Moderate dose escalation for advanced stage Hodgkin's disease using the bleomycin, etoposide, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone scheme and adjuvant radiotherapy: a study of the German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group

The BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) regimen, a rearranged and accelerated version of the standard COPP/adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy, has been shown to be effective and safe in a previous pilot study for advanced stage Hodgkin's disease (HD). The present study aimed to determine a maximum practicable dose of three drugs, ie, etoposide, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide, for which acute toxicities were acceptable and to assess the feasibility of the escalated scheme. Sixty untreated patients with advanced stage HD were enrolled in this study. Radiotherapy was given in 44 patients (73%) after chemotherapy to initial bulk lesions and residual disease. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was given from day 8 to prevent prolonged neutrocytopenia and severe infections. The intended doses of adriamycin, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide in the BEACOPP schedule could be substantially escalated: adriamycin from 25 to 35, cyclophosphamide from 650 to 1,200, and etoposide from 100 to 200 mg/m2. The major toxicities were leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia with considerable heterogeneity between individual patients. Of 60 patients, 56 (93%) achieved a complete remission (CR). At a median observation of 32 months, the rates of survival and freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) were estimated to be 91% (95% confidence interval 83% to 99%) and 90% (82% to 98%). These results show that a moderate dose escalation of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide of the baseline BEACOPP regimen is feasible. The escalated BEACOPP regimen shows very encouraging results in advanced stage HD and is now being compared in a randomized phase III study with BEACOPP at baseline dose level.

BEACOPP, a new dose-escalated and accelerated regimen, is at least as effective as COPP/ABVD in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: interim report from a trial of the German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group

PURPOSE

The HD9 trial aims to evaluate whether moderate dose escalation and/or acceleration of standard polychemotherapy is beneficial for advanced-stage Hodgkin's disease (HD). Two variants of a novel bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (BEACOPP) scheme (standard and escalated dose) are compared with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP)/doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The randomized, three-arm trial recruited patients in stages IIB and IIIA with risk factors and stages IIIB and IV. BEACOPP in baseline dose contains all drug dosages of COPP/ABVD (except vincristine and procarbazine) rearranged in a shorter, 3-week cycle. Escalated BEACOPP uses higher doses of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support. After eight chemotherapy cycles, initial bulky and residual disease is irradiated. The trial is monitored and analyzed by means of a sequential strategy.

RESULTS

An interim analysis with 505 assessable patients and a median follow-up of 23 months showed a significant inferiority (according to sequential monitoring strategy) of the COPP/ABVD regimen in progression rate and freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) compared with the pooled results of both BEACOPP variants. The 24-month FFTF rate was 75% for COPP/ABVD and 84% for BEACOPP pooled (P = .034). There was 12% progressive disease with COPP/ABVD and 6% with BEACOPP pooled. Differences in survival were not significant in sequential analysis. The acute toxicity of baseline BEACOPP resembled that of COPP/ABVD; escalated BEACOPP showed increased but manageable hematologic toxicity.

CONCLUSION

Combined with local irradiation, BEACOPP in one or both variants shows superior disease control compared with COPP/ABVD, with acceptable acute toxicity. Further follow-up is required to assess the effect of dosage and the effect on survival and late toxicities.

Screening patients in general practice with COPD for long-term domiciliary oxygen requirement using pulse oximetry

