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Abstract
This study evaluates the relative effectiveness and side-effects of risperidone as compared with conventional neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia, by meta-analysis of 11 double-blind, randomized controlled trials. The proportion of patients showing clinical improvement; use of medications for extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS); the treatment drop-out rates; and the changes in negative PANSS scores were measured. Compared with conventional neuroleptics, slightly more patients in the risperidone group showed clinical improvement [57 vs 52%; odds ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.56]. The use of concomitant medications for EPS was significantly less in the risperidone group than in the conventional neuroleptic group (22.8 vs 38.4%; odds ratio 0.51, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.63). The overall drop-out rate was lower in the risperidone group than in other neuroleptic group (29.1 vs 33.9%; odds ratio 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.94). The difference in changes in negative PANSS score between the risperidone and the haloperidol group was -0.74 (95% CI: -1.50, 0.02). Weight gain and tachycardia are more common in patients treated with risperidone. Sensitivity analysis of different analytic approaches did not materially change the main estimates. It was concluded that the short-term efficacy of risperidone is comparable to other neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is associated with significantly fewer EPS than conventional neuroleptics (mainly haloperidol).
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Di X, Chen S, Song F, Zhang J, Chen W. [The cloning and expression of salmon calcitonin gene in Escherichia coli]. ZHONGGUO YI XUE KE XUE YUAN XUE BAO. ACTA ACADEMIAE MEDICINAE SINICAE 1996; 18:423-8. [PMID: 9388947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The DNA fragment encoding salmon calcitonin was separated from the salmon DNA with PCR method. It was recombined into the fusion expression vector (pGEX-2T) which included a Glutathion-S-Transferase (GST) gene and was transformed into E. coli JM109 and then expression was induced with IPTG. The fusion protein (GST-sCT) accounted for 38%-40% of the total cellular protein and was purified from the soluble expression products by glutathion sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The purity of GST-sCT is about 80% and it showed a positive immunological reaction in calcitonin enzyme immunoassay.
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Song F. [A simple technique of somatic cell hybridization]. ZHONGGUO YI XUE KE XUE YUAN XUE BAO. ACTA ACADEMIAE MEDICINAE SINICAE 1996; 18:305-9. [PMID: 9388982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the first report on the use of mutants lacking enzymes and HAT medium for hybrid selection (Littlefield, 1964), enormous similar techniques, at least, have been basically established. These techniques have opened new avenues to assigning genes, analysing gene regulation in eukaryotic cells and studying mechanisms which govern cell growth and differentiation during normal embryonic development, wound healing and tumor formation. But some problems still remain. For instance, such techniques need about one year to mutate both kinds of cells before fusion and selection, A simple technique of somatic cell hybridization without cell mutation has been developed, and by utilizing different appearances of cells before and after trypsinization, two kinds of cells may be fused and selected in some hours. Up-to-date six kinds of cells have been tested and found successful. Some hundreds of tests have been repeated, and modified, and the analyses by different methods have shown that the technique is both stable and reliable.
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Song F, Matsuzaki G, Mitsuyama M, Nomoto K. Differential effects of viable and killed bacteria on IL-12 expression of macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1996; 156:2979-84. [PMID: 8609419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes-specific, IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells are induced in 5-day in vitro cultures of naive spleen cells with viable L. monocytogenes (VLM) but are not induced in cultures with heat killed L. monocytogenes (HKLM). Anti-IL-12 Abs abrogated the induction of the IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells by VLM, suggesting an importance of IL-12 in the induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells. Accordingly, IL-12p40 was expressed by macrophages (M phi) from the cultures of whole spleen cells with VLM but not with HKLM, although HKLM induced IL-12p40 expression on M phi when nonadherent cells were removed before culture. In vivo analysis also showed that VLM induced IL-12p40 expression by M phi, whereas HKLM failed to induce it. On the other hand, the addition of anti-IL-10 mAb into cultures of whole spleen cells and HKLM resulted in an increase of IL-12p40 expression by M phi. Furthermore, we detected an expression of IFN-gamma by both adherent and nonadherent spleen cells at the early stage of stimulation with VLM before the appearance of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that HKLM induce nonadherent spleen cells to produce IL-10 which may down-regulate IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells by blocking IL-12 production by M phi. In contrast, VLM support IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T cells by stimulating M phi to produce IL-12 and IFN-gamma.
