Soybeans or Soybean Products Consumption and Depressive Symptoms in Older Residents in Rural Northeast China: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVE

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders among elderly subjects. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the association between soybeans consumption and depressive symptoms among older residents in rural Northeast China.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

A representative sample of the rural Northeast residents.

PARTICIPANTS

This survey was conducted from July 2012 to August 2013 which randomly selected and examined a total of 1717 residents aged ≥ 65 years from the rural Northeast China.

MEASUREMENTS

All participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Information on demographic and lifestyle characteristics and blood biochemical indexes were collected by well-trained personnel.

RESULTS

The prevalence of depressive symptoms in the elderly was 8.9%. Women had significantly higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than men (13.3% vs.4.6%, P<0.001). Individuals consuming soybeans ≥4times/week had statically lower possibility to have depressive symptoms than those rarely consuming (3.6%vs. 12.5%, P<0.05). In addition to some conventional risk factors like sex, annual income, educational status, current smoking and chronic diseases status were associated with depressive symptoms, proper sleep duration (7-8h/d) [OR(95%CI):0.28(0.15,0.53)] and frequently consumption of soybeans or soybean products [OR (95%CI): 0.36 (0.15,0.87) for 2-3times/week and OR (95%CI):0.50 (0.34,0.74) for ≥4times/week] significantly decreased the risk of depressive symptoms among elderly in rural Northeast China.

CONCLUSION

Women had significantly higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than men in rural China. Individuals who rarely consume soybeans or soybean products are more likely to suffer depressive symptoms. Rural elderly residents should be cautiously screened to prevent or treat depression.

Inflammation induced by increased frequency of intermittent hypoxia is attenuated by tempol administration

The levels of serum inflammatory cytokines and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in heart tissues in response to different frequencies of intermittent hypoxia (IH) and the antioxidant tempol were evaluated. Wistar rats (64 males, 200-220 g) were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups and 2 control groups. Four groups were exposed to IH 10, 20, 30, or 40 times/h. The other 2 experimental groups were challenged with IH (30 times/h) plus tempol, either beginning on day 0 (IH30T0) or on day 29 (IH30T29). After 6 weeks of challenge, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and interleukin-10 were measured, and western blot analysis was used to detect NF-κB p65 and HIF-1α in myocardial tissues. Serum levels of TNF-α and ICAM-1 and myocardial expression of NF-κB p65 and HIF-1α were all significantly higher in IH rats than in controls (P<0.001). Increased IH frequency resulted in more significant changes. Administration of tempol in IH rats significantly reduced levels of TNF-α, ICAM-1, NF-κB and HIF-1α compared with the non-tempol-treated group (F=16.936, P<0.001). IH induced an inflammatory response in a frequency-dependent manner. Additionally, HIF-1α and NF-κB were increased following IH administration. Importantly, tempol treatment attenuated this effect.

New measurement of antineutrino oscillation with the full detector configuration at Daya Bay

We report a new measurement of electron antineutrino disappearance using the fully constructed Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. The final two of eight antineutrino detectors were installed in the summer of 2012. Including the 404 days of data collected from October 2012 to November 2013 resulted in a total exposure of 6.9×10^{5} GW_{th}  ton days, a 3.6 times increase over our previous results. Improvements in energy calibration limited variations between detectors to 0.2%. Removal of six ^{241}Am-^{13}C radioactive calibration sources reduced the background by a factor of 2 for the detectors in the experimental hall furthest from the reactors. Direct prediction of the antineutrino signal in the far detectors based on the measurements in the near detectors explicitly minimized the dependence of the measurement on models of reactor antineutrino emission. The uncertainties in our estimates of sin^{2}2θ_{13} and |Δm_{ee}^{2}| were halved as a result of these improvements. An analysis of the relative antineutrino rates and energy spectra between detectors gave sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.084±0.005 and |Δm_{ee}^{2}|=(2.42±0.11)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} in the three-neutrino framework.

Identification of heat shock proteins via transcriptome profiling of tree peony leaf exposed to high temperature

The tree peony leaf is an important vegetative organ that is sensitive to abiotic stress and particularly to high temperature. This sensitivity affects plant growth and restricts tree peony distribution. However, the transcriptomic information currently available on the peony leaf in public databases is limited. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptomes of peony leaves subjected to high temperature using the Illumina HiSeq TM 2000 platform. We performed de novo assembly of 93,714 unigenes (average length of 639.7 bp). By searching the public databases, 22,323 unigenes and 13,107 unigenes showed significant similarities with proteins in the NCBI non-redundant protein database and SWISS-PROT database (E-value < 1e-5), respectively. We assigned 17,340 unigenes to Gene Ontology categories, and we assigned 7618 unigenes to clusters of orthologous groups for eukaryotic complete genomes. By searching the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database, 8014 unigenes were assigned to 6 main categories, including 290 KEGG pathways. To advance research on improving thermotolerance, we identified 24 potential heat shock protein genes with complete open reading frames from the transcriptomic sequences. This is the first study to characterize the leaf transcriptome of tree peony leaf using high-throughput sequencing. The information obtained from the tree peony leaf is valuable for gene discovery, and the identified heat shock protein genes can be used to improve plant stress-tolerance.