Epidemiological data suggest long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) delivered by oxygen concentrators in patients with severe hypoxic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is under-prescribed by General Practitioners (GPs) in England and Wales. One reason for this may be the unavailability to GPs of a measure of arterial oxygenation needed to fulfil the defined prescription criteria. Provision of a non-invasive measure of oxygenation may improve detection of hypoxic subjects and increase appropriate prescribing. This study aimed to evaluate pulse oximetry in a general practice setting and to screen for severe undetected hypoxaemia fulfilling the LTOT prescription criteria in patients with COPD. All COPD patients attending surgery in two practices were screened with oximeters for hypoxaemia. Those with an oxygen saturation of < or = 92% were referred to hospital for formal arterial blood gas analysis and an oxygen concentrator assessment. GPs were asked to evaluate their experience in the ease of use and application of oximetry. The number of patients receiving oxygen by concentrator before the study was compared with the national rate and the number after the study with the estimated need suggested by epidemiological studies. Over a 12-month period a total of 114 patients were screened in the two practices with a combined list size of 15,742. Thirteen patients had saturations of < or = 92%. Two refused and 11 underwent formal arterial gas analysis. Three had PaO2 < 7.3 kPa and new prescriptions for oxygen concentrators were made in these previously unsuspected severely hypoxaemic subjects as a result. One other hypoxaemic subject was referred and found to have another treatable medical condition. The initial prevalence of concentrator prescription (0.013% CI 0.003, 0.047) was similar to the national rate (0.024%) and the prevalence observed after screening (0.031%, CI 0.013, 0.073) fell within the lower suggested prescription need of previous epidemiological data (0.02-0.10%). All practitioners found the oximeters simple to use and helpful in assisting with assessment of the severity of their patient's condition. Oximetry provides a readily usable non-invasive method of screening and when applied to all COPD patients seen in general practice can reveal those fulfilling the criteria for long term oxygen who would otherwise not be identified as needing this treatment.

Mutations of the NF1 gene in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia without clinical evidence of neurofibromatosis, type 1

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome that is associated with neurofibromatosis, type 1 (NF1). The NF1 tumor suppressor gene encodes neurofibromin, which regulates the growth of immature myeloid cells by accelerating guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis on Ras proteins. The purpose of this study was to determine if the NF1 gene was involved in the pathogenesis of JMML in children without a clinical diagnosis of NF1. An in vitro transcription and translation system was used to screen JMML marrows from 20 children for NF1 mutations that resulted in a truncated protein. Single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis was used to detect RAS point mutations in these samples. We confirmed mutations of NF1 in three leukemias, one of which also showed loss of the normal NF1 allele. An NF1 mutation was detected in normal tissue from the only patient tested and this suggests that JMML may be the presenting feature of NF1 in some children. Activating RAS mutations were found in four patients; as expected, none of these samples harbored NF1 mutations. Because 10% to 14% of children with JMML have a clinical diagnosis of NF1, these data are consistent with the existence of NF1 mutations in approximately 30% of JMML cases.

Positron emission tomography in urological oncology

PURPOSE

We provide scientists and clinicians with an introduction to the basic principles and methods of positron emission tomography (PET) and summarize the recent research and clinical applications of PET in the urological field. Specifically, we introduce PET so that the reader can understand and objectively review current and future articles that involve this imaging technology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The recent applications of PET in urology in the published literature were searched and reviewed.

RESULTS

In prostate carcinoma preliminary studies using radiotracer 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) demonstrated that PET cannot reliably differentiate between primary prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, and that PET is not as sensitive as bone scintigraphy for the detection of osseous metastases. However, PET may have a role in the detection of lymph node metastases in patients with prostate specific antigen relapse after primary local therapy. In renal cell carcinoma recent studies have shown the ability of FDG PET to detect primary and metastatic lesions and to monitor response to therapy. In the staging of testicular cancer FDG PET has been used to differentiate viable carcinoma from benign teratomas and/or fibrotic or necrotic changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Current developments in PET technology that accurately stage the extent of tumor before surgery as well as monitor effectiveness or ineffectiveness of new or current therapies may make PET a valuable tool in research and in the management of urological diseases.

A strategy and demonstration for integrated biotechnology information

Bioinformatics has developed as a key discipline to support science. Integrated access to the various new and established information resources is a key requirement for their future utility. A strategy for this integration has been developed and is being demonstrated to a core group of European users.

