Direct Observation of Adsorption Morphologies of Cationic Surfactants at the Gold Metal-Liquid Interface

Understanding interfacial phenomena is important in processes like corrosion, catalysis, and electrochemical reactions. Specifically, in corrosion inhibition, the assembly of adsorbed surfactants at metal-water interfaces in well-packed, ordered layers is desired. We provide direct evidence of the role of alkyl tails of surfactants in the formation of ordered adsorbed layers at metal-water interfaces. We have employed surface-specific sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to probe the in situ adsorption and self-assembly of cationic surfactants, alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium bromides of tail lengths n = 4 (C4) and 12 (C12), without any applied potential or stimulus, at the gold-water interface. Our SFG measurements show that C12 Quat adsorbs as an ordered monolayer, whereas C4 Quat adsorbs in a disordered monolayer. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of these surfactants corroborate with SFG results. These findings provide new insights on how hydrophobic interactions between alkyl tails of surfactants affect their self-assembly at metal-water interfaces.

The Active Site of a Prototypical "Rigid" Drug Target is Marked by Extensive Conformational Dynamics

Drug discovery, in particular optimization of candidates using medicinal chemistry, is generally guided by structural biology. However, for optimizing binding kinetics, relevant for efficacy and off-target effects, information on protein motion is important. Herein, we demonstrate for the prototypical textbook example of an allegedly "rigid protein" that substantial active-site dynamics have generally remained unrecognized, despite thousands of medicinal-chemistry studies on this model over decades. Comparing cryogenic X-ray structures, solid-state NMR on micro-crystalline protein at room temperature, and solution NMR structure and dynamics, supported by MD simulations, we show that under physiologically relevant conditions the pocket is in fact shaped by pronounced open/close conformational-exchange dynamics. The study, which is of general significance for pharmacological research, evinces a generic pitfall in drug discovery routines.

Carcinoid heart disease: the role of echocardiography in predicting post-surgical outcomes

Background

Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) often complicates neuroendocrine tumours (NET). The prognosis of CHD without intervention is poor; 3 year survival is estimated at 31%. Surgical valve replacement is the only treatment for CHD, but is associated with high 30-day mortality (10–15%).

Purpose

The aim is to identify pre-operative transthoracic echocardiogram (PTTE) findings that could determine which patients have a high likelihood of post-surgical mortality at 1 year.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study recruited 88 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CHD between 2005–19 at University Hospital Birmingham; 49 (56%) of these were treated surgically. Indications for surgery: stable NET, symptomatic severe valvular dysfunction, progressive RV dilatation or RV dysfunction, no significant comorbidities. All patients underwent a standard PTTE. PTTE parameters assessed: right ventricular (RV) size, RV function (qualitative), TAPSE, RV fractional area change, RV S wave velocity, left ventricular (LV) size, LV ejection fraction and valve velocities. Surgery was performed by a single surgical team with bioprosthetic valve replacements.

Results

Patients were followed up for a median of 15 months (IQR: 6–59) after surgery, during which time there were 33 deaths, giving a median survival time of 30 months (IQR: 7–85). Increasingly severe RV dilatation was significantly associated with shorter survival (p=0.032). The estimated survival rate at three years was 67% in those with normal RV size, compared to 24% in the severe RV group (Figure 1). RV basal diameter was assessed used ROC curve analysis for the outcome of one year survival and returned an area under the curve of 0.66 (SE=0.10). Youden's index identified RV diameter >4.8cm to be the optimal cut-off for identifying high-risk patients. One year mortality rates were 26% (7/27) vs. 75% (9/12) in those with RV basal diameter of ≤4.8 vs. >4.8cm (p=0.006).

Conclusion

A pre-operative right ventricular basal diameter >4.8cm is associated with a near three-fold increase in post-operative mortality at one year. These findings highlight the importance of regular imaging in order to optimise the timing of surgery in patients with CHD.

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier curve of post-op survival

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Fat Mass Is Negatively Associated with Muscle Strength and Jump Test Performance

BACKGROUND

It is known that maintenance of muscle mass cannot prevent loss of muscle strength in older adults. Recent evidence suggests that fat mass can weaken the relationship between muscle mass and functional performance. No information exists if fat mass can independently affect muscle strength and jump test performance in middle-aged and older adults.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the independent relationships between fat mass, leg muscle mass, lower extremity muscle strength, and jump test performance in adults, 55-75 years of age.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

SETTING

University laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS

Fifty-nine older adults (men, n = 27, age = 64.8 ± 6.5 years; women, n = 32, age = 62.5 ± 5.1 years) participated in this study.