Biological and bactericidal properties of Ag-doped bioactive glass in a natural extracellular matrix hydrogel with potential application in dentistry

The aim of this study was the fabrication and evaluation of a novel bioactive and bactericidal material, which could have applications in dentistry by supporting tissue regeneration and killing oral bacteria. Our hypothesis was that a new scaffold for pulp-dentin tissue engineering with enhanced antibacterial activity could be obtained by associating extracellular matrix derived from porcine bladder with an antibacterial bioactive glass. Our study combines in vitro approaches and ectopic implantation in scid mice. The novel material was fabricated by incorporating a sol-gel derived silver (Ag)-doped bioactive glass (BG) in a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel in ratio 1:1 in weight % (Ag-BG/ECM). The biological properties of the Ag-BG/ECM were evaluated in culture with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). In particular, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, stem cells markers profile, and cell differentiation potential were studied. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei was measured. Moreover, the capability of the material to enhance pulp/dentin regeneration in vivo was also evaluated. Our data show that Ag-BG/ECM significantly enhances DPSCs' proliferation, it does not affect cell morphology and stem cells markers profile, protects cells from apoptosis, and enhances in vitro cell differentiation and mineralisation potential as well as in vivo dentin formation. Furthermore, Ag-BG/ECM strongly inhibits S. mutans and L. casei growth suggesting that the new material has also anti-bacterial properties. This study provides foundation for future clinical applications in dentistry. It could potentially advance the currently available options of dental regenerative materials.

1.21 W passively mode-locked Tm:LuAG laser

A watt-level output passively mode-locked Tm:LuAG bulk laser with an InGaAs semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) is demonstrated for the first time. A maximum average output power of 1.21 W at 2022.9 nm has been achieved with a pulse duration of 38 ps and a repetition rate of 129.2 MHz. The results indicate the potential of Tm:LuAG crystals as candidate for realizing high power ultrafast lasers at 2 μm.

Interleukin 12B rs3212227 T > G polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma in a Chinese population

Gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) is one of common malignant tumors in the world. Multiple genes that play critical roles in inflammatory pathways probably are associated with GCA risk. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to evaluate the genetic effects of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): interleukin 9 (IL9) rs31563 C > T, IL9 rs31564 G > T, IL10 rs1800872 T > G, IL12A rs2243115 T > G, IL12B rs3212227 T > G, and IL13 rs1800925 C > T on the development of GCA. Two hundred and forty-three GCA cases and 476 controls were recruited. Their genotypes were determined using a custom-by-design 48-Plex SNPscan kit. IL12B rs3212227 T > G polymorphism was associated with the increased risk of GCA. However, there was no significant association between the other five SNPs and GCA risk. Stratified analyses indicated that the risk of GCA associated with the IL12B rs3212227 T > G polymorphism was evident among female patients and patients who never smoked or consumed alcoholic drinks. These findings indicated that functional polymorphism IL12B rs3212227 T > G might correlate with GCA risk. However, our results were obtained with a limited sample size; the power of our analysis was low. Larger studies are required to confirm the current findings.

Induction of COX-2-PGE2 synthesis by activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway contributes to neuronal death triggered by TDP-43-depleted microglia

Neuroinflammation is a striking hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have shown the contribution of glial cells such as astrocytes in TDP-43-linked ALS. However, the role of microglia in TDP-43-mediated motor neuron degeneration remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that depletion of TDP-43 in microglia, but not in astrocytes, strikingly upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production through the activation of MAPK/ERK signaling and initiates neurotoxicity. Moreover, we find that administration of celecoxib, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, greatly diminishes the neurotoxicity triggered by TDP-43-depleted microglia. Taken together, our results reveal a previously unrecognized non-cell-autonomous mechanism in TDP-43-mediated neurodegeneration, identifying COX-2-PGE2 as the molecular events of microglia- but not astrocyte-initiated neurotoxicity and identifying celecoxib as a novel potential therapy for TDP-43-linked ALS and possibly other types of ALS.

In silico modeling of the molecular interactions of antacid medication with the endothelium: novel therapeutic implications in head and neck carcinomas