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Song F, Matsuzaki G, Mitsuyama M, Nomoto K. Differential effects of viable and killed bacteria on IL-12 expression of macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.8.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes-specific, IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells are induced in 5-day in vitro cultures of naive spleen cells with viable L. monocytogenes (VLM) but are not induced in cultures with heat killed L. monocytogenes (HKLM). Anti-IL-12 Abs abrogated the induction of the IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells by VLM, suggesting an importance of IL-12 in the induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells. Accordingly, IL-12p40 was expressed by macrophages (M phi) from the cultures of whole spleen cells with VLM but not with HKLM, although HKLM induced IL-12p40 expression on M phi when nonadherent cells were removed before culture. In vivo analysis also showed that VLM induced IL-12p40 expression by M phi, whereas HKLM failed to induce it. On the other hand, the addition of anti-IL-10 mAb into cultures of whole spleen cells and HKLM resulted in an increase of IL-12p40 expression by M phi. Furthermore, we detected an expression of IFN-gamma by both adherent and nonadherent spleen cells at the early stage of stimulation with VLM before the appearance of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that HKLM induce nonadherent spleen cells to produce IL-10 which may down-regulate IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells by blocking IL-12 production by M phi. In contrast, VLM support IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T cells by stimulating M phi to produce IL-12 and IFN-gamma.
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Matsuzaki G, Song F, Nomoto K. Suppression of T-helper type-1 immune response against Listeria monocytogenes by treatment of mice with goat antibodies to mouse IgD. Immunology 1996; 87:15-20. [PMID: 8666428 PMCID: PMC1383962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injection of goat anti-mouse IgD antibodies (GAM IgD) to mice has been shown to induce polyclonal IgG1 and IgE production by B cells and interleukin-4 (IL-4) production by goat Ig-specific T cells. Surface IgD cross-linking also activates B cells to function as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Although the GAM IgD treatment is a well-established system for analysis of B-cell dependent antigen presentation, the influence of GAM IgD treatment on the immune response to irrelevant antigens is not known. To address this issue, we analysed effects of GAM IgD treatment on (1) the mitogen response of freshly isolated T cells, and (2) the listerial antigen-specific response after immunization with viable Listeria monocytogenes, which induces CD4+ interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) producing protective T cells in normal mice. Spleen CD4+ T cells from the GAM IgD-treated mice produced higher levels of IL-4 but lower levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 than those from the control mice when they were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. When spleen T cells were stimulated with listerial antigen 10 days after a low dose (1/20 LD50) of L. monocytogenes infection, CD4+ T cells from the GAM IgD-treated mice showed increased IL-4 production and decreased IFN-gamma and IL-2 production compared with those from the control L. monocytogenes-infected mice. Furthermore, the GAM IgD treatment resulted in a reduction of the survival rate after a high dose (1/2 LD50) of L. monocytogenes infection. These results suggest that treatment of mice with GAM IgD suppresses the T-helper type-1 (Th1)-type T-cell response and induces a Th2-type response against irrelevant antigens, even when they are injected after GAM IgD treatment.