MEASUREMENTS

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat mass and leg muscle mass. An average of 3 maximal countermovement jumps was used to calculate jump power and jump height. Two leg press and hip abduction strength were assessed by 1-repetition maximum testing.

RESULTS

Stepwise sequential regression analysis of fat mass and leg muscle mass versus jump test performance and measures of muscle strength after adjusting for age, height, and physical activity revealed that fat mass was negatively associated with jump height (p = 0.047, rpartial = -0.410) in men. In women, fat mass was negatively associated with jump height (p = 0.003, rpartial = -0.538), leg press (p = 0.002, rpartial = -0.544), and hip abduction strength (p < 0.001, rpartial = -0.661). Leg muscle mass was positively associated with jump power in women (p = 0.047, rpartial = 0.372) only.

CONCLUSIONS

Fat mass has an independent negative relationship with jump test performance in middle-aged and older men and women. This has clinical implications for rehabilitating neuromuscular performance in middle-aged and older adults.

Protein Motional Details Revealed by Complementary Structural Biology Techniques

Proteins depend on defined molecular plasticity for their functionality. How to comprehensively capture dynamics correctly is of ubiquitous biological importance. Approaches commonly used to probe protein dynamics include model-free elucidation of site-specific motion by NMR relaxation, molecular dynamics (MD)-based approaches, and capturing the substates within a dynamic ensemble by recent eNOE-based multiple-structure approaches. Even though MD is sometimes combined with ensemble-averaged NMR restraints, these approaches have largely been developed and used individually. Owing to the different underlying concepts and practical requirements, it has remained unclear how they compare, and how they cross-validate and complement each other. Here, we extract and compare the differential information contents of MD simulations, NMR relaxation measurements, and eNOE-based multi-state structures for the SH3 domain of chicken α-spectrin. The data show that a validated, consistent, and detailed picture is feasible both for timescales and actual conformational states sampled in the dynamic ensemble. This includes the biologically important side-chain plasticity, for which experimentally cross-validated assessment is a significant challenge.

SAT0290 HIGH SERUM MYOSTATIN LEVELS SUGGEST ACCELERATED MUSCLE SENESCENCE IN ACTIVE IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOSITIS

Background:

Inflammation is the forerunner to fibrosis and premature ageing in various systemic diseases. Hence it seems plausible that idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) may exhibit accelerated senescence too.

Objectives:

Hence we investigated the Myostatin: Follistatin system in the serum as a reflection of early senescence in myositis as compared with healthy and diseased controls.

Methods:

Patients with inflammatory myositis (ACR/EULAR criteria) presenting to the wards and outpatient clinic between December 2017 to August 2019 were recruited. Those with active infection, pregnancy, renal dysfunction or chronic kidney disease were excluded. Apart from patient and disease variables, activity and damage were assessed using standard IMACS score set measures. Patients in inception cohort were additionally followed up at 1 and 6 months. Myostatin and Follistatin were estimated in sera using ELISA (R&D systems, USA). Juvenile myositis and young adults (18-40 years) were subsequently analyzed separately. Non-parametric tests were used for paired and unpaired analysis. Results expressed as median.

Results:

95 myositis (8 Juvenile myositis, 26 DM, 10 PM, 29 Overlap, 2 NAM 1 CAM and 19 ASS) patients (23 Male and 72 Female) with median age 38 (24.5-46.0) years and disease duration 0.9 (2.3-5.1) years were included. Serum Myostatin was lower in IIM than in healthy control (HC) (153.5 vs. 243.6 p<0.0001, Fig 1A) but higher in IIM as compared with disease controls (153.5 vs 86.1 p=0.0174 Fig. 1B). Serum myostatin was comparable between juvenile and adult myositis and in the various subsets of adult myositis (Fig. 1 C and D). Myostatin levels were higher in active as compared with inactive myositis in young adults (211.7 vs. 158.9, p=0.0149, Figure 1E). Serum Myostatin correlated with height (r 0.3, p=0.003) and weight (r 0.2, p=0.047) but not MMT8 or muscle enzymes.