Pathological acid reflux is a common event in patients afflicted with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), known to play a role in HNSCC etiology and contribute to complications after surgery or during radiation and chemotherapy. Antacid medications are commonly prescribed in HNSCC patients as part of their cancer treatment, and consist of two classes: histamine 2 receptor antagonist class (H2RA, with cimetidine as its prototypical drug) and proton pump inhibitors class (PPI, with omeprazole as its prototypical drug). Clinical evidence revealed a significant survival benefit of antacid usage in a large cohort of HNSCC patients treated in our Otolaryngology Department, with a median follow-up of over 5 years. Therefore, we postulate that one mechanism by which antacid intake enhances patient survival could involve modulation of tumor cell adhesion to endothelium, critical in the initiation of the metastatic dissemination. This study investigates the potential physical interactions between cimetidine and omeprazole with the endothelial E-selection (E-sel) and its ligand sialyl Lewis X (sLe(x)) using a molecular visualization energy-based program (AutoDock). Docking results were further analyzed with the PyMOL program, which allowed for measurements of the distances between the drugs and the closest interacting atoms or residues on E-sel and sLe(x) molecules. Our model predicts that omeprazole displays a stronger interaction with E-sel than cimetidine, as extrapolated from the calculated overall binding energies. However, the shorter distances existing between interacting atoms in the proposed E-sel/cimetidine complex are suggestive of more stable interactions. Neither antacid/E-sel complex overcame the stronger Autodock-calculated sLe(x)/E-sel interaction, suggesting competitive inhibition was not involved. This study provides the first in silico evidence of omeprazole and cimetidine ability to bind to adhesion molecules involved in tumor dissemination, underlining their therapeutic potential in the HNSCC clinical management.

Prevalence and awareness of diabetes mellitus among a rural population in China: results from Liaoning Province

AIM

To clarify the diabetes prevalence trends among the rural population in northern China.

METHODS

All eligible permanent residents aged ≥ 35 years in selected rural villages of Liaoning province were invited to participate in the study. A total of 11 600 people completed all questionnaires and were included in the study. The response rate was 85.3%. Fasting plasma glucose levels were measured after at least 12 h of fasting and diabetes was diagnosed according to WHO criteria, i.e. fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7 mmol/l and/or being on treatment for diabetes. Impaired fasting glucose was defined according to the 1997 and the 2010 American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria (6.1-6.9 and 5.6-6.9 mmol/l, respectively). Previous diagnoses of diabetes were assessed on the basis of self-reports.

RESULTS

The prevalence of diabetes among adults in the rural population was 10.6% (10.0% in men and 11.1% in women). The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 13.0 and 36.1% according to the 1997 and the 2010 ADA criteria, respectively. The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes was 4.3% among the whole population (3.3% in men and 5.1% in women). The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes was 34.8% in men and 50.2% in women. Only 29.6% of men and 42% of women with diabetes had taken oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin to lower their blood sugar. In multivariate analysis, age, drinking habits, BMI, dyslipidaemia and family history of diabetes were identified as independent risk factors for diabetes, and occupational physical activity, smoking and lean meat intake were identified as independent protective factors for diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose were found to be high in this rural population. Although the rate of treatment of people with diabetes has increased, the glycaemic control rate was still at a low level.

Effect of antibacterial dental adhesive on multispecies biofilms formation

Antibacterial adhesives have favorable prospects to inhibit biofilms and secondary caries. The objectives of this study were to investigate the antibacterial effect of dental adhesives containing dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) on different bacteria in controlled multispecies biofilms and its regulating effect on development of biofilm for the first time. Antibacterial material was synthesized, and Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus sanguinis were chosen to form multispecies biofilms. Lactic acid assay and pH measurement were conducted to study the acid production of controlled multispecies biofilms. Anthrone method and exopolysaccharide (EPS):bacteria volume ratio measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed to determine the EPS production of biofilms. The colony-forming unit counts, scanning electron microscope imaging, and dead:live volume ratio decided by confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to study the biomass change of controlled multispecies biofilms. The TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization imaging were used to study the proportion change in multispecies biofilms of different groups. The results showed that DMADDM-containing adhesive groups slowed the pH drop and decreased the lactic acid production noticeably, especially lactic acid production in the 5% DMADDM group, which decreased 10- to 30-fold compared with control group (P < 0.05). EPS was reduced significantly in 5% DMADDM group (P < 0.05). The DMADDM groups reduced the colony-forming unit counts significantly (P < 0.05) and had higher dead:live volume ratio in biofilms compared with control group (P < 0.05). The proportion of S. mutans decreased steadily in DMADDM-containing groups and continually increased in control group, and the biofilm had a more healthy development tendency after the regulation of DMADDM. In conclusion, the adhesives containing DMADDM had remarkable antimicrobial properties to serve as "bioactive" adhesive materials and revealed its potential value for antibiofilm and anticaries clinical applications.

Deep inferior epigastric vessel-pedicled, muscle-sparing rectus abdominis myocutaneous (RAM) flap for reconstruction of soft tissue defects in pelvic area

Large soft tissue reconstruction in pelvic area is rare but remains challenging. Between August of 2000 and March of 2014, five patients underwent soft tissue reconstruction in pelvic area using deep inferior epigastric vessel-pedicled, muscle-sparing RAM flap. The soft tissue defects located in anterior iliac spine in three cases, lower buttock in one case, contralateral lower buttock and perineal region in one case. The size of the flaps ranged from 13 × 7 cm to 25 × 9 cm. All flaps were harvested in muscle-sparing form. Lateral two-thirds of rectus abdominis muscle and anterior sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle were harvested with the flap in disc or bar shape. All five flaps survived uneventfully. During the follow-up, no ventral hernias occurred in donor sites.