Interleukin-2-based immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an analysis of 203 consecutively treated patients

PURPOSE

This article analyzes the long-term results of 203 consecutive patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who were treated with various recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) -based immunotherapy regimens, and describes factors that may influence response to therapy and long-term survival.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The response and survival of 203 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated consecutively between July 1987 and October 1995 at the UCLA Medical Center Kidney Cancer Program with rIL-2-based immunotherapy were analyzed. Patients were divided into four groups: (1) no prior nephrectomy (n = 24), (2) nephrectomy > 6 months prior to rIL-2 therapy (n = 76), (3) nephrectomy < or = 6 months prior to rIL-2 therapy (n = 47), and (4) nephrectomy followed by treatment with rIL-2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes +/- interferon-alpha (n = 56). Response and survival for each of these patient groups and survival per response to therapy were compared.

RESULTS

The overall median survival for all patients was 18 months, and survival at 1, 2, and 3 years after therapy was 61%, 40%, and 31% percent, respectively. A total of 12 patients (6%) achieved a complete response, and all were alive at 3 years. Of 36 patients (18%) who achieved a partial response and 41 patients (20%) with stable disease, 3-year survival was 37% and 50%, respectively. The survival of patients with a partial response or stable disease was significantly better than that of patients who exhibited progressive disease. Patients with nephrectomy > 6 months prior to rIL-2 therapy had a 46% 3-year survival rate, compared with a 9% 3-year survival rate for patients with nephrectomy < or = 6 months prior to rIL-2 therapy and a 4% 3-year survival rate for patients with no nephrectomy. Patients treated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes had a 38% 3-year survival rate, which was also significantly better than patients treated with nephrectomy < or = 6 months prior to rIL-2 therapy or with no nephrectomy.

CONCLUSION

This analysis demonstrated that rIL-2-based therapy offers a significant survival benefit to patients with advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma, compared with historical controls. Furthermore, we have shown that nephrectomy > 6 months prior to rIL-2 therapy and nephrectomy followed by treatment with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes/rIL-2 +/- interferon-alpha was associated with the greatest survival benefit. Tumor response to rIL-2-based therapy and time from nephrectomy to treatment were the most important predictors of survival. Randomized studies in a large group of patients are needed to confirm these observations.

Recurrence patterns after radical retropubic prostatectomy: clinical usefulness of prostate specific antigen doubling times and log slope prostate specific antigen

PURPOSE

We studied the correlation between prostate specific antigen (PSA) doubling time or, equivalently, log slope PSA and clinical recurrence in patients with detectable PSA after radical retropubic prostatectomy who were followed expectantly.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In patients with PSA recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy log slope PSA was determined from the difference in the 2 log PSA values divided by the time between readings in months. For a given slope the corresponding PSA doubling time was calculated as log x 2 divided by the slope of the log PSA line. When the initial PSA value was considerably greater than 0.4 ng./ml., the log slope PSA plot was extrapolated to determine the time point at which PSA would have become detectable (0.4 ng./ml.). The relationship between these values, and the time and pattern of clinical recurrence were studied.

RESULTS

In this series of 77 patients 80% with PSA doubling time of 6 months or greater remained clinically disease-free compared to 64% with PSA doubling time less than 6 months. PSA doubling time had better correlation with time to clinical recurrence after PSA became detectable (p <0.001 Cox proportional hazards model) than Gleason sum, pathological stage or margin status. Biochemical recurrence within 3 months was associated with early clinical recurrence (p <0.002). In addition, short PSA doubling time, that is a high log slope, regardless of the time at which PSA became positive was strongly associated with clinical recurrence (p <0.001). Distant recurrence was invariably associated with short PSA doubling time. Conversely, local recurrence reliably correlated with long PSA doubling time, that is a low log slope.

CONCLUSIONS

After PSA became detectable PSA doubling time or, equivalently, log slope PSA, was a better indicator of the risk and time to clinical recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy than preoperative PSA, specimen Gleason sum or pathological stage. Hormone treatment may be targeted to patients at high risk for early metastatic clinical recurrence, appropriately timed radiation can be offered for proved local recurrence in those with long PSA doubling time and expectant treatment may be proposed for those with long PSA doubling time who remain clinically disease-free. Frequent and expensive imaging does not appear to be cost-effective in this latter group.

