personalized Oncogenomics (POG) Program of British Columbia: Utilization of Genomic Analysis to Better Understand Tumour Heterogeneity and Evolution (NCT02155621).

Effects of early comprehensive interventions on child neurodevelopment in poor rural areas of China: a moderated mediation analysis

OBJECTIVES

To examine the effects of early comprehensive interventions on home environment and child neurodevelopment among children younger than 3 years in poor rural areas of China, as well as the underlying mediating and moderating mechanisms.

STUDY DESIGN

Non-randomized intervention study was conducted among 216 children aged 0-3 years in Shanxi province of China. Based on a 2 × 2 factor design, children in Lin and Fenxi County were assigned to an intervention group with duration less than 1 year (n = 26) or an intervention group with duration longer than 1 year (n = 82), while children in Fangshan County served as a control group with duration less than 1 year (n = 30) or a control group with duration longer than 1 year (n = 78).

METHODS

The control group received national public health services (NPHS), while the intervention group received NPHS plus comprehensive interventions covering health, nutrition, early psychosocial stimulation, and child protection. Home environment (Infant-Toddler Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment [HOME]) and child neurodevelopment (Ages and Stages Questionnaire [ASQ]) were measured by observation and interview with mothers after the intervention program.

RESULTS

The intervention group showed significantly higher overall HOME, organization, learning materials, and involvement than the control group, only for a duration longer than 1 year. Children in the intervention group performed better in overall ASQ, fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social than children in the control group. Moderated mediation analyses indicated that there were significantly indirect effects of treatment on overall ASQ through overall HOME, organization, and involvement only when the duration was longer than 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS

Early comprehensive interventions longer than 1 year improve home environment and promote child neurodevelopment among children younger than 3 years in poor rural areas. What is more, effects of early comprehensive interventions longer than 1 year on child neurodevelopment were mediated by home environment.

D-Meson Azimuthal Anisotropy in Midcentral Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s]_{NN}=5.02 TeV

The azimuthal anisotropy coefficient v_{2} of prompt D^{0}, D^{+}, D^{*+}, and D_{s}^{+} mesons was measured in midcentral (30%-50% centrality class) Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays at midrapidity, |y|<0.8, in the transverse momentum interval 1<p_{T}<24  GeV/c. The measured D-meson v_{2} has similar values as that of charged pions. The D_{s}^{+} v_{2}, measured for the first time, is found to be compatible with that of nonstrange D mesons. The measurements are compared with theoretical calculations of charm-quark transport in a hydrodynamically expanding medium and have the potential to constrain medium parameters.

Increased circulating microparticles in women with preeclampsia

INTRODUCTION

Preeclampsia (PE) is associated with hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, which generate microparticles (MPs). Therefore, MPs may be important for PE.

METHODS

We established a verified MP measurement procedure to detect MPs in nonpregnant women (n = 25), healthy pregnant women (n = 29) and PE women (n = 73) and compared their MP levels.

RESULTS

Microparticles prepared from platelets (PMPs), endothelial cells (EMPs) and leucocytes (LMPs) were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and were analysed by our established flow cytofluorimetric approach, which showed good specificity for determining the cell origin and level of MPs. The levels of total MPs (tMPs) and PMPs in the healthy pregnant group were significantly higher than those in the nonpregnant group (158.78 vs 93.00 and 45.04 vs 17.41, P = .004 and P = .007, respectively) but were not significantly different from those of the PE group. However, EMPs and LMPs were significantly higher in the PE group than in the healthy pregnant group (14.62 vs 11.48 and 8.94 vs 5.03, P = .015 and P < .001, respectively). Furthermore, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for EMPs, LMPs and the combined sum of EMPs and LMPs were 0.661, 0.746 and 0.718, respectively (P < . 05); at their optimal cut-off values, the sensitivities were 50.68%, 87.67% and 46.58%, respectively, and the specificities were 80.77%, 58.33% and 95.65%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Determining the MP level, especially that of EMPs and LMPs, by a specificity-verified method may reflect the endothelial dysfunction and inflammation involved in PE pathogenesis.

GW170817: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Compact Binary Coalescences

The LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations have announced the event GW170817, the first detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of two neutron stars. The merger rate of binary neutron stars estimated from this event suggests that distant, unresolvable binary neutron stars create a significant astrophysical stochastic gravitational-wave background. The binary neutron star component will add to the contribution from binary black holes, increasing the amplitude of the total astrophysical background relative to previous expectations. In the Advanced LIGO-Virgo frequency band most sensitive to stochastic backgrounds (near 25 Hz), we predict a total astrophysical background with amplitude Ω_{GW}(f=25  Hz)=1.8_{-1.3}^{+2.7}×10^{-9} with 90% confidence, compared with Ω_{GW}(f=25  Hz)=1.1_{-0.7}^{+1.2}×10^{-9} from binary black holes alone. Assuming the most probable rate for compact binary mergers, we find that the total background may be detectable with a signal-to-noise-ratio of 3 after 40 months of total observation time, based on the expected timeline for Advanced LIGO and Virgo to reach their design sensitivity.