Figure 1.

Serum Myostatin levels in IIM as compared with healthy controls (A) and disease controls (B). Levels in juvenile myositis as compared with adult IIM (C) and in various subsets of IIM (D). Serum Myostatin levels in active and inactive disease (E).

Although Follistatin was lower in IIM than HC (198.4 vs 243.6, p=<0.0001), the neither Follistatin nor Myostatin: Follistatin ratios differ between subsets, and in active versus inactive disease Figure 2 A-D). On follow-up, the serial Myostatin estimation paralleled change in disease activity.

Figure 2.

Serum Follistatin levels in IIM as compared with healthy controls (A) and disease controls (C). Levels in juvenile and adult IIM (D) and in various subsets of IIM (D).

Conclusion:

Elevated serum Myostatin levels in active myositis raise the possibility of accelerated senescence in the inflamed muscle tissues which need further investigation.

Acknowledgments: :

Partly funded by APLAR and IRA research grants awarded to LG.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

AB0013 HLA ASSOCIATION WITH SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SSc) IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION AND FAMILIAL INHERITANCE PATTERNS

Background:

It is widely believed that SSc develops in an individual with a permissive genetic makeup.Genetic influences have long been suspected to impact SSc. In families with a history of SSc, the incidence of disease can range from 1.5 to 1.7% (1). There are several reports of familial occurrence and certain alleles of the HLA system have been associated with the disease (2).No Indian data pertaining to genetic basis of systemic sclerosis is present. Understanding the genetic basis of the disease will help us in defining the biomarkers of the disease in the population that can help in early diagnosis and prognosis.

Objectives:

To study HLA association with Systemic sclerosis (SSc) in North Indian Population and its genetic susceptibility to familial systemic sclerosis.

Methods:

A total of 150 SSc patients diagnosed by following ACR and EULAR criteria and 150 control subjects, were genotyped for HLA-A, B, DRB1, DQB1 loci by Luminex® 200 Instrument (USA). The association of alleles with disease susceptibility was tested by Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test.

HLA Typing for HLA class I (A, B, C) and II(DR,DQ,DP) for familial study of systemic sclerosis in 2 families was performed by Next Generation Sequencing(NGS) with illumina MiniSeq using MIA FORA NGS Kits from IMMUCOR. Antinuclear patterns (ANA) and specific antibodies were detected by indirect Immunofluorescence and Immunoblot (Euroline, Germany).

Results:

Strong disease associations were observed for haplotypes A*24(OR=1.7;< 0.02), A*32(OR=2.8;< 0.02), B*35(OR=1.7;< 0.03), DRB1*11(OR=2.1;< 0.007). The reduced frequencies of haplotypes A*68(P< 0.05), DRB1*10(P< 0.05), DRB1*12 (P<0.00) among patients suggested a protective association. There was no statistical association found with HLA DQB*1.

Through NGS we observed that in the 1stfamily haplotypes HLA –A*11, 32, 24; B* 51, 55, 35; C*-14, 04; DRB1*15, 04; DQB1*05, 03; DPB1*04, 26 appears in affected family members with serological abnormalities.In the 2ndfamily both mother and daughter had same set of haplotypes except DQB1 with serological abnormalities. The haplotypes DPB1*04 was present in all the diseased individuals of both the families (Fig. 1 and table 1).

Table 1.

NGS HLA typing report

ABCDRB1DQB1DPB1F111 2435 1504 0415 1505 0502 26F211 3251 5514 0415 0405 0304 04F311 2435 5504 0415 1505 0526 04F432 1151 1514 0415 0405 0302 04F524 3335 4404 0715 0705 0226 14F611 2435 5504 0415 1505 0504 26F711 2435 5504 0415 1505 0504 26F824 3251 3514 0404 1503 0526 04F911 3251 5514 0415 0405 0304 04F1011 3344 5207 1211 0702 0304 13F1111 3344 5207 1211 0703 0304 13

Fig. 1

Conclusion:

The risk alleles A*24, 32; B*35; DRB1*11 were found to be associated with North Indian cohort of SSc, while the protecting alleles were A*68; DRB1*10, 12.These risk alleles were present in the SSc affected family members and the protective alleles were absent in the same. Surprisingly, even healthy members carried the same risk alleles but did not manifest the disease or have serological evidence of the same. We have not excluded occurrence of disease at a later age, as presently the healthy siblings are young. Thus our study indicates that though HLA association are found with SSc but many other factors like HLA (HLA *C, DPB1*) or non HLA genes as wells as epigenetic factors might also play a role in disease manifestation and severity.