Effects of Dietary Fermented Chlorella vulgaris (CBT(®)) on Growth Performance, Relative Organ Weights, Cecal Microflora, Tibia Bone Characteristics, and Meat Qualities in Pekin Ducks

Fermented Chlorella vulgaris was examined for its effects on growth performance, cecal microflora, tibia bone strength, and meat qualities in commercial Pekin ducks. A total of three hundred, day-old male Pekin ducks were divided into three groups with five replicates (n = 20 ducklings per replicate) and offered diets supplemented with commercial fermented C. vulgaris (CBT(®)) at the level of 0, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, respectively for 6 wks. The final body weight was linearly (p = 0.001) increased as the addition of fermented C. vulgaris into diets increased. Similarly, dietary C. vulgaris linearly increased body weight gain (p = 0.001) and feed intake (p = 0.001) especially at the later days of the feeding trial. However, there was no C. vulgaris effect on feed efficiency. Relative weights of liver were significantly lowered by dietary fermented C. vulgaris (linear effect at p = 0.044). Dietary fermented C. vulgaris did not affect total microbes, lactic acid bacteria, and coliforms in cecal contents. Finally, meat quality parameters such as meat color (i.e., yellowness), shear force, pH, or water holding capacity were altered by adding fermented C. vulgaris into the diet. In our knowledge, this is the first report to show that dietary fermented C. vulgaris enhanced meat qualities of duck meats. In conclusion, our study indicates that dietary fermented C. vulgaris exerted benefits on productivity and can be employed as a novel, nutrition-based strategy to produce value-added duck meats.

First Report of Fusarium solani Causing Root Rot of Juglans sigllata Dode in China

Juglans sigllata Dode, known as the iron walnut, is widely planted in Liangshan prefecture of southwest China for its nuts and wood. Liangshan prefecture is a major traditional growing area of J. sigllata and has unique advantages for walnut industrial development because of its good soil, climate, and availability of water. Currently there are 2.7 million hectares of walnut, contributing important incomes for farmers. In April 2013, numerous J. sigllata were found infected with root rot in the Muli county of Liangshan prefecture. Symptoms included dried leaves, dead branchcs, and even death. Rotted roots were collected and surface-sterilized in 2% NaOCl and 70% ethanol. The junction (1 cm) between infected and healthy regions was removed, plated on rose bengal-glycerin-urea medium, and incubated at 20°C for 12 h. A fungus was found and purified successively by transferring hyphal tips from the margin of a thinly growing colony on 2% water agar (3). Morphological characteristics were identified both on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf-piece agar. Evaluation of pigmentation and colony growth rate were also measured using PDA. Ovoid microconidia (average dimensions 10.6 × 9.1 μm) were observed after 2 to 3 days, and most of them had no septa or only one septum. Macroconidia (average dimensions 47.4 × 5.3 μm), with one to three septate sickle shapes, were found after 3 to 6 days. Single or paired chlamydospores (average dimensions 10.3 × 9.2 μm), which were circular to ovate, smooth or not smooth, were observed after 7 days of incubation in clean water. According to the cultural characteristics, the fungus was primarily identified as Fusarium solani (1). To better determine the species, universal primers ITS1/ITS4 for the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) coupled with translation elongation factor (EF-1α) primers EF1/EF2 were used for PCR-based molecular identification. Against GenBank and the FUSARIUM-ID databases, our sequences shared 99 and 98% identities with ITS (FJ459973.1) and EF-1α (JX677562.1) of F. solani, respectively. Both sequences produced in this study have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers KJ528277 for ITS and KJ528278 for EF-1α. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by drop inoculating 20 ml of microconidia suspension (10⁶ spores/ml) on the roots of 1-year-old healthy potted J.sigllata, Mianyang walnut, and Xinjiang walnut. Controls were not treated with F. solani. Fifteen plants were in each group. All materials, including pots and soil, were disinfected. After 12 days, all J. sigllata inoculated with F. solani exhibited dried leaves, and after 17 days, Mianyang walnut and Xinjiang walnut infected with F. solani also developed the same symptoms. After 24 days, the inoculated J. sigllata died. However, control plants remained asymptomatic. The fungus re-isolated from infected roots showed the same characteristics as described above and was totally identical in appearance to the isolates used to inoculate the plants. No colonies of F. solani were isolated from untreated plants. At present, F. solani has been reported in stem cankers on English walnut in South Africa (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of root rot caused by F. solani in J. sigllata in China. References: (1) C. Booth. Fusarium Laboratory Guide to the Identification of the Major Species. CMI, Kew, England, 1977. (2) W. Chen and W. J. Swart. Plant Dis. 84:592, 2000. (3) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006.

Incidence and molecular characterization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency among neonates for newborn screening in Chaozhou, China

INTRODUCTION

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is highly prevalent in southern China. The aim of this study is to assess the extent of this disease in Chinese neonates and determine its molecular characteristics using a novel molecular screening method.