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Song F, Matsuzaki G, Nomoto K. Down-regulation of Listeria monocytogenes-specific Th1 cytokine response by treatment of mice with goat antibody to mouse IgD. Immunobiology 1996; 196:449-62. [PMID: 9061384 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(96)80066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Injection of goat anti-mouse IgD antibody (G alpha M IgD) to mice has been shown to induce polyclonal IgG1 and IgE production by B cells and IL-4 production by goat Ig-specific T cells. Surface IgD crosslinking also activates function of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Although the G alpha M IgD treatment is a well established system for regulation of immune response against antigens that bind to B cell receptor, we found that the G alpha M IgD treatment also influences immune response against irrelevant bacterial antigen. The T cells from the G alpha M IgD-treated Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice showed increased IL-4 production and decreased IFN-gamma and IL-2 production against listerial antigen compared with those from control L. monocytogenes-infected mice. Interestingly, changes were also found in antigen presenting cells in the G alpha M IgD-treated mice. MHC class II expression of both B cells and macrophages decreased significantly in the G alpha M IgD-treated mice, suggesting cytokine induced by G alpha M IgD-treatment may suppress MHC class II expression and modulate APC function in the G alpha M IgD-treated mice. In accordance with the assumption, T cells from the G alpha M IgD-treated mice produced high amount of IL-4 and IL-10 in in vitro culture with goat serum which contain goat Ig. These result suggest that G alpha M IgD treatment may modulate APC function in the G alpha M IgD-treated mice through Th2 type cytokine(s) produced by goat Ig-specific T cells, which results in changes of Th response against irrelevant antigen.
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Cullum N, Deeks JJ, Fletcher AW, Sheldon TA, Song F. Preventing and treating pressure sores. Qual Health Care 1995; 4:289-97. [PMID: 10156400 PMCID: PMC1055341 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.4.4.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gilbody S, House A, Song F, Sheldon T. Misleading meta-analysis. Subject to many potential biases. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1995; 311:1303-4. [PMID: 7496260 PMCID: PMC2551209 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.311.7015.1303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Coulter A, Long A, Kelland J, O'Meara S, Sculpher M, Song F, Sheldon TA. Managing menorrhagia. Qual Health Care 1995; 4:218-26. [PMID: 10153434 PMCID: PMC1055321 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.4.3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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211
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Matsuzaki G, Li XY, Kadena T, Song F, Hiromatsu K, Yoshida H, Nomoto K. Early appearance of T cell receptor alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells with a skewed variable region repertoire after infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1985-91. [PMID: 7621874 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We found that the number of T cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells increased in the peritoneal cavity on day 5 after an intraperitoneal infection with Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD together with TCR gamma delta + CD4- CD8- T cells. Thereafter, the TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells decreased to a normal level by day 14. The TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells showed an activated T cell phenotype (L-selectin CD44 +) and expressed CD45/B220 and interleukin-2 receptor beta, but did not express heat stable antigen, which is expressed by the immature CD4- CD8- thymocytes. Furthermore, 20-30% of the TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells expressed the NK1.1 natural killer cell marker. Analysis of the TCR V region repertoire of the TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells induced by L. monocytogenes infection showed that more than 80% of the TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells expressed TCR V beta 8 detected by anti-TCR V beta 8.1 and 8.2 mAb, and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of V alpha 14 relative to V alpha 11 expression revealed that the TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells expressed a higher level of V alpha 14, which was reported to be preferentially expressed by TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- thymocytes rather than conventional CD4+ T cells. The TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8-T cells showed a proliferative response to anti-TCR alpha beta mAb stimulation. In contrast, they showed no response to stimulation with either Listeria antigen or 65-kDa heat shock protein of Mycobacterium bovis, which do stimulate the Listeria-specific TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells and the Listeria-induced TCR gamma delta + T cells, respectively. These results suggest that the TCR alpha beta + CD4- CD8- T cells may recognize a restricted set of self antigens induced by L. monocytogenes infection, and that they contribute to host protection at an early stage of infection.
