Subunit Vaccines Consisting of Antigens from Dormant and Replicating Bacteria Show Promising Therapeutic Effect against Mycobacterium Bovis BCG Latent Infection

To screen effective antigens as therapeutic subunit vaccines against Mycobacterium latent infection, we did bioinformatics analysis and literature review to identify effective antigens and evaluated the immunogenicity of five antigens highly expressed in dormant bacteria, which included Rv2031c (HspX), Rv2626c (Hrp1), Rv2007c (FdxA), Rv1738 and Rv3130c. Then, several fusion proteins such as Rv2007c-Rv2626c (F6), Rv2031c-Rv1738-Rv1733c (H83), ESAT6-Rv1738-Rv2626c (LT40), ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64_<190-198> -Mtb8.4 (EAMM), and EAMM-Rv2626c (LT70) were constructed and their therapeutic effects were evaluated in pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) - latently infected rabbit or mouse models. The results showed that EAMM and F6 plus H83 had therapeutic effect against BCG latent infection in the rabbit model, respectively, and that the combination of EAMM with F6 plus H83 significantly reduced the bacterial load. In addition, the fusion proteins LT40 and LT70 consisting of multistage antigens showed promising therapeutic effects in the mouse model. We conclude that subunit vaccines consisting of both latency and replicating-associated antigens show promising therapeutic effects in BCG latent infection animal models.

Adenosine A1 Receptors Play an Important Protective Role Against Cognitive Impairment and Long-Term Potentiation Inhibition in a Pentylenetetrazol Mouse Model of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a complicated neurological disorder that occurs worldwide and features several kinds of comorbidities in addition to recurrent seizures. One of the most common comorbidities is cognitive impairment, which seriously affects patients' quality of life. Through activating pre- and postsynaptic adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs), adenosine has demonstrated anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in many epileptic animal models. However, whether the neuroprotective effect of A1Rs will protect cognition during epileptogenesis remains unknown. Therefore, by using A1R knockout (KO) mice and establishing a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled model of epilepsy, the present study investigated A1Rs' influences on memory and synaptic function. Morris water maze test results indicated that A1R knockout exacerbated the memory impairment induced by PTZ kindling compared with the wild-type group. To further study the synaptic function of epileptic A1Rs KO mice, we recorded long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway, and LTP was highly inhibited in kindled A1R KO mice compared with kindled wild-type mice. To reveal the mechanisms underlying these effects, neuronal loss, cell apoptosis, and relevant synaptic protein levels in hippocampus were assessed. Epileptic A1R KO mice exhibited significant reductions in neuronal cell survival in the CA1 region and a marked increase in the activation of caspase-3 in the hippocampus compared with epileptic wild-type mice. In addition, an obvious decrease in the PSD95 and BDNF expression levels of epileptic A1R KO mice was observed 7 days after complete kindling. In conclusion, these findings indicated that A1Rs play an important protective role against cognitive impairment by reducing neuron loss and increasing BDNF and PSD95 levels. Activation of A1Rs during epileptogenesis might be beneficial to the preservation of epileptic individuals' cognitive functions.

Monitoring rate and predictability of intraoperative monitoring in patients with intradural extramedullary and epidural metastatic spinal tumors

STUDY DESIGN

Single-center retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the monitoring rate, sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative monitoring (IOM) during removal of intradural extramedullary (IDEM) or epidural metastatic spinal tumors. Also, to assess the efficacy of monitoring somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) when motor-evoked potentials (MEP) are not measurable.

SETTING

The Neuro-Oncology Clinic, National Cancer Center, Korea.

METHODS

Patients (n=101) with IDEM or epidural metastatic spinal tumors at the cord level underwent surgeries monitored with SSEP and/or MEP. The monitoring rate was defined as negative when MEP or SSEP could not be measured after reversal of the neuromuscular block under general anesthesia. Positive IOM changes included more than a 50% change in the MEP or SSEP amplitude and more than a 10% delay in SSEP latency.