METHODS

A total of 2500 neonates were routinely screened for G6PD deficiency using a modified fluorescent spot test (FST). PCR-high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis was then used for the molecular assay.

RESULTS

The overall incidence of G6PD deficiency was 2.68% in our study cohort. Frequency in male population was 3.22% (44 neonates of 1365 male neonates), and in female population was 2.03% (23 neonates of 1135 female neonates). Of the 67 newborns suspected to be G6PD deficient based on FST (44 males, 23 females), 58 of 67 (87%) were detected with gene alterations. Seven kinds of mutations [c.95A>G, c.392G>T, c.493A>G, c.871G>A, c.1360C>T, c.1376G>T, and c.1388G>A] were identified by HRM analysis.

CONCLUSION

Routine newborn screening in Chaozhou, China with a relatively high prevalence of G6PD deficiency is justified and meets the World Health Organization recommendation. The usage of molecular diagnosis can favor the detection of heterozygotes which can be a supplement to regular newborn screening and useful for premarital and prenatal diagnosis for G6PD deficiency.

Search for a light sterile neutrino at Daya Bay

A search for light sterile neutrino mixing was performed with the first 217 days of data from the Daya Bay Reactor Antineutrino Experiment. The experiment's unique configuration of multiple baselines from six 2.9 GW(th) nuclear reactors to six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 m and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls makes it possible to test for oscillations to a fourth (sterile) neutrino in the 10(-3) eV(2)<|Δm(41)(2) |< 0.3 eV(2) range. The relative spectral distortion due to the disappearance of electron antineutrinos was found to be consistent with that of the three-flavor oscillation model. The derived limits on sin(2) 2θ(14) cover the 10(-3) eV(2) ≲ |Δm(41)(2)| ≲ 0.1 eV(2) region, which was largely unexplored.

First Report of Pestalotiopsis microspora Causing Leaf Spot of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) in China

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a widespread, tropical evergreen species that grows in southern China. In November 2012 and July 2013, a new leaf spot was observed on oil palm in Danzhou, Hainan Province, China. A survey of 200 2-year-old oil palm plants revealed that the disease caused serious damage during the typhoon season of July to October in Hainan Province, with 15 to 20% incidence in plants. The spots were initially brown, small, and oval to irregular. Later, they gradually expanded and finally coalesced to form large gray-brown leaf spots surrounded by a dark brown border. Heavily infected leaves became dry and died. Sometimes black acervuli developed on the leaf lesions. Diseased tissues (2 × 2 mm) from lesion margins were surface-disinfested for 10 min with 0.3% NaClO, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and then incubated at 25°C in the dark. Seven Pestalotiopsis isolates (identified by conidial morphological characteristics) were isolated from leaf lesions. These isolates were subcultured by single spore isolation, and a representative isolate was characterized further. The fungus was incubated on PDA at 25°C. After 5 days, the fungus produced circular white colonies. After 10 days, many black conidiomata formed over the mycelia mats. Conidia were fusiform, five-celled with constrictions at the septa, and measured 18.6 to 24.4 × 5.2 to 7.5 μm. The three median cells were light brown to dark brown, and two end cells were colorless. Apical cells had 2 to 4 appendages ranging from 10.4 to 22.6 μm long. Basal cells had 1 appendage ranging from 2.2 to 4.1 μm long. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified using primers IST4/ITS5, and the 549-bp product of the ITS (GenBank Accession No. KJ019328) showed 100% sequence identity to Pestalotiopsis microspora isolates XSD-42 (EU273522.1) and CBS364.54 (AF377292.1). The pathogenicity of all isolates was tested by inoculation of detached, healthy leaves according to Keith et al. (2). The middle parts of compound leaves with leaflets were cut from 2-year-old oil palm plant. Leaflets were wounded inoculated or unwounded inoculated with mycelial plugs (4 mm in diameter, 30 leaflets per isolate). PDA plugs without mycelia served as controls. All leaves were placed in a growth chamber at 25°C and 90% relative humidity. After 5 days, brown leaf spots appeared on all wounded leaflets, with symptoms similar to those described above. Control leaves and the inoculated leaflets without wound remained symptom free. P. microspora was re-isolated from the infected leaves and confirmed to be the same as the inoculated pathogen through examination of morphology and by conducting an ITS sequence comparison. P. neglecta and P. palmarum were previously reported as the causal agent of Pestalotiopsis leaf spot on oil palm (1). P. microspora was isolated from oil palm in Indonesia (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. microspora on oil palm in China. References: (1) F. O. Aderungboya. Int. J. Pest Manage. 23:305,1977. (2) L. M. Keith et al. Plant Dis. 90:16, 2006. (3) Suwandi et al. Plant Dis. 96:537, 2012.

