101
|
Holmes DS, McGilley BM, Houston BK. Task-related arousal of type A and type B persons: level of challenge and response specificity. J Pers Soc Psychol 1984; 46:1322-7. [PMID: 6737215 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether different levels of challenge had differential effects on the arousal levels of Type A and Type B persons, 30 Type A and 30 Type B male subjects worked on an intelligence test task (digits backwards recall) that was easy, moderately difficult, or extremely difficult. Arousal was measured in terms of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, pulse volume, skin resistance, and subjective arousal. Results indicated that while working on the extremely difficult task, the Type A subjects evidenced reliably higher systolic blood pressure than did the Type B subjects (p = 0.1; difference = 7.52 mm of Hg) and that there were not reliable differences between the subjects in systolic blood pressure at other levels of challenge or on other measures of arousal.
Collapse
|
102
|
Abstract
Forty-three depressed women were randomly assigned to either (a) an aerobic exercise treatment condition in which they participated in strenuous exercise, (b) a placebo treatment condition in which they practiced relaxation exercises, or (c) a no-treatment condition. Aerobic capacity was assessed before and after the 10-week treatment period. Self-reported depression was assessed before, during, and after the treatment period. The results indicated that subjects in the aerobic exercise condition evidenced reliably greater improvements in aerobic capacity than did the subjects in either of the other conditions (p less than .002 in both cases) and that the subjects in the aerobic exercise condition evidenced reliably greater decreases in depression than did subjects in the placebo condition (p = .05) or subjects in the no-treatment condition (p = .001). These results provide the first controlled evidence concerning the effects of strenuous exercise on depression.
Collapse
|
103
|
Holmes DS. Meditation and somatic arousal reduction. A review of the experimental evidence. THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 1984. [PMID: 6142668 DOI: 10.1037//0003-066x.39.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
104
|
Cano L, Solomon S, Holmes DS. Fear of success: The influence of sex, sex-role identity, and components of masculinity. SEX ROLES 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00287551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
105
|
Roviaro S, Holmes DS, Holmsten RD. Influence of a cardiac rehabilitation program on the cardiovascular, psychological, and social functioning of cardiac patients. J Behav Med 1984; 7:61-81. [PMID: 6609243 DOI: 10.1007/bf00845347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight male cardiac patients who had either experienced myocardial infarction or undergone coronary bypass surgery were assigned to a treatment condition and participated in a 3-month, exercise-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, whereas 20 other cardiac patients were assigned to a routine-care condition and did not participate in the rehabilitation program. Cardiovascular, psychological, and psychosocial functioning were assessed before treatment or routine care was begun, after 3 months of treatment or routine care, and 4 months later. Results indicated that patients in the treatment condition evidenced reliably more efficient cardiovascular functioning (resting heart rate, resting diastolic blood pressure, treadmill exercise performance, exercise heart rate, exercise systolic blood pressure), better understanding of heart disease, better understanding of and reported compliance with treatment recommendations, more positive self-perceptions (health, body concept, self-concept, progress toward goals), and better psychosocial functioning (e.g., decreased employment-related stress, more active use and enjoyment of leisure time, more physical and sexual activity). Chronic patients benefited as much from the treatment as did acute patients, and the beneficial effects for all treated patients were evident not only just after rehabilitation, but also 4 months later. This investigation appears to be the first such test of effects of this type of treatment, and the results have wide generalizability and applicability.
Collapse
|
106
|
Holmes DS, Lobos JH, Bopp LH, Welch GC. Cloning of a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans plasmid in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1984; 157:324-6. [PMID: 6361001 PMCID: PMC215178 DOI: 10.1128/jb.157.1.324-326.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Three separate plasmids of 6, 7, 16, and greater than 23 kilobases were purified from a single clone of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 33020 grown in the presence of uranium. The 6.7-kilobase plasmid (pTf1) was cloned separately into the HindIII or BamHI site of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322. Restriction maps of the recombinant plasmids, termed pTf100 and pTf110, respectively, were constructed, creating potential cloning vehicles for exchanging genetic information between E. coli and T. ferrooxidans. Evidence from restriction enzyme analysis and Southern blot DNA-DNA hybridization indicates that the three native plasmids share little sequence homology.