References:

[1]Luo Y, Wang Y, Wang Q,et al. Systemic sclerosis: genetics and epigenetics. J Autoimmun.2013; 41:161–67.

[2]de Juan MD1, Belzunegui J, Belmonte I, Barado J, Figueroa M, Cancio J, Vidal S, Cuadrado E. An immunogenetic study of familial scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Sep; 53(9):614-7.

Acknowledgments:

The technical help of Mr.Manoj Kumar and Mr.Vinkesh are hereby gratefully acknowledged Indian Council of Medical Research(Funding of Fellowship)

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

AB0149 PERIPHERAL T HELPER SUBSET PROFILING DIFFERS IN VARIOUS SUBSETS OF IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOSITIS

Background:

There is dearth of biomarkers in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis(IIM) to identify ongoing inflammation in the muscle and distinguish it from inactivity or damage.

Objectives:

Since myositis is autoantibody mediated and tertiary lymphoid organogenesis (TLO) reported in the diseased muscles, we investigated peripheral blood T helper subset profiling as a reflection of ongoing muscle inflammation.

Methods:

Twenty-six patients of IIM (ACR EULAR criteria) were compared with 15 healthy controls (HC) and 21 patients with sarcoidosis (Table 1). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained with combinations of antibodies to identify Th1, Th17, Th17.1 and Treg cells after stimulation assays (BD Biosciences). Myositis Specific and Associated autoantibodies were tested by the line immunoassay (Euroimmune, Germany).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of patients with inflammatory myositis

CharacteristicsDemographic details (n, % or median, IQR)Healthy Control (median, IQR)Age37±25.2526.0±32Gender(M:F)5 vs. 2112 vs. 3Diagnosis PM3 DM15 OM4 ASS4Disease course Monocyclic5 Polycyclic7 Chronic continuous1 Undefined13Clinical Profile Myositis4 (15.3%) ILD5 (19.23%) Rash3 (11.53%) Arthritis6 (23.07%) Other16 (23.69)Disease duration (years)1.3 ± 6.91Disease activity Active12 [PM(1), OM(1), ASS(4), DM(5)] Inactive14 [PM(2),OM(2),ASS(0),DM(8)]Antinuclear AntibodiesPositive Nuclear  Speckled9 (34.61%)  Homogenous4 (15.38%)  Nucleolar1 (3.8%) Other5 (19.23%)Cytoplasmic3 (11.53%)Negative4 (15.38%)Myositis Specific AntibodiesPositive ARS2(7.6%) Mi-23(11.53%) SAE-12(7.6%) NXP22(7.6%) MDA50MAA Ku1(3.8%) dsDNA0 U1RNP0 Ro524(15.38%)Negative12(46.15%)

Results:

All T helper subsets were higher in myositis as compared with healthy controls (figure 1A a-d). Between various IIM subsets, polymyositis had higher Th1 and Treg cells (Figure 1B b, c) while Th17 and Th17.1 cells(c) were higher in Overlap Myositis (Figure 1B a, d) as compared with healthy controls. Patients with sarcoidosis had similar subset profiling as myositis.(Figure 5a-f)

Figure 1

A. Representative plot depicting all T helper subsets quantified were higher in myositis as compared with healthy controls1B: Representative plot comparing %T cell subsets in various subsets of myositis with healthy controls showing that % Th1 cells (a) and Tregs (d) are highest in Polymyositis than controls while % Th17 (b) and % Th17.1 cells (c) are higher in Overlap Myositis

Patients who were had either arthritis or were positive for myositis specific autoantibodies had higher Th17.1 cells (Figure 3 a(iii) & b(iii)) than those negative for MSA. There was no difference in T cell profile between the various autoantibody subsets (Figure 6a-d).

There was no difference in subsets between active and inactive disease although active disease had lower Th1/Treg, Th17/Treg and Th17.1/Treg ratios.