Broadly wavelength tunable acousto-optically Q-switched Tm:Lu2SiO5 laser

A broadly wavelength tunable acousto-optically Q-switched Tm:Lu2SiO5 (Tm:LSO) laser is presented for the first time, to our best knowledge. The emission wavelength was tuned in a broad spectral region over 111 nm ranging from 1959 to 2070 nm. A shortest pulse duration of 345 ns with beam quality of M(2)≤1.65 was obtained at pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 1 kHz, corresponding to a maximum single pulse energy of 0.26 mJ and peak power of 0.75 kW. The experimental results indicated that Tm:LSO crystal has outstanding potential for obtaining broadly wavelength tunable and low-PRF laser pulses at 2 μm.

Overexpression of MTA1 promotes invasiveness and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells

AIM

To investigate the effect of metastasis-associated gene MTA1 on proliferation and invasion potential of ovarian cancer cell line A2780.

METHODS

The eukaryotic expressing vector pcDNA3. 1-MTA1 was introduced into A2780 cells by gene transfection in vitro. The MTA1 mRNA and protein level in cancer cells were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. The growth activities of cancer cells were detected by trypan blue stain method. The clone formation assay in soft agar was used to observe the proliferation of cancer cells. Wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to evaluate migration and invasion abilities of cancer cells. And the protein level of bcl-xL in ovarian cancer cells was measured by immunohistochemistry and western blot. The TUNEL assay was performed to study the apoptosis of tumor cells.

RESULTS

Seventy-two hours after transfection, the MTA1 expression increased significantly (P < 0.01). The up-regulation of MTA1 did not affect the growth activities of cancer cells (P > 0.05), but it promoted clone formation, migration and invasion abilities of cancer cells (P < 0.01). The cellular expression of bcl-xL increased 65.22 %, with a PI value of (71.64 ± 5.96) %. With the up-regulation of MTA1 and bcl-xL level, the apoptotic rate of A2780 cell was decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

MTA1 gene plays an important role in progression and metastasis of ovarian cancers, which provides an ideal strategy for gene therapy of ovarian cancers.

Effect of JJYMD-C, a novel synthetic derivative of gallic acid, on proliferation and phenotype maintenance in rabbit articular chondrocytes in vitro

Tissue engineering encapsulated cells such as chondrocytes in the carrier matrix have been widely used to repair cartilage defects. However, chondrocyte phenotype is easily lost when chondrocytes are expanded in vitro by a process defined as “dedifferentiation”. To ensure successful therapy, an effective pro-chondrogenic agent is necessary to overcome the obstacle of limited cell numbers in the restoration process, and dedifferentiation is a prerequisite. Gallic acid (GA) has been used in the treatment of arthritis, but its biocompatibility is inferior to that of other compounds. In this study, we modified GA by incorporating sulfamonomethoxine sodium and synthesized a sulfonamido-based gallate, JJYMD-C, and evaluated its effect on chondrocyte metabolism. Our results showed that JJYMD-C could effectively increase the levels of the collagen II, Sox9, and aggrecan genes, promote chondrocyte growth, and enhance secretion and synthesis of cartilage extracellular matrix. On the other hand, expression of the collagen I gene was effectively down-regulated, demonstrating inhibition of chondrocyte dedifferentiation by JJYMD-C. Hypertrophy, as a characteristic of chondrocyte ossification, was undetectable in the JJYMD-C groups. We used JJYMD-C at doses of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 µg/mL, and the strongest response was observed with 0.25 µg/mL. This study provides a basis for further studies on a novel agent in the treatment of articular cartilage defects.

Crosstalk between miR-34a and Notch Signaling Promotes Differentiation in Apical Papilla Stem Cells (SCAPs)

Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) are important for the formation and regeneration of root dentin. Here, we examined the expression of Notch signaling components in SCAPs and investigated crosstalk between microRNA miR-34aand Notch signaling during cell differentiation. We found that human SCAPs express NOTCH2, NOTCH3, JAG2, DLL3, and HES1, and we tested the relationship between Notch signaling and both cell differentiation and miR-34a expression. NOTCH activation in SCAPs inhibited cell differentiation and up-regulated the expression of miR-34a, whereas miR-34a inhibited Notch signaling in SCAPs by directly targeting the 3'UTR of NOTCH2 and HES1 mRNA and suppressing the expression of NOTCH2, N2ICD, and HES1. DSPP, RUNX2, OSX, and OCN expression was consequently up-regulated. Thus, Notch signaling in human SCAPs plays a vital role in maintenance of these cells. miR-34a interacts with Notch signaling and promotes both odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs.