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Song F, Matsuzaki G, Mitsuyama M, Nomoto K. In vitro generation of IFN-gamma-producing Listeria-specific T cells is dependent on IFN-gamma production by non-NK cells. Cell Immunol 1995; 160:211-6. [PMID: 7720082 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(95)80030-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In vitro 5-day cultures of naive spleen cells with viable Listeria monocytogenes (VLM), but not heat-killed L. monocytogenes, induced CD4+ T cells that produced IFN-gamma upon secondary antigen stimulation. The VLM-induced Listeria-specific T cells produced IFN-gamma but lacked expression of IL-2 and IL-4. To study the role of IFN-gamma in the induction of the IFN-gamma-producing T cells, we added anti-IFN-gamma mAb to the primary culture and analyzed IFN-gamma production upon secondary antigen stimulation. Addition of anti-IFN-gamma mAb to the culture suppressed generation of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells, suggesting that IFN-gamma is important in the induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, our results showed that depletion of NK cells from spleen cells by anti-asialo GM1 antibody plus complement before culture enhanced induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells. Although NK cells are known to produce IFN-gamma, the results indicate that NK cell-derived IFN-gamma may not be important in induction of the Listeria-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells in the culture system. In addition, we demonstrated that IFN-gamma expression was high in CD4+ T cells from cultures of spleen cells with VLM at the primary culture level. These results suggest that IFN-gamma derived from T cells may enhance production of IFN-gamma by CD4+ T cells, while NK cells rather suppress the induction of IFN-gamma producing CD4+ T cells.
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Cowen P, Thompson C, Roberts A, Nakielny J, Eckett S, Hindmarch I, Kerr JS, Ashford JJ, Henry JA, Hale AS, Tracey D, Gonzaga R, Naik P, Brandt A, Bergemann R, Puri BK, Thakore JH, Feemantle N, Sheldon TA, Song F, Mason J, House A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Drugs related to tricyclic antidepressants are a mixed bag. West J Med 1994. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.309.6961.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Song F, Matsuzaki G, Mitsuyama M, Nomoto K. The role of B cells in in vitro induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells specific to Listeria monocytogens: positive and IL-10-mediated negative regulation. Cell Immunol 1994; 157:403-14. [PMID: 7915202 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1994.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have reported that Listeria monocytogenes-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells are induced by in vitro 5-day culture of naive spleen cells with viable L. monocytogenes (VLM), but not induced by culture with heat-killed L. monocytogenes (HKLM). In the present study, the role of B cells in the regulation of induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells in the in vitro system was investigated. We found that L. monocytogenes-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells were not generated when B cells were depleted from spleen cells before culture with VLM although Ag-specific proliferative response was retained. IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T cells was restored by addition of B cells cultured with VLM to the culture of B cell-depleted spleen cells and VLM. In contrast, B cells cultured with HKLM could not restore the induction of IFN-gamma production when added in culture of B cell-depleted spleen cells and VLM. Analysis of cytokine gene expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method revealed that expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was higher but TNF-alpha was lower in B cells cultured with HKLM when compared with that in B cells cultured with VLM. Furthermore, addition of neutralizing anti-IL-10 mAb into culture of naive spleen cells with HKLM resulted in appearance of IFN-gamma-producing cells. These results suggest that B cells have positive and negative roles in the induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells. The inhibition of induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells may depend on B cell-derived IL-10.
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Song F, Yu L, Yang Y, Tan H. Color separation of argon laser light with the effect of dispersion of optical activity. APPLIED OPTICS 1994; 33:5513-5517. [PMID: 20935945 DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for spatially separating the green and the blue components of an argon laser beam is presented. By exploiting the effect of dispersion of optical activity, this approach renders the vibration planes of the green and the blue components of a linearly polarized argon laser orthogonal to each other; this is done by passing the beam through an optically active crystal and then spatially separating the components with a Wollaston prism. Two methods for controlling the directions of the polarization of the transmitted beams are discussed. The new design is characterized by higher separation efficiency, lower energy loss, and system simplicity and symmetry. The measured data for the new design are also given.