Abstract P5-03-11: Targeted disruption of transcriptional effector GLI2 attenuates breast tumor growth and metastasis

We reported that transcriptional regulation by the major Hedgehog (HH) pathway effector GLI2 in mammary gland stromal cells coordinates a hormone-responsive niche signaling program that directs epithelial stem cell activity during puberty [Zhao, et al., Science. 2017 Apr 21;356(6335)]. HH signaling is a key growth pathway in human carcinogenesis. The first targeted therapies aimed at G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO) resulted in rapid acquired resistance, underscoring the need for developing new HH pathway-targeting therapies downstream of SMO. In BC GLI-dependent transcription may involve a non-receptor-based mechanism of GLI2 activation involving cross-talk from other signaling pathways such as TGFß54, PI3K55,56, Wnt, or NF-κB. Accordingly, we investigated the role of HH pathway and its transcriptional effectors using the MMTV-PyMT BC mouse model. Development of mammary tumors arising proceeds through neoplastic lesions ranging from carcinoma in situ (10-12 weeks) to highly invasive ductal carcinoma with high incidence of pulmonary metastasis at 16-18 weeks. Epithelial ablation of GLI2 dramatically reduced tumor progression. Cre recombinase under control of the Ck14 promoter to genetically ablate GLI2 in basal cells of the mammary gland thus dramatically attenuated metastasis despite continued (albeit reduced) formation of primary tumors. In human BC, we applied Bayesian methods to gene expression data to identify metastatic BC with HH pathway activation. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significantly worse progression-free survival in patients with HH pathway activity (Log-rank p = 0.0013). Next, we analyzed 1294 BC samples, stratified according to HH activity, using the HH probability as a continuous score ranging between 0 and 1, univariate Cox regression analysis supports the hypothesis that HH activity in BC is a risk factor for relapse after surgery, HR = 2.45 (95% CI: 1.67 – 3.61, p = 2.72e-6). There is also a significant difference in survival between HH-actives and HH-inactives (Log-rank p = 3.91e-4), suggesting a pathogenic role of GLI activation in BC progression and metastasis. Arsenic trioxide (ATO), inhibits HH pathway activity by de-stabilizing the GLI transcriptional effectors of HH signaling, likely due to arsenic displacement of zinc within the DNA-binding zinc fingers of GLI proteins. ATO treatment of BC cell lines resulted in dose-dependent cell growth inhibition (Alamar Blue) and induction of apoptosis (PARP cleavage and Annexin V expression) at clinically achievable concentrations. In NSG mice with orthotopic transplant of 3e5 SU151 human BC PDX, with strongly positive GLI-active signature, daily IP injection of 10mg/kg ATO resulted in marked tumor growth inhibition in vivo (2.75-fold smaller tumor diameter vs. PBS vehicle controls, P= 0.006; 55d vs. 17d to reach 1.5 cm criterion for ATO vs. vehicle). We conclude the major HH pathway transcriptional effector GLI2 coordinates a transcriptional program with a central role in BC growth and metastasis in a significant subset of BC, and that systemic treatment with ATO (new oral formulation in commercial development), will reduce metastatic progression and improve clinical outcomes in patients whose tumors harbor a GLI-active transcript signature.

Citation Format: Beachy P, Cai S, Ma Y, Hatakeyama J, Zhao C, Stoffels M, Verhaegh W, van de Stolpe A, Pegram M. Targeted disruption of transcriptional effector GLI2 attenuates breast tumor growth and metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-03-11.

First Search for Nontensorial Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars

We present results from the first directed search for nontensorial gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for tensorial (plus and cross) modes only, a generic metric theory may, in principle, predict waves with up to six different polarizations. This analysis is sensitive to continuous signals of scalar, vector, or tensor polarizations, and does not rely on any specific theory of gravity. After searching data from the first observation run of the advanced LIGO detectors for signals at twice the rotational frequency of 200 known pulsars, we find no evidence of gravitational waves of any polarization. We report the first upper limits for scalar and vector strains, finding values comparable in magnitude to previously published limits for tensor strain. Our results may be translated into constraints on specific alternative theories of gravity.

Electroviscous Dissipation in Aqueous Electrolyte Films with Overlapping Electric Double Layers

We use dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the forces involved in squeezing out thin films of aqueous electrolyte between an AFM tip and silica substrates at variable pH and salt concentration. From amplitude and phase of the AFM signal we determine both conservative and dissipative components of the tip sample interaction forces. The measured dissipation is enhanced by up to a factor of 5 at tip-sample separations of ≈ one Debye length compared to the expectations based on classical hydrodynamic Reynolds damping with bulk viscosity. Calculating the surface charge density from the conservative forces using Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory in combination with a charge regulation boundary condition we find that the viscosity enhancement correlates with increasing surface charge density. We compare the observed viscosity enhancement with two competing continuum theory models: (i) electroviscous dissipation due to the electrophoretic flow driven by the streaming current that is generated upon squeezing out the counterions in the diffuse part of the electric double layer, and (ii) visco-electric enhancement of the local water viscosity caused by the strong electric fields within the electric double layer. While the visco-electric model correctly captures the qualitative trends observed in the experiments, a quantitative description of the data presumably requires more sophisticated simulations that include microscopic aspects of the distribution and mobility of ions in the Stern layer.