The First Report of Calonectria Pteridis Causing a Leaf Spot Disease on Serenoa repens in China

Serenoa repens [(Bartr) J. K. Small] is an important medicinal plant with their extracts is one of the three most effective drugs to cure benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Also it can be used as an ornamental plant for garden. In November 2010, a new leaf spot disease was found on S. repens in Danzhou, Hainan Province, China. Disease occurred very seriously, with the incidence close or up to 100%, even leading to plant drying and death. Initially, the leaves had circular water-soaked dots, and had an obvious yellow halo on the edge, then expanded into oval, circular, or irregular shaped spots. Eventually the spot was beige and gray in the center and dark brown and slightly concave on the edge. The pathogen was isolated following the method reported by Fang (3) and prepared for further characterization. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, the pathogen formed round and red-brown colonies with neat edges of a sandy beige color. A white powdery substance was formed on the surface of the colony, and it produced reddish-brown pigment on the back. On carnation leaf agar (CLA), only large macroconidium was observed. Macroconidiophores containing a stipe bearing penicillate suites of fertile branches, terminating in a clavate vesicle (5.9-) 6.4 (-6.9) × (33.8-) 39.6 (-46.7) μm. Conidiogenous apparatus had primary branches aseptate or rarely 1-septate and were (21.8-) 28.7 (-38.6) μm long, secondary branches were aseptate and (18.8-) 29.9 (-39.9) μm long, and tertiary branches were aseptate and (14.2-) 17.4 (-19.9) μm long. Macroconidium and microconidium were observed on water agar (WA) at 30 days. Macroconidium was colorless, cylindrical, rounded at both ends, 1 to 3 hyaline septate, but mainly one, and (4.5-) 5.2 (-6.2) × (71.3-) 84.1 (-98.0) μm; microconidium was colorless, cylindrical, both ends obtuse, curved or straight, 1-septate, and (24.8-) 33.2 (-45.2) × (2.5-) 3.5 (-5.0) μm. It could produce microsclerotia on PDA, CLA, and WA media. Morphological characteristics of the specimen examined were similar to Calonectria pteridis. In the genus of Calonectria, only C. pteridis could produce bending microconidium on WA medium (2). To confirm the morphological identification, primer pair ITS1/ITS4 were used for amplification of the ITS region of rDNA. Its sequence (GenBank Accession No. KF994926) showed 99% identity with C. pteridis Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas. (GQ280617.1). In addition, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene sequence was amplified (KF994927) and it showed 100% identify with C. pteridis (FJ918564.1) (1). Thus, the pathogen was identified as C. pteridis. To confirm pathogenicity, conidial suspensions (10⁵ conidia ml^-1) of the pathogen were inoculated with healthy leaves of 10 plants by pinprick inoculation method. Control plants were inoculated with water. Plants were maintained at 28°C in a greenhouse with constant humidity (RH 90%) and a 12-h photoperiod of fluorescent light. Symptoms similar to the original ones appeared after 7 days, while the control plants remained healthy. The tests were repeated three times and the pathogen was re-isolated from the leaves of inoculated plants and confirmed to be C. pteridis by both morphology and molecular characterization. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot caused by C. pteridis on S. repens in China. References: (1) I. Carbone and L. M. Kohn. Mycologia 91:553, 1999. (2) P. W. Crous and M. J. Wingfield. Mycotaxon 51:341, 1994. (3) Z. D. Fang. Plant Disease Research Methods, 3rd edition. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, 1998.

BET Inhibitor JQ1 Blocks Inflammation and Bone Destruction

BET proteins are a group of epigenetic regulators controlling transcription through reading acetylated histone tails and recruiting transcription complexes. They are considered as potential therapeutic targets in many distinct diseases. A novel synthetic bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor, JQ1, was proved to suppress oncogene transcription and inflammatory responses. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of JQ1 on inflammatory response and bone destruction in experimental periodontitis. We found that JQ1 significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory cytokine transcription, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), as well as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast markers, such as c-Fos, nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1 (NFATc1), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K in vitro. JQ1 also inhibited toll-like receptors 2/4 (TLR2/4) expression and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) revealed that JQ1 neutralized BRD4 enrichment at several gene promoter regions, including NF-κB, TNF-α, c-Fos, and NFATc1. In a murine periodontitis model, systemic administration of JQ1 significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokine expression in diseased gingival tissues. Alveolar bone loss was alleviated in JQ1-treated mice because of reduced osteoclasts in periodontal tissues. These unprecedented results suggest the BET inhibitor JQ1 as a prospective new approach for treating periodontitis.

Identifying hepatocellular carcinoma-related genes and pathways by system biology analysis

BACKGROUND

Previous researches have been focused on revealing the functions of each individual gene and/or pathway in the initiation, progression and maintenance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanistic relationships among different genes and/or pathways are largely unknown.

AIMS

In this study, we tended to uncover the potential molecular networks and critical genes which play important roles in HCC progression.

METHODS

The transcriptional profiles from normal and HCC patient samples were analyzed and compared using bioinformatic methods, including differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, hierarchical clustering, construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and GO-Elite analysis.

RESULTS

Initially, the normal and HCC sample data were processed and 679 most dramatic DEGs were identified. The PPI network analysis indicates the significance of multiple biological processes as well as signaling pathways in affecting liver function and HCC progression. In addition, hierarchical clustering analysis showed the most significant modules and identified the relationship between different genes, and some important genes such as FOS, IGF1, ADH4, ITGA2 and LEF1 were found to be hubs which master each individual module.