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Freemantle N, House A, Song F, Mason JM, Sheldon TA. Prescribing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as strategy for prevention of suicide. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1994; 309:249-53. [PMID: 7832842 PMCID: PMC2540780 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.309.6949.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a policy to reduce the incidence of suicide by means of changing the prescribing of antidepressants from the older tricyclic antidepressants to the routine first line use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or newer tricyclic and related antidepressants. DESIGN Cost effectiveness analysis with sensitivity analyses using observational data on costs, volume of prescribing, deaths, and toxicity. SETTING United Kingdom primary care. INTERVENTIONS Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or newer tricyclic and related antidepressants compared with the use of older tricyclics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cost per life saved and cost per life year saved. RESULTS The potential number of lives which may be saved from a switch to the routine first line use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is between 300 and 450 each year. The cost per life year gained ranges from 19,000 pounds to 173,000 pounds, depending on the assumptions used. The cost per life year gained through the use of the newer tricyclic and related antidepressants is considerably lower. CONCLUSIONS The cost per life year gained through avoiding suicides by the routine first line use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors is likely to be high. The new tricyclics and related drugs are of similar toxicity to the serotonin reuptake inhibitors but are considerably cheaper and so are most cost effective for this purpose. Further research is required on such prescribing. Because of the great uncertainties the shift to considerably more expensive options must be further investigated.
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Castellanos PF, Gates GA, Esselman G, Song F, Vannier MW, Kuo M. Anatomic considerations in botulinum toxin type A therapy for spasmodic dysphonia. Laryngoscope 1994; 104:656-62. [PMID: 8196438 DOI: 10.1288/00005537-199406000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemodenervation by injection of botulinum toxin type A into the vocal fold(s) has become the preferred treatment for patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Injection may be done either perorally or transcutaneously; each method has its advocates and advantages. The authors have used the transcutaneous transcricothyroid membrane route exclusively with satisfactory results in more than 50 patients. Temporary breathliness and aspiration are common. The preferred injection site should be as close as possible to the motor end plates of the affected muscle. The thyroarytenoid muscle end plates are distributed throughout the muscle, whereas in the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle they are located in band in the center of the muscle. The transcutaneous injection site is below and posterior to the midpoint of the vibrating vocal fold as visualized by indirect laryngoscopy. The proximity of this site to the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle suggests that postinjection breathiness and aspiration may be related to spread of botulinum toxin type A to the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. However, it is likely that thyroarytenoid muscle paresis is mainly responsible for this side effect and that the rapid clearing of the breathy dysphonia in the face of prolonged relief of spasmodic dysphonia symptoms suggests the action of an adaptive neural response, such as axonal sprouting. Further research of this subject is warranted.
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Freemantle N, Gill P, Godfrey C, Long A, Richards C, Sheldon TA, Song F, Webb J. Brief interventions and alcohol use. Qual Health Care 1994; 2:267-73. [PMID: 10132464 PMCID: PMC1055159 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2.4.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bonneux L, Barendregt JJ, Ravnskov U, Ramsay LE, Yeo WW, Jackson PR, Sheldon TA, Song F, Millo J, Sudlow CLM, Macleod MR, Heady JA, Morris JN, Oliver MF, Vine DL, Hastings GE, Durrington PN, Dugdale A, Law MR, Wu T, Wald NJ, Hackshaw A, Bailey ASGT. Ischaemic heart disease and cholesterol There's more to heart disease than cholesterol. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1994. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.308.6935.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sheldon TA, Song F. Ischaemic heart disease and cholesterol. Drug trial deaths cannot be dismissed. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1994; 308:1039, 1041. [PMID: 8167522 PMCID: PMC2539897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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223
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Song F, Rathwell T. Stochastic simulation and sensitivity analysis: estimating future demand for health resources in China. WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS QUARTERLY. RAPPORT TRIMESTRIEL DE STATISTIQUES SANITAIRES MONDIALES 1994; 47:149-156. [PMID: 7740829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A simulation model has been built to estimate the demand for hospital beds and doctors in China between 1990 and 2010. The model was used to compare deterministic sensitivity analysis and stochastic simulation in assessing inherent uncertainty in health projections. The stochastic simulation method uses information more efficiently, and produces a more reasonable average estimate and a more meaningful range of projections than deterministic sensitivity analysis. However, it may be preferable to combine the use of both approaches because they have different, complementary, advantages and disadvantages. The usefulness of 3 value estimates of input variables and the benefits of the triangular distribution for stochastic simulation should be emphasized in health projections.