RESULTS

MEP was measurable in 73% of patients. The MEP monitoring rate in patients with motor power grades of 3 or less was 39%, which was lower than that of SSEP (83%). The sensitivity, specificity and predictability of MEP for motor changes were 93, 90 and 91%, respectively. Conversely, the sensitivity, specificity and predictability of SSEP were 62, 97 and 89%, respectively. In patients in whom MEP was not measurable (n=24), SSEP was monitored with a predictability of 83%.

CONCLUSION

In cases of extramedullary spinal tumors, MEP shows a higher sensitivity than SSEP does. However, the monitoring rate of MEP in non-ambulatory patients was lower than that of SSEP. In those cases, SSEP can be useful to monitor for postoperative neurological deficits.

Diurnal variations and source apportionment of ozone at the summit of Mount Huang, a rural site in Eastern China

Comprehensive measurements were conducted at the summit of Mount (Mt.) Huang, a rural site located in eastern China during the summer of 2011. They observed that ozone showed pronounced diurnal variations with high concentrations at night and low values during daytime. The Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model was applied to simulate the ozone concentrations at Mt. Huang in June 2011. With processes analysis and online ozone tagging method we coupled into the model system, the causes of this diurnal pattern and the contributions from different source regions were investigated. Our results showed that boundary layer diurnal cycle played an important role in driving the ozone diurnal variation. Further analysis showed that the negative contribution of vertical mixing was significant, resulting in the ozone decrease during the daytime. In contrast, ozone increased at night owing to the significant positive contribution of advection. This shifting of major factor between vertical mixing and advection formed this diurnal variation. Ozone source apportionment results indicated that approximately half was provided by inflow effect of ozone from outside the model domain (O_3-INFLOW) and the other half was formed by ozone precursors (O_3-PBL) emitted in eastern, central, and southern China. In the O_3-PBL, 3.0% of the ozone was from Mt. Huang reflecting the small local contribution (O_3-LOC) and the non-local contributions (O_3-NLOC) accounted for 41.6%, in which ozone from the southerly regions contributed significantly, for example, 9.9% of the ozone originating from Jiangxi, representing the highest geographical contributor. Because the origin and variation of O_3-NLOC was highly related to the diurnal movements in boundary layer, the similar diurnal patterns between O_3-NLOC and total ozone both indicated the direct influence of O_3-NLOC and the importance of boundary layer diurnal variations in the formation of such distinct diurnal ozone variations at Mt. Huang.

Abstract P5-10-08: Estrogen receptor quantitative measures and differences in breast cancer survival

Introduction: In New Mexico, Hispanic women have a 1.7-fold increased risk of breast cancer-specific death compared to non-Hispanic white women. In previous studies, race/ethnic minority women have had larger survival disparities in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) than ER- disease, suggesting some aspect of ER may mediate survival outcomes. We thus conducted an extensive assessment of ER quantitative measures.

Objective: To determine whether ER percent positive and intensity differs by ethnicity, and to evaluate whether that potential difference might account for a proportion of survival disparities.

Methods: We conducted a population-based case-cohort study of first invasive breast cancer diagnosed in white females from 1997-2009 in six NM counties, identified through Surveillance Epidemiology End Results (SEER). We selected 15% of breast cancer cases and all breast cancer deaths through 2012. After IRB approval, pathology reports and tissue microarrays served as sources of ER, PR, and Her2 information. Tumors were classified according to modified intrinsic subtypes based on immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models adapted for case-cohort with weighted estimates (cohort weighted by 6.67x), and estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the robust variance and alpha=.05. The proportional hazards assumption was verified by Schoenfeld residuals. All analyses were adjusted for age. Interaction was assessed by inclusion of main effects and a product term (subtype* exposure).