Classical Hodgkin's disease. Clinical impact of the immunophenotype

Antibodies against CD15, -30, and -20 are often used to support morphological diagnosis of Hodgkin's Disease (HD). The classical HD, i.e., the non-lymphocyte-predominance types, are CD15+, CD30+, and CD20- in general. However, the results for CD15 are less clear-cut in many studies, showing up to 40% of classical HD that lack positivity for this maker. Little is currently known about the relevance of antigen expression in relation to clinical outcome in HD. Therefore, the three markers were analyzed in 1751 cases from the German Hodgkin Study Group, using micro-wave epitope retrieval to optimize staining sensitivity. Eighty-three percent of the cases showed a classical immunophenotype (CD15+, CD30+, CD20-), twelve percent lacked CD15 positivity (CD15-, CD30+, CD20-), and five percent showed other combinations. For 1286 cases, clinical follow-up was available, which revealed significant differences for freedom from treatment failure (P = 0.0022) and overall survival (P = 0.0001) between cases with classical immunophenotype and CD15 negativity (CD30+, CD20-). Multivariate Cox regression using the three markers, age, sex, histology, stage, B-symptoms (fever, sweats, weight loss > 10% of body weight), hemoglobin, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate as factors showed that lack of CD15 expression in classical HD is an independent negative prognostic factor for relapses (P = 0.022) and survival (P = 0.0035). In conclusion, immunohistochemistry is able to identify classical HD cases with unfavorable clinical outcome.

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in the pediatric population. Implications for management and comparison with the adult population

OBJECTIVE

To determine the significance of an atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) diagnosis in patients 18 years or younger.

STUDY DESIGN

From June 1994 to June 1995, 630 cervicovaginal smears were performed on patients 18 years or younger (mean age 16.4, range 14-18) at University Hospitals of Cleveland. Of these patients, 69 (10.9%) were diagnosed with ASCUS or ASCUS with a qualifying statement. Follow-up cervicovaginal smears, biopsies and charts were reviewed for a 12-18-month period following the initial diagnosis of ASCUS.

RESULTS

The study population was sexually active: 63% were gravid, 21% were multigravid, 68% had a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and 32% had multiple STDs. Follow-up cervicovaginal smears or biopsies were obtained on 46 patients (32 cervicovaginal smears and 14 biopsies/endocervical curettage cases). Mild to moderate dysplasia was identified in 21.6% of patients (10.8% on cervicovaginal smears and 10.8% on biopsies), and a repeat diagnosis of ASCUS was given in 37%. In patients with a repeat diagnosis of ASCUS, a follow-up cervicovaginal smear or biopsy revealed dysplasia in an additional 13%. The overall rate of dysplasia was 34.7%.

CONCLUSION

Regardless of age, the diagnosis of ASCUS in a sexually active patient population has significant implications. Furthermore, we recommend that these patients be managed the same way as high-risk adult patients.

Dose-response relationship of complementary radiotherapy following four cycles of combination chemotherapy in intermediate-stage Hodgkin's disease

PURPOSE

To determine the appropriate irradiation dose after four cycles of modern combination chemotherapy in nonbulky involved field (IF/BF) and noninvolved extended-field (EF/IF) sites in patients with intermediate-stage Hodgkin's disease (HD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HD patients in stage I to IIIA with a large mediastinal mass, E stage, or massive spleen involvement were treated with two double cycles of alternating cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP) plus doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by EF irradiation in two successive trials (HD1 and HD5). In the HD1 trial (1983 to 1988), 146 patients who responded to chemotherapy were randomized to receive 20 Gy (70 patients) or 40 Gy (76 patients) of EF irradiation in all fields outside bulky disease sites. A cohort of 111 patients who fulfilled the same inclusion criteria in the subsequent trial HD5 (1988 to 1993) were treated with 30 Gy. Bulky disease always received 40 Gy.