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Song F, Rathwell T, Long A, Thunhurst C. An analytical framework of physician productivity and variation in utilization. Health Serv Manage Res 1993; 6:146-55. [PMID: 10128823 DOI: 10.1177/095148489300600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of medical services by patients is an important determinant of doctor productivity, but this factor does not appear to have been given much attention in previous studies. In order to answer the question of why is there a wide variation in doctor output at low level medical facilities in China, an analytical framework of doctor productivity and utilization is developed. The simulation model is used to produce data that can be analyzed by such a framework. Great uncertainty about patient flows is one reason for the average lower and varying doctor productivity in lower level health facilities. Until uncertainty can be reduced, more flexibility is needed at the lower level to cope with changing utilization patterns and patient characteristics. The management by doctors of non-patient care activities (preventive programmes, medical research, teaching, and administration) is crucial to any approach to using doctor resources more effectively and efficiently.
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Song F. Erythema chronicum migrans in Suzhou, China. ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 1993; 129:793-4. [PMID: 8507094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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226
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Sheldon TA, Song F, Smith GD, Freemantle N, Mason J, Long A. Cholesterol screening and cholesterol lowering treatment. Qual Health Care 1993; 2:134-7. [PMID: 10131634 PMCID: PMC1055099 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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227
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Smith GD, Song F, Sheldon TA. Cholesterol lowering and mortality: the importance of considering initial level of risk. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1993; 306:1367-73. [PMID: 8518602 PMCID: PMC1677836 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.306.6889.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the level of risk of death from coronary heart disease above which cholesterol lowering treatment produces net benefits. DESIGN Meta-analysis of results of randomised controlled trials of cholesterol lowering treatments. METHODS Published and unpublished data from all identified randomised controlled trials of cholesterol lowering treatments with six months or more follow up and with at least one death were included in the meta-analysis. The analyses were stratified by the rate of death from coronary heart disease in the control arms of the trials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Death from all causes, from coronary heart disease, and from causes other than coronary heart disease. RESULTS In the pooled analysis, net benefit in terms of total mortality from cholesterol lowering was seen only for trials including patients at very high initial risk of coronary heart disease (odds ratio 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.92). In a medium risk group no net effect was seen, and in the low risk group there were adverse treatment effects (1.22; 1.06 to 1.42). In a weighted regression analysis a significant (p < 0.001) trend of increasing benefit with increasing initial risk of coronary heart disease was shown. Raised mortality from causes other than coronary heart disease was seen in trials of drug treatment (1.21; 1.05 to 1.39) but not in the trials of non-drug treatments (1.02; 0.88 to 1.19). Cumulative meta-analysis showed that these results seem to have been stable as new trials appeared. CONCLUSION Currently evaluated cholesterol lowering drugs seem to produce mortality benefits in only a small proportion of patients at very high risk of death from coronary heart disease. Population cholesterol screening could waste resources and even result in net harm in substantial groups of patients. Overall risk of coronary heart disease should be the main focus of clinical guidelines, and a cautious approach to the use of cholesterol lowering drugs should be advocated. Future trials should aim to clarify the level of risk above which treatment is of net benefit.