CONCLUSION

Our study greatly improves the understanding of the HCC development in a systematic manner and provides the potential clue for exploiting drugs which might target the most significant genes and/or signaling pathways.

The FEN1 E359K germline mutation disrupts the FEN1-WRN interaction and FEN1 GEN activity, causing aneuploidy-associated cancers

Polymorphisms and somatic mutations in Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1), an essential enzyme involved in DNA replication and repair, can lead to functional deficiencies of the FEN1 protein and a predisposition to cancer. We identified a FEN1 germline mutation which changed residue E359 to K in a patient whose family had a history of breast cancer. We determined that the E359K mutation, which is in the protein-protein domain of FEN1, abolished the interaction of FEN1 with Werner Syndrome protein (WRN), an interaction which is critical for resolving stalled DNA replication forks. Furthermore, although the flap endonuclease activity of FEN1 E359K was unaffected, it failed to resolve bubble structures, which requires the FEN1 gap dependent endonuclease (GEN) activity. To determine the etiological significance of E359K, we established a mouse model containing this mutation. E359K mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were more sensitive to DNA cross-linking agents that cause replication forks to stall. Cytological analysis suggested that the FEN1-WRN interaction was also required to for telomere stability; mutant cell lines had fragile telomeres, increased numbers of spontaneous chromosomal anomalies and higher frequencies of transformation. Moreover, the incidence of cancer was significantly higher in mice homozygous for FEN1 E359K than in wild-type mice, suggesting that the FEN1 E359K mutation is oncogenic.

ZIP4 is a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker in human pancreatic cancer: a systemic comparison between EUS-FNA and surgical specimens

Aberrant expression of a zinc transporter ZIP4 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been shown to contribute to tumor progression and is a potential target for individualized therapy. The overall objective of this study was to determine whether ZIP4 could serve as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker in human PDAC, and if it can be assessed by minimally invasive sampling using endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). Immunohistochemistry was performed to compare ZIP4 expression in the PDAC samples obtained from EUS-FNA and matched surgical tumors (parallel control). Samples were reported by sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, all with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 23 cases with both FNA and surgical specimens were evaluated. We found that ZIP4 was significantly overexpressed in tumor cells from both sets of samples. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of ZIP4 for the diagnosis of PDAC were 72.9%, 72.5%, 76.1%, and 69.0% in EUS-FNA samples, and were 97.9%, 65.4%, 83.9%, and 94.4% in surgical specimens, respectively. The association between the positive rate of ZIP4 expression in FNA and surgical samples is statistically significant (P=0.0216). Both the intensity and percentage of ZIP4 positive cells from the surgical samples correlated significantly with tumor stage (P=0.0025 and P=0.0002). ZIP4 intensity level in FNA samples was significantly associated with tumor differentiation and patient survival. These results indicate that EUS-FNA is capable of non-operative detection of ZIP4, thus offering the potential to direct pre-operative detection and targeted therapy of PDAC.

Spectral measurement of electron antineutrino oscillation amplitude and frequency at Daya Bay

A measurement of the energy dependence of antineutrino disappearance at the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported. Electron antineutrinos (ν¯(e)) from six 2.9  GW(th) reactors were detected with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls. Using 217 days of data, 41 589 (203 809 and 92 912) antineutrino candidates were detected in the far hall (near halls). An improved measurement of the oscillation amplitude sin(2)2θ(13)=0.090(-0.009)(+0.008) and the first direct measurement of the ν¯(e) mass-squared difference |Δm(ee)2|=(2.59(-0.20)(+0.19))×10(-3)  eV2 is obtained using the observed ν¯(e) rates and energy spectra in a three-neutrino framework. This value of |Δm(ee)2| is consistent with |Δm(μμ)2| measured by muon neutrino disappearance, supporting the three-flavor oscillation model.

Serum and tissue expression of gelatinase and Twist in breast cancer

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and Twist in tumor tissue and serum from 46 cases of breast cancer patients and 31 cases of benign breast diseases patients by immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The association of gelatinase and Twist expression with clinicopathological factors was also analyzed in the present study.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The studied population consisted of 46 breast cancer patients and 31 benign breast disease patients. Serum concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Twist were measured by using human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expression of Twist, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by immunohistochemical.

RESULTS

The results show that the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Twist expression were significantly increased in tissue and serum from breast cancer group, compared to the group of benign breast lesions diseases (p < 0.05). The pre-operative serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Twist were positively correlated with their expression in breast cancer tissues, respectively (p < 0.05). We, then, correlated serum and tissue levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Twist in breast cancer samples with patients' clinicopathologic characteristics. Compared to low expression, high serum and tissue levels of MMP-2 and Twist were associated with lymph node metastasis and higher TNM stage, high tissue MMP-9 levels were associated with lymph node metastasis and higher TNM stage, and high serum MMP-9 levels were associated with c-erbB-2 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Twist could be as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and predicting metastasis of breast cancer.