Results: ER and intrinsic subtype information was available for 76% of the cohort (867/1143) and 70% of breast cancer deaths (689/991). Median follow up was 7.8 years. In analyses stratified by intrinsic subtype, Hispanic women experienced elevated mortality relative to non-Hispanic whites for luminal A (HR 1.9;95% CI 1.4-2.6), Luminal B (HR 2.9;95% CI 1.5-5.7), and TN tumors (HR 1.9;95% CI 1.0-3.6) but not Her2+ER- disease (HR 1.1;95% 0.3-3.4).

Overall ER Quantitative measures: Among ER+ women, breast cancer mortality decreased with increasing ER+ staining, measured by percent (p-trend=.004) or quartile (p-trend=.002). After adjustment for ER percent(ER%+), women with increased ER intensity (score&gt;2) had reduced mortality, relative to score=1 (HR 0.6;95% CI 0.4-.1.0). Results did not differ by Luminal A or B subtype (p interaction&gt; .05).

Ethnicity-specific ER quantitative measures: ER%+ distribution did not differ by Hispanic ethnicity. However, among Hispanic women, interaction terms for ER%+ (p=.04) or quartile (p=.08) by subtype in relation to breast cancer survival suggest that Hispanic women with increasing ER staining have a reduced risk of mortality in Luminal A but not Luminal B tumors. Such differences were not evident among non-Hispanic white women. In multivariate models, inclusion of ER%+ and staining intensity did not alter Hispanic survival disparity overall, but mediated 8.6% in Luminal B.

Conclusion: After inclusion of ER%+, ER staining intensity is an independent risk factor for breast cancer survival. Differences in ER quantitative measures appear to account for only a small proportion of survival disparities. Survival gaps in ER+ breast cancer may be attributable to host or other tumor factors.Introduction: In New Mexico, Hispanic women have a 1.7-fold increased risk of breast cancer-specific death compared to non-Hispanic white women. In previous studies, race/ethnic minority women have had larger survival disparities in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) than ER- disease, suggesting some aspect of ER may mediate survival outcomes. We thus conducted an extensive assessment of ER quantitative measures.

Objective: To determine whether ER percent positive and intensity differs by ethnicity, and to evaluate whether that potential difference might account for a proportion of survival disparities.

Methods: We conducted a population-based case-cohort study of first invasive breast cancer diagnosed in white females from 1997-2009 in six NM counties, identified through Surveillance Epidemiology End Results (SEER). We selected 15% of breast cancer cases and all breast cancer deaths through 2012. After IRB approval, pathology reports and tissue microarrays served as sources of ER, PR, and Her2 information. Tumors were classified according to modified intrinsic subtypes based on immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models adapted for case-cohort with weighted estimates (cohort weighted by 6.67x), and estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the robust variance and alpha=.05. The proportional hazards assumption was verified by Schoenfeld residuals. All analyses were adjusted for age. Interaction was assessed by inclusion of main effects and a product term (subtype* exposure).

Results: ER and intrinsic subtype information was available for 76% of the cohort (867/1143) and 70% of breast cancer deaths (689/991). Median follow up was 7.8 years. In analyses stratified by intrinsic subtype, Hispanic women experienced elevated mortality relative to non-Hispanic whites for luminal A (HR 1.9;95% CI 1.4-2.6), Luminal B (HR 2.9;95% CI 1.5-5.7), and TN tumors (HR 1.9;95% CI 1.0-3.6) but not Her2+ER- disease (HR 1.1;95% 0.3-3.4).

Overall ER Quantitative measures: Among ER+ women, breast cancer mortality decreased with increasing ER+ staining, measured by percent (p-trend=.004) or quartile (p-trend=.002). After adjustment for ER percent(ER%+), women with increased ER intensity (score&gt;2) had reduced mortality, relative to score=1 (HR 0.6;95% CI 0.4-.1.0). Results did not differ by Luminal A or B subtype (p interaction&gt; .05).