Sulphur tolerance of Au-modified Ni/GDC during catalytic methane steam reforming

Au doping and high calcination temperatures improve the sulphur tolerance of Ni/GDC, a potential SOFC anode.

Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA

We present possible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next decade, with the intention of providing information to the astronomy community to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals, and study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source. We report our findings for gravitational-wave transients, with particular focus on gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary neutron star systems, which are the most promising targets for multi-messenger astronomy. The ability to localize the sources of the detected signals depends on the geographical distribution of the detectors and their relative sensitivity, and [Formula: see text] credible regions can be as large as thousands of square degrees when only two sensitive detectors are operational. Determining the sky position of a significant fraction of detected signals to areas of 5-[Formula: see text] requires at least three detectors of sensitivity within a factor of [Formula: see text] of each other and with a broad frequency bandwidth. When all detectors, including KAGRA and the third LIGO detector in India, reach design sensitivity, a significant fraction of gravitational-wave signals will be localized to a few square degrees by gravitational-wave observations alone.

J/ψ Elliptic Flow in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

We report a precise measurement of the J/ψ elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The J/ψ mesons are reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.9) in the dielectron decay channel and at forward rapidity (2.5<y<4.0) in the dimuon channel, both down to zero transverse momentum. At forward rapidity, the elliptic flow v_{2} of the J/ψ is studied as a function of the transverse momentum and centrality. A positive v_{2} is observed in the transverse momentum range 2<p_{T}<8  GeV/c in the three centrality classes studied and confirms with higher statistics our earlier results at sqrt[s_{NN}]=2.76  TeV in semicentral collisions. At midrapidity, the J/ψ  v_{2} is investigated as a function of the transverse momentum in semicentral collisions and found to be in agreement with the measurements at forward rapidity. These results are compared to transport model calculations. The comparison supports the idea that at low p_{T} the elliptic flow of the J/ψ originates from the thermalization of charm quarks in the deconfined medium but suggests that additional mechanisms might be missing in the models.

Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of antibiotic drug combinations

BACKGROUND

Deriving suitable dosing regimens for antibiotic combination therapy poses several challenges as the drug interaction can be highly complex, the traditional pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) index methodology cannot be applied straightforwardly, and exploring all possible dose combinations is unfeasible. Therefore, semi-mechanistic PKPD models developed based on in vitro single and combination experiments can be valuable to suggest suitable combination dosing regimens.

AIMS

To outline how the interaction between two antibiotics has been characterized in semi-mechanistic PKPD models. We also explain how such models can be applied to support dosing regimens and design future studies.

SOURCES

PubMed search for published semi-mechanistic PKPD models of antibiotic drug combinations.

CONTENT

Thirteen publications were identified where ten had applied subpopulation synergy to characterize the combined effect, i.e. independent killing rates for each drug and bacterial subpopulation. We report the various types of interaction functions that have been used to describe the combined drug effects and that characterized potential deviations from additivity under the PKPD model. Simulations from the models had commonly been performed to compare single versus combined dosing regimens and/or to propose improved dosing regimens.

IMPLICATIONS

Semi-mechanistic PKPD models allow for integration of knowledge on the interaction between antibiotics for various PK and PD profiles, and can account for associated variability within the population as well as parameter uncertainty. Decisions on suitable combination regimens can thereby be facilitated. We find the application of semi-mechanistic PKPD models to be essential for efficient development of antibiotic combination regimens that optimize bacterial killing and/or suppress resistance development.

[Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the hepatobiliary pancreatic system: report of three cases and literature review]

Objective: To improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) of the hepatobiliary pancreatic system through the cases review. Methods: The clinical data of three cases of pathologically-proved IMT of the hepatobiliary pancreatic system was reported and relevant literatures were reviewed. Results: Among three cases of IMT discussed, there consisted of a case of liver, a case of gallbladder and a case of pancreas. The clinical manifestations were nonspecific, and the preoperative diagnosis was difficult. All the patients with suspected malignant tumors underwent surgical treatment. The prognosis was good, with no recurrence. Conclusion: IMT is a benign tumor and is rare in hepatobiliary pancreatic system. The clinical manifestations are not typical and the imaging examinations are not specific. Its diagnosis depends on pathology. Surgery is an effective treatment. IMT has a tendency of recurrence, and its postoperative follow-up is of great significance.