Collapse
|
107
|
Cappo BM, Holmes DS. The utility of prolonged respiratory exhalation for reducing physiological and psychological arousal in non-threatening and threatening situations. J Psychosom Res 1984; 28:265-73. [PMID: 6481661 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(84)90048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether slowing and altering the respiratory pattern is an effective means for reducing physiological and psychological arousal, subjects participated in one of three treatment conditions in which they reduced their respiration rate to 6 cpm and either inhaled quickly and exhaled slowly, inhaled slowly and exhaled quickly, or spent equal amounts of time inhaling and exhaling. Other subjects participated in a distraction control condition or in a no-treatment control condition. Arousal was measured during a practice period, a threat (electrical shocks) anticipation period, and a threat confrontation period. The results indicated that the breathing manipulations were not effective in reducing arousal during the practice period, but that inhaling quickly and exhaling slowly was consistently effective for reducing physiological (skin resistance) and psychological (subjective cognitive) arousal during the anticipation and confrontation periods.
Collapse
|
108
|
Holmes DS. Meditation and somatic arousal reduction. A review of the experimental evidence. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 1984; 39:1-10. [PMID: 6142668 DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.39.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
109
|
Holmes DS, Solomon S, Cappo BM, Greenberg JL. Effect of Transcendental Meditation versus resting on physiological and subjective arousal. J Pers Soc Psychol 1983. [PMID: 6348250 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.44.6.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
On four successive days, 10 highly trained and experienced meditators were asked to relax for 5 minutes, meditate for 20 minutes, and then relax for 5 minutes. In contrast, 10 other subjects who had no training or experience with meditation were asked to relax for 5 minutes, rest for 20 minutes, and then relax for 5 minutes. Physiological arousal (heart rate, skin resistance, respiration rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure) and subjective arousal (cognitive, somatic, relaxation) were measured throughout the experiment. Results indicated that (a) prior to meditating or resting, meditators tended to have higher heart rates and diastolic blood pressure than did nonmeditators, (b) meditation was associated with generally reduced arousal, but (c) while meditating, meditators did not evidence lower levels of arousal than nonmeditators did while resting. This investigation employed controls, which were not used in previous investigations, and the results place qualifications on previously reported results. The results have implications for the study of personality functioning, stress management, and psychotherapy.
Collapse
|
110
|
Holmes DS, Solomon S, Cappo BM, Greenberg JL. Effect of Transcendental Meditation versus resting on physiological and subjective arousal. J Pers Soc Psychol 1983; 44:1245-52. [PMID: 6348250 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.44.6.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
On four successive days, 10 highly trained and experienced meditators were asked to relax for 5 minutes, meditate for 20 minutes, and then relax for 5 minutes. In contrast, 10 other subjects who had no training or experience with meditation were asked to relax for 5 minutes, rest for 20 minutes, and then relax for 5 minutes. Physiological arousal (heart rate, skin resistance, respiration rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure) and subjective arousal (cognitive, somatic, relaxation) were measured throughout the experiment. Results indicated that (a) prior to meditating or resting, meditators tended to have higher heart rates and diastolic blood pressure than did nonmeditators, (b) meditation was associated with generally reduced arousal, but (c) while meditating, meditators did not evidence lower levels of arousal than nonmeditators did while resting. This investigation employed controls, which were not used in previous investigations, and the results place qualifications on previously reported results. The results have implications for the study of personality functioning, stress management, and psychotherapy.
Collapse
|
111
|
Holmes DS. An alternative perspective concerning the differential psychophysiological responsivity of persons with the type A and type B behavior patterns. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(83)90059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
112
|
Holmes DS, Burish TG. Effectiveness of biofeedback for treating migraine and tension headaches: a review of the evidence. J Psychosom Res 1983; 27:515-32. [PMID: 6363681 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(83)90041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A review of the research reveals no evidence that finger temperature biofeedback training or temporal artery pulse biofeedback training is effective for treating migraine headaches. On the other hand, there is evidence that EMG biofeedback training is effective for treating tension headaches, but the EMG biofeedback training is not more effective than less complex and less expensive relaxation training. Reasons for the ineffectiveness of biofeedback training are discussed. The results of the controlled investigations are in sharp contrast to the prevailing beliefs and the results have a variety of implications.