Ethnicity-specific ER quantitative measures: ER%+ distribution did not differ by Hispanic ethnicity. However, among Hispanic women, interaction terms for ER%+ (p=.04) or quartile (p=.08) by subtype in relation to breast cancer survival suggest that Hispanic women with increasing ER staining have a reduced risk of mortality in Luminal A but not Luminal B tumors. Such differences were not evident among non-Hispanic white women. In multivariate models, inclusion of ER%+ and staining intensity did not alter Hispanic survival disparity overall, but mediated 8.6% in Luminal B.

Conclusion: After inclusion of ER%+, ER staining intensity is an independent risk factor for breast cancer survival. Differences in ER quantitative measures appear to account for only a small proportion of survival disparities. Survival gaps in ER+ breast cancer may be attributable to host or other tumor factors.

Citation Format: Hill D, Royce M, Lomo L, Barry M, Kang H, Wiggins C, Prossnitz E. Estrogen receptor quantitative measures and differences in breast cancer survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-10-08.

A functional variant of miRNA-149 confers risk for allergic rhinitis and comorbid asthma in Chinese children

The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma has been increasing, and the comorbidity rates of these diseases are very high. Here, 176 AR patients, 124 patients with comorbid AR and asthma (AR-A) and 206 healthy Chinese children as controls were included in a case-control study. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), miR-146a (rs2910164, rs57095329 and rs6864584), miR-196a2 (rs11614913), miR-499 (rs3746444) and miR-149 (rs2292832), were genotyped. The prevalence of homozygous miR-149 (rs2292832) CC genotype and C allele were considerably increased in AR and AR-A patients, compared with the controls. AR-A group showed higher frequencies of CC genotype and C allele of rs2292832 than AR group. No significant difference in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of other miRNA SNPs was found between the groups. MiR-149 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were significantly lower in CC (variant type) cases compared with TT (wild-type) cases. In further experiments, PBMCs obtained from the healthy controls with CC, CT and TT genotypes were stimulated by house dust mite extracts, which led to a significant decrease in the levels of miR-149 in PBMCs obtained from CC and TT individuals. This decrease was more pronounced in CC compared with TT cases. Our results demonstrate that miR-149 rs2292832 variant is not only strongly associated with AR and AR-A, but it may lead to an increase in the susceptibility to allergies following the stimulation with an allergen, through the changes in miR149 expression. Additionally, AR patients with CC genotypes were shown to be more susceptible to asthma.

Chemical manipulation of edge-contact and encapsulated graphene by dissociated hydrogen adsorption

We investigate the hydrogenation in the h-BN/graphene/h-BN heterostructure and report the successful intercalation and modification of electrical properties.

Effects of sugammadex vs. pyridostigmine-glycopyrrolate on post-operative nausea and vomiting: propensity score matching

BACKGROUND

Sugammadex is a new agent that reverses neuromuscular blockade by aminosteroid neuromuscular blocker. This retrospective study compared the effects of sugammadex on post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) with those of a pyridostigmine-glycopyrrolate mixture.

METHODS

We reviewed the electronic medical records of 7179 patients who had received fentanyl-based, intravenous, patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) at Chung-Ang University Hospital between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015. We categorized the patients into two groups on the basis of the type of reversal agent to neuromuscular blockade that was used: a traditional reversal agent (pyridostigmine-glycopyrrolate mixture; Group R; n = 7059) and sugammadex (Group S; n = 120). The propensity score matching method was then used to select 408 subjects in Group R and 115 subjects in Group S; on the basis of their covariates, these subjects were then matched with a counterpart in the other group.

RESULTS

After propensity score matching, the two groups were well balanced with respect to all baseline covariates. In Group S, the numeric rating scale of nausea on day 0, as well as the number of patients who vomited on day 0, was lower than that in group R. Furthermore, Group S used fewer rescue antiemetics on day 0 and had a higher complete response on day 0.

CONCLUSION

Sugammadex might be more beneficial for PONV compared to pyridostigmine-glycopyrrolate mixture for patients who have received opioid-based IV-PCA.