RESULTS

Freedom-from-treatment-failure (FFTF) and survival (SV) curves showed no differences between the 20-, 30-, and 40-Gy groups. However, acute toxicities were more frequent in the 40-Gy arm. Analysis of relapse patterns showed that 18 of 26 relapsing patients either failed to respond in initial bulky sites (n = 5) or had an extranodal relapse (n = 9) or both (n = 4). After 5 years, the cumulative risk for relapse in bulky sites is 10%, despite 40 Gy of radiation.

CONCLUSION

Our results strongly suggest that there is no relevant radiotherapy dose effect in the range between 20 Gy and 40 Gy in IF/BF and EF/IF after 4 months of modern polychemotherapy in patients with intermediate-stage HD. Relapse patterns indicate that patients destined to relapse need more systemic, rather than local, treatment. Based on our data, we conclude that 20 Gy is sufficient in EF/IF of intermediate-stage HD following four cycles of modern polychemotherapy.

Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease. An immunohistochemical analysis of 208 reviewed Hodgkin's disease cases from the German Hodgkin Study Group

There is wide consensus that lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease (LPHD) represents a distinct clinicopathological entity of B-cell origin. However, inconsistent results of immunophenotyping studies and low confirmation rates among multi-center trials pose the question of whether LPHD really expresses heterogeneous marker profiles or whether it represents a mixture of morphologically similar entities. Among 2,836 cases reviewed by the German Hodgkin Study Group, immunophenotyping was performed on 1) cases classified or confirmed as LPHD by the reference panel (n = 104) or 2) cases not confirmed as LPHD but classified as classical HD (cHD) within the reference study trial (n = 104). In most cases, immunohistochemistry revealed a phenotype either LPHD-like (CD20+, CD15-, CD30-, CD45+) or cHD-like (CD15+, CD30+, CD20-, CD45-). In 27 cases, the immunophenotype was not fully conclusive. Additional markers for Epstein-Barr virus and CD57 and in situ hybridization for mRNA light chains allowed for a more clear-cut distinction between LPHD and cHD. However, in 25 of 104 cases, immunohistochemistry disproved the morphological diagnosis of LPHD of the panel experts, whereas 13 cases originally not confirmed as LPHD showed a LPHD-like immunopattern. Immunohistochemically confirmed LPHD cases showed a significantly better freedom from treatment failure (P = 0.033) than cHD; this was not observed in the original study classification based only on morphology (P > 0.05). Significantly better survival for LPHD cases improved from P = 0.047 (original study classification) to P = 0.0071 when classified by immunohistochemistry. Our results show that LPHD is a more immunohistochemical rather than a purely morphological diagnosis. Immunophenotyping of HD biopsies suspected of being LPHD is mandatory when a modified therapy protocol, that is, one different from those used in cHD, is discussed.

Effects of race and socioeconomic status on survival of 1,332 black, Hispanic, and white women with breast cancer

BACKGROUND

A survival disadvantage for black women with breast cancer, which persists after controlling for stage of the disease, has been reported. This study investigates the effects of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on breast cancer survival after controlling for age, stage, histology, and type of treatment.

METHODS

Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the interaction between race and SES in predicting survival in a sample of 163 black, 205 Hispanic and 964 white women with breast cancer treated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center a (1987-1991).

RESULTS

The results of univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that race was not a significant predictor of survival after adjusting for SES and other confounding factors such as demographic and disease characteristics. SES remained a significant predictor of survival after all adjustments were made. There was no evidence of differences in type of treatment by race or SES if adjustments were made for stage.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that institutional factors, such as access to treatment, do not explain survival differences by race or SES. Other factors associated with low SES, such as life-style and behavior, may affect survival.

[Pneumatosis coli - A case from the department of obstetrics and gyneocology.]