Collapse
|
113
|
Holmes DS. Rapid purification of bacterial plasmids and coliphage M13 RF without CsCl centrifugation. Anal Biochem 1982; 127:428-33. [PMID: 6187239 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
114
|
Eisenberg AJ, Holmes DS. A note on the use of CsCl centrifugation to purify bacterial plasmids prepared by the rapid boiling method. Anal Biochem 1982; 127:434. [PMID: 6187240 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
115
|
|
116
|
|
117
|
Holmes DS, Solomon S, Rump BS. Cardiac and subjective response to cognitive challenge and to controlled physical exercise by male and female coronary prone (type A) and non-coronary prone persons. J Psychosom Res 1982; 26:309-16. [PMID: 7120157 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(82)90003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
118
|
Holmes DS. Existence of classical projection and the stress-reducing function of attributive projection: a reply to Sherwood. Psychol Bull 1981; 90:460-6. [PMID: 7302052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
119
|
Reinke BJ, Holmes DS, Denney NW. Influence of a "friendly visitor" program on the cognitive functioning and morale of elderly persons. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 1981; 9:491-504. [PMID: 7282650 DOI: 10.1007/bf00918178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Forty-nine nursing home residents were randomly assigned to a visitation condition focusing on conversational interaction, a visitation condition in which the playing of cognitively challenging games supplemented conversation, or a no-treatment control condition. Each subject in a visitation condition was visited by an undergraduate student twice per week for 8 weeks. Before and after the visitation period, all subjects were given four tests of cognitive functioning (vocabulary, matrices, memory, problem-solving), three tests of morale (Life Satisfaction Index A; Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, self-perceived health), and were rated by nursing home activity directors on morale, program participation, alertness, sociability, and physical condition. A multivariate analysis of covariance, in which age, education, and length of nursing home residency were covariates, revealed a reliable overall effect for the treatment (p = .001). Subjects in both visitation conditions generally demonstrated improved performance relative to control subjects, and subjects in the conversation-plus-games condition demonstrated the greatest improvement. The univariate effects for memory, self-perceived health, and ratings of sociability were reliable.
Collapse
|
120
|
|
121
|
Holmes DS, Frost RO, Lutz DJ. Multiple sessions of systolic blood pressure biofeedback: Its effects on ability to control systolic pressure during training, after training, and its effects on pulse rate. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(81)90004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
122
|
Holmes DS. Debriefing after psychological experiments. I. Effectiveness of postdeception dehoaxing. THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 1981. [PMID: 11643572 DOI: 10.1037//0003-066x.31.12.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
123
|
Solomon S, Holmes DS, McCaul KD. Behavior control over aversive events: does control that requires effort reduce anxiety and physiological arousal? J Pers Soc Psychol 1981. [PMID: 7431210 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.39.4.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been suggested that the ability to control (avoid) an aversive event will reduce arousal, it may be that the effort associated with exercising the control will offset the arousal reduction associated with avoidance. To determine whether the amount of effort required to control an aversive event influenced the amount of anxiety and physiological arousal associated with the aversive event, 89 subjects participated in a 3 (unavoidable threat, avoidable threat, no threat) X 2 (high-effort task performance, low-effort task performance) X 2 (anticipation period, performance period) factorial experiment. The results indicated that (a) the aversive event (threat of electrical shock) increased subjects' anxiety and physiological arousal; (b) exercising control was effective for decreasing subjects' anxiety to the non-threat level but only when low effort was required; (c) the prospect of control decreased subjects' physiological arousal to the no-threat level while the subjects were waiting to exercise control over the aversive event; however, (d) while actually exercising the control, subjects showed high physiological arousal like that of subjects who could not control the event. These findings impose important qualifications on the speculations concerning the influence of control.
Collapse
|
124
|
Holmes DS, Frost RO, Bennett DH, Nielsen DH, Lutz DJ. Effectiveness of skin resistance biofeedback for controlling arousal in non-stressful and stressful situations: two experiments. J Psychosom Res 1981; 25:205-11. [PMID: 7265024 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(81)90034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
125
|
Lutz DJ, Holmes DS. Instructions to change blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure biofeedback: their effects on diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and anxiety. J Psychosom Res 1981; 25:479-85. [PMID: 7320950 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(81)90101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|