Conclusion:

T Helper cell subsets are distinct from HC but similar to sarcoidosis patients. However, they differ in various subsets of myositis, suggesting different pathogenic mechanisms are operative. Autoantibody positivity is associated with elevated Th17.1 population suggesting plasticity in TLO which needs to be explored further. However, T cell profiling cannot distinguish active from inactive disease limited predictive potential as a biomarker.

Figure 2

Acknowledgments:

The authors thank APLAR for funding Myositis antibody testing.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

0731 Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Predominant Respiratory Effort Related Arousals: Theta Power in C3- M2 And C4-M1 Derivation Comparison in Male And Female

Introduction

Theta power in electroencephalography has been studied as a correlate to REM sleep. An increase in theta power during REM sleep has been observed in patients during recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. Emotional memories appear to be processed and consolidated during REM sleep.The role of hippocampal theta wave activity during REM sleep on emotional memory processing is limited. The importance of theta power has not been well characterized in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with predominant respiratory Effort Related Arousals (RERAs). This report aims to study the theta power in patients with OSA with predominant Respiratory Effort Related Arousals (RERAs) with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of &lt; 5.

Methods

We have identified 38 patients with baseline polysomnograms performed from December 2019 to July 2019 with AHI &lt; 5 and a Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI) of at least 5 or greater. Patients with chronic hypoxemic respiratory failure, hypoventilation and predominant central sleep apnea were excluded from the study. Total power of frequency in bands was obtained for theta waves (4-8 Hz) and total waves (1-30 Hz). Relative theta power was calculated on the last REM sleep using C3-M2 and C4-M1 derivations. Paired two-tailed t-Test was performed on the theta power in C3-M2 and C4-M1 in both the sexes.

Results

Initial analysis was performed in 38 patients out of which 20 were male and 18 female. Among males, (Mean ± SEM) age was 52.3 (±2.9); Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) of 6.6 (±1.1), AHI of 2.1 (±0.3), and RDI of 7.3 (±0.3).Whereas in female (Mean ± SEM) age was 46.8 (± 2.8), ESS of 7.7 (±1.4), AHI of 2.3 (±0.35), and RDI of 6.9 (±0.4). Statistically significant difference was noted in the theta power between the C3-M2 and C4-M1 derivations with P value of 0.03 and 0.04 in male and female respectively. However, no significant difference was found when C3-M2 and C4 -M1 was compared between male and female. Further, statistical analysis will be performed after gathering data from a larger sample size.

Conclusion

There was significant difference between C3-M2 and C4-M1;overall no difference was found between sexes.

Support

none

0794 Reduction in Restless Legs Syndrome Symptoms with Non-Invasive Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Introduction

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor neurological condition characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs that interferes with falling and staying asleep. For the over 5 million Americans with clinically significant RLS, these symptoms occur multiple nights per week, significantly impair quality of life, increase the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and increase suicide risk. FDA-approved medications for RLS are associated with progressively worsening RLS symptoms and numerous adverse events, whereas existing medical device treatments have limited efficacy.

Methods

We evaluated a novel neurostimulation intervention for RLS developed by Noctrix Health; electrical stimulation was applied non-invasively and bilaterally to the peroneal nerve of patients with moderate-to-severe primary RLS. Stimulation parameters were engineered to maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing interference with sleep. To assess the therapeutic efficacy of this technique, we conducted a multi-site randomized patient-blinded crossover trial comparing active neurostimulation treatment to a sham device. Following a lab visit for calibration, optimization, and training, each patient was instructed to self-administer each treatment - active and sham - for 14 consecutive nights at home.

Results

Active neurostimulation treatment resulted in a clinically significant reduction in RLS severity of 4.2 points on the International RLS Rating Scale (IRLS) relative to sham (P&lt;0.01), comparable to FDA-approved medications. Moreover, 79% of patients demonstrated a clinically significant improvement on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CGI-I) compared to 7% for sham (P&lt;0.01).

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first sham-controlled study demonstrating a clinically significant reduction in RLS severity resulting from a non-pharmacological intervention. This therapeutic effect was sustained over 2-weeks of in-home patient-administered usage, indicating consistent efficacy. A medical device based on this technology could be a promising alternative or complement to medications.

Support

Funding was provided by Noctrix Health, Inc.