A 36 year old woman, pregnant 41 weeks and two days was admitted to the hospital in labour. The course was slow, foetal distress was seen with foetal heart monitoring. Cesarean section was performed and a healthy boy delivered. Three days later she developed abdominal pain and passed extensive flatus. Fever was 39 degrees C rectally. Abdominal x-ray showed signs of mechanical ileus and laparotomy was performed. Appendix was swollen and therefore removed. Post operatively the woman developed massive diarrhea. Acute colonoscopy showed air-filled vesicles in distal colon, macroscopically diagnosed as pneumatosis coli. The treatment was 50% oxygen initially but was increased to 70% because of slow improvement. P02 was kept at 250-300 Hg and colonoscopy on the 24th day showed almost full recovery.

DISCUSSION

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is a rare, benign disease, characterized by subserosal/ submucosal vesicles, varying in size and number. Aetiology is unknown but it has been associated with some gastrointestinal diseases, abdominal surgery, and lung diseases. The pathology is unknown but three main theories exist. Symptoms can be abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatus and rectal bleeding. Diagnosis is by x-ray, CT scan or colonoscopy. Treatment is high oxygen doses for one to two weeks but if another disease is underlying surgery might be needed. The prognosis is good but a certain chance of relapse exists.

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer breast cancer-specific quality-of-life questionnaire module: first results from a three-country field study

PURPOSE

To construct a breast cancer-specific quality-of-life questionnaire (QLQ) module to be used in conjunction with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and to test its reliability and validity cross-culturally.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Module construction took place after the EORTC guidelines for module development. The module--the QLQ-BR23--consists of 23 items covering symptoms and side effects related to different treatment modalities, body image, sexuality, and future perspective. This module was tested in 170 Dutch, 168 Spanish, and 158 American cancer patients at two points in time. The timing for the Dutch and Spanish patients was before and during treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. For the American patients, the questionnaire was administered at admission at the breast clinic and 3 months after the first assessment.

RESULTS

Multitrait scaling analysis confirmed the hypothesized structure of four of the five scales. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were, in general, lowest in Spain (range; .46 to .94) and highest in the United States (range; .70 to .91). On the basis of known-groups comparisons, selective scales distinguished clearly between patients differing in disease stage, previous surgery, performance status, and treatment modality, according to expectation. Additionally, selective scales detected change over time as a function of changes in performance status and treatment-induced change.

CONCLUSION

These results lend support to the clinical and cross-cultural validity of the QLQ-BR23 as a supplementary questionnaire for assessing specific quality-of-life issues relevant to patients with breast cancer.

A casemix for mental health services: the development of the mental health and substance abuse components of the Australian national diagnosis-related groups

OBJECTIVE

To describe the development of the mental health and substance abuse sections of the version of the Australian casemix system, Australian national diagnosis-related groups 3 (AN-DRG 3), released in July 1995.

METHOD

The guiding principles and data sources used to construct the mental health and substance abuse components of AN-DRG 3 are described by the group who undertook that task. The group used data sets of patients separating from hospitals throughout Australia, and from hospitals in South Australia, to examine the capacity of existing and revised diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) to predict patients' lengths of hospital stay. They also reviewed the lists of conditions allowed as complicating and comorbid conditions within the AN-DRG system.

RESULTS

A variety of recommendations were made including: moving organic mental disorder DRGs to a neuroscience area of the AN-DRG; completely reorganising the mental health section of the casemix; creating a number of narrowly defined DRGs covering areas such as schizophrenia, major affective disorders, anxiety disorders and eating disorders, while allowing for a limited number of more heterogenous DRGs and simplifying substance abuse DRGs into groups covering alcohol and other substances, and differentiating intoxication and withdrawal from abuse and dependency.

CONCLUSIONS

A casemix dialect based on clinical diagnosis, which describes mental health and substance abuse problems in terms which should be familiar to clinicians, has been developed. Its applications and limitations are briefly discussed.