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Sheldon TA, Mason J, Song F, Freemantle N, House A. Effective and acceptable treatment for depression: Authors' reply. West J Med 1993. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.306.6885.1126-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Freemantle N, Sheldon T, Song F, Mason J. Descent into the depths. THE HEALTH SERVICE JOURNAL 1993; 103:28-9. [PMID: 10125321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Song F, Freemantle N, Sheldon TA, House A, Watson P, Long A, Mason J. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: meta-analysis of efficacy and acceptability. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1993; 306:683-7. [PMID: 8471919 PMCID: PMC1677099 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.306.6879.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence for using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors instead of tricyclic antidepressants in the first line treatment of depression. DESIGN Meta-analysis of 63 randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy and acceptability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with those of tricyclic and related antidepressants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Improvement in mean scores on Hamilton depression rating scale for 53 randomised controlled trials. Pooled drop out rates from the 58 trials which reported drop out by treatment group. RESULTS Among the 20 studies reporting standard deviation for the Hamilton score no difference was found in efficacy between serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic and related antidepressants (standardised mean difference 0.004, 95% confidence interval -0.096 to 0.105). The difference remained insignificant when the remaining 33 studies that used the 17 item and 21 item Hamilton score were included by ascribing weighted standard deviations. The odds ratio for drop out rate in patients receiving serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared with those receiving tricyclic antidepressants was 0.95 (0.86 to 1.07). Similar proportions in both groups cited lack of efficacy as the reason for dropping out but slightly more patients in the tricyclic group cited side effects (18.8% v 15.4% in serotonin reuptake group). CONCLUSIONS Routine use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as the first line treatment of depressive illness may greatly increase cost with only questionable benefit.
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Freemantle N, Song F, Sheldon TA, Watson P, Mason JM, Long AF. Managing depression in primary care. Qual Health Care 1993; 2:58-62. [PMID: 10132083 PMCID: PMC1055065 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sheldon TA, Freemantle N, Song F, Mason JM, Long AF, Thakker T, Addshead D. Surgical interventions for glue ear: what form will a quality service take? Qual Health Care 1992; 1:266-70. [PMID: 10172107 PMCID: PMC1055039 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.1.4.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Freemantle N, Song F, Mason J, Sheldon T. With an eye to an ear. THE HEALTH SERVICE JOURNAL 1992; 102:24-5. [PMID: 10171294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Song F, Sheldon T. Estimating cumulative pregnancy curves. Fertil Steril 1992; 58:1081-3. [PMID: 1290530 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Song F, Mason JM, Ibbotson S, Freemantle N, Long AF, Sheldon TA. Issues of quality in providing services for subfertile couples. Qual Health Care 1992; 1:202-5. [PMID: 10136864 PMCID: PMC1055012 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.1.3.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sheldon TA, Song F, Freemantle N. Assisted conception on the NHS. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1992; 305:521. [PMID: 1308103 PMCID: PMC1882843 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.305.6852.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Freemantle N, Song F, Sheldon T, Mason J. Tu-be or not tu-be. THE HEALTH SERVICE JOURNAL 1992; 102:24-5. [PMID: 10121389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Freemantle N, Pollock C, Sheldon TA, Mason JM, Song F, Long AF, Ibbotson S. Formal rehabilitation after stroke. Qual Health Care 1992; 1:134-7. [PMID: 10136844 PMCID: PMC1054979 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.1.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Pei W, Song F. Automatic specklegram fringe analysis by using symmetry evaluation of the Theta-scanning function. APPLIED OPTICS 1992; 31:665-669. [PMID: 20720663 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
New approaches are applied to overcome the difficulty of accurate angle measurements in specklegram information processing by introducing a prism rotator for compensation and by using symmetry evaluation. Together with slit scanning and the fast Fourier transform procedure, speckle random noise has been effectively suppressed, and accurate measurements of Theta and s are achieved. The method we present makes it possible to process the specklegram information automatically. The experimental setup is described in detail. The principles and experimental curves are given.
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Chu GX, Song F. [A method for the detection of sister chromatid exchange using chick embryo cells in vivo]. ZHONGHUA YU FANG YI XUE ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE] 1984; 18:279-81. [PMID: 6537303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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