Neuroenhancement in surgeons: benefits, risks and ethical dilemmas

Background

Surgeons traditionally aim to reduce mistakes in healthcare through repeated training and advancement of surgical technology. Recently, performance-enhancing interventions such as neurostimulation are emerging which may offset errors in surgical practice.

Methods

Use of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS), a novel neuroenhancement technique that has been applied to surgeons to improve surgical technical performance, was reviewed. Evidence supporting tDCS improvements in motor and cognitive performance outside of the field of surgery was assessed and correlated with emerging research investigating tDCS in the surgical setting and potential applications to wider aspects of healthcare. Ethical considerations and future implications of using tDCS in surgical training and perioperatively are also discussed.

Results

Outside of surgery, tDCS studies demonstrate improved motor performance with regards to reaction time, task completion, strength and fatigue, while also suggesting enhanced cognitive function through multitasking, vigilance and attention assessments. In surgery, current research has demonstrated improved performance in open knot-tying, laparoscopic and robotic skills while also offsetting subjective temporal demands. However, a number of ethical issues arise from the potential application of tDCS in surgery in the form of safety, coercion, distributive justice and fairness, all of which must be considered prior to implementation.

Conclusion

Neuroenhancement may improve motor and cognitive skills in healthcare professions with impact on patient safety. Implementation will require accurate protocols and regulations to balance benefits with the associated ethical dilemmas, and to direct safe use for clinicians and patients.

Differential expression of caveolin-1 during pathogenesis of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor

INTRODUCTION

Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a relatively new entity within the spectrum of cigarette smoke induced lung disorders. Currently there is no consensus about its treatment. We hypothesized that caveolin-1 critically determines the parenchymal and vascular remodeling leading to the development of CPFE. We assessed the effect of therapeutic targeting of caveolin-1 in mesenchymal and endothelial cells by the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, sildenafil.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats (n = 168) were exposed to; room air (control); bleomycin (7 U/kg), bleomycin+sildenafil (50 mg/kg/day P.O.), cigarette smoke (CS) (4 Gold Flake 69 mm/day), CS + sildenafil, CS + bleomycin, CS + bleomycin+sildenafil. Animals were euthanized at 8, 9, 11, 12 weeks and lung histopathological changes, collagen deposition, ROS, Xanthine oxidase, caveolin-1 determined.

RESULTS

Cigarette smoke causes progressive ROS accumulation, caveolin-1 up-regulation in alveolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, peribronchiolar fibroblasts, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, interstitial inflammation and emphysema. Sildenafil reduces oxidative stress, parenchymal caveolin-1 and attenuates emphysema caused by CS. Bleomycin increases lung ROS and downregulates caveolin-1 leading to fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis. Combined cigarette smoke and bleomycin exposure, results in differential caveolin-1 expression and heterogeneous parenchymal remodeling with alternating areas of emphysema and fibrosis. Increased caveolin-1 induces premature senescence of lung fibroblasts and emphysema. Decreased caveolin-1 is associated with propagation of EMT and fibrosis. Sildenafil attenuates the parenchymal remodeling however it is not effective in reducing VSMC hypertrophy in combined group.

CONCLUSION

CPFE is characterized by heterogenous parenchymal remodeling and differential caveolin-1 expression. Sildenafil therapy attenuates parenchymal pathologies in CPFE. Additional therapy is however needed for attenuating VSMC remodeling.

Integrating suitability for teaching into an electronic health record - A novel and versatile tool for medical education

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. The educational literature has noted the implications of electronic health records (EHR) for patient care and discussed various implications for the learner-teacher relationship but it has so far not viewed EHR as an educational tool. We wondered whether we could use EHR to facilitate undergraduate medical students' exposure to hospital in-patients with an interesting history or findings on clinical examination. As clinicians, we encounter such patients on a regular basis during ward rounds and referrals but students are often absent during these encounters, leading to a loss of learning opportunities. Our aim was therefore to harness the EHR and create an electronic "flag" that would, following consent, document suitable inpatients and thus maximise the students' exposure to patients who present learning opportunities. With help from our IT department we developed a simple add on to our existing EHR that allows any clinician to electronically highlight and document such patients during inpatient encounters. A member of the educational faculty can, whenever required, interrogate the EHR for the presence of inpatients with interesting findings on examination in the hospital and facilitate contact with our medical students. We report details of our approach, describe early experience and potential pitfalls and suggest future applications.