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Karino A, Okano M, Hatomi M, Nakamura T, Ohtsuki K. Biochemical characterization of a casein kinase I-like actin kinase responsible for the actin-induced suppression of casein kinase II activity in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1472:603-16. [PMID: 10564775 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
By combination of column chromatographies (heparin-agarose, HiTrap heparin and HiTrap SP columns) and gel filtration on a Superdex 200-pg HPLC column, an actin kinase was partially purified from a 1. 5 M NaCl extract of porcine liver. The actin kinase was finally purified, by actin-Sepharose column chromatography (HPLC), as an actin-binding protein kinase. The biochemical properties, such as (1) requirements of divalent cations (10 mM Mg(2+) and 3 mM Mn(2+)) and effective phosphate acceptors (actin and alpha-casein), (2) phosphorylation of both Ser- and Thr-residues on these two phosphate acceptors, (3) autophosphorylation of the catalytic subunit (approximately 37 kDa), and (4) inhibition kinetics by CK-I-7 (a CK-I specific inhibitor), of the purified actin kinase were similar to those reported for CK-I purified from various mammalian cells, but it was distinguishable from three cellular actin kinases (A-kinase, C-kinase and actin-fragmin kinase (approximately 80 kDa)). The 37 kDa actin kinase-mediated phosphorylation of actin did not relate to its polymerizability. Inhibition of CK-II-mediated phosphorylation of functional cellular proteins, including calmodulin (CaM), by actin was significantly stimulated after its full phosphorylation by the purified 37 kDa actin kinase or rCK-I in vitro. These results suggest that: (1) the 37 kDa Ser/Thr actin-binding kinase may be classified as a member of the CK-I family; and (2) specific phosphorylation of actin by the actin kinase may be involved in the suppression mechanism of CK-II-mediated signal transduction at the cellular level.
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Satoskar AR, Stamm LM, Zhang X, Okano M, David JR, Terhorst C, Wang B. NK cell-deficient mice develop a Th1-like response but fail to mount an efficient antigen-specific IgG2a antibody response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1999; 163:5298-302. [PMID: 10553052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
NK cells have been shown to play a role in the modulation of B cell differentiation and Ab production. Using a novel murine model of NK cell deficiency, we analyzed the in vivo role of NK cells in the regulation of Ag-specific Ab production. After immunization with OVA or keyhole limpet hemocyanin in CFA, NK cell-deficient (NK-T+) mice developed an efficient Th1 response and produced significant levels of IFN-gamma but displayed markedly reduced or absent Ag-specific IgG2a production. There were no differences in the levels of Ag-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b between NK-T+ and NK+T+ mice. Furthermore, NK cell-reconstituted, NK+T+ (tgepsilon26Y) mice produced significant amounts of Ag-specific IgG2a after immunization with OVA. These results indicate that NK cells are involved in the induction of Ag-specific IgG2a production in vivo. Moreover, they also demonstrate that the lack of Ag-specific IgG2a Ab production in NK-T+ mice is not associated with the impaired Th1 response and IFN-gamma production.
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Okano M, Yamada M, Ohtsu M, Kawamura N, Sakiyama Y, Aoi K, Gandoh S, Fujita M, Kobayashi K. Successful treatment with methylprednisolone pulse therapy for a life-threatening pulmonary insufficiency in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease following pulmonary invasive aspergillosis and Burkholderia cepacia infection. Respiration 1999; 66:551-4. [PMID: 10575344 DOI: 10.1159/000029435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 14-year-old boy with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease developed severe invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. He was treated with itraconazole and amphotericin B. However, he deteriorated with progressive pulmonary lesions. Burkholderia cepacia was isolated from his bronchoalveolar lavage. Finally, he was given granulocyte transfusions. Following this procedure, his condition rapidly worsened leading to respiratory failure. His lung biopsy demonstrated organizing pneumonia at his right middle lobe. Then, a methylprednisolone pulse therapy was initiated together with the administration of appropriate antibiotics and adequate amounts of amphotericin B. Dramatically, his condition improved. Therefore, a methylprednisolone pulse therapy with appropriate antimicrobial drugs seems to be beneficial for severe pulmonary insufficiency in this type of patients.
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Okano M, Bell DW, Haber DA, Li E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell 1999. [PMID: 10555141 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of DNA methylation patterns requires de novo methylation that occurs predominantly during early development and gametogenesis in mice. Here we demonstrate that two recently identified DNA methyltransferases, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, are essential for de novo methylation and for mouse development. Inactivation of both genes by gene targeting blocks de novo methylation in ES cells and early embryos, but it has no effect on maintenance of imprinted methylation patterns. Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b also exhibit nonoverlapping functions in development, with Dnmt3b specifically required for methylation of centromeric minor satellite repeats. Mutations of human DNMT3B are found in ICF syndrome, a developmental defect characterized by hypomethylation of pericentromeric repeats. Our results indicate that both Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b function as de novo methyltransferases that play important roles in normal development and disease.
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Okano M, Bell DW, Haber DA, Li E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell 1999; 99:247-57. [PMID: 10555141 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4106] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of DNA methylation patterns requires de novo methylation that occurs predominantly during early development and gametogenesis in mice. Here we demonstrate that two recently identified DNA methyltransferases, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, are essential for de novo methylation and for mouse development. Inactivation of both genes by gene targeting blocks de novo methylation in ES cells and early embryos, but it has no effect on maintenance of imprinted methylation patterns. Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b also exhibit nonoverlapping functions in development, with Dnmt3b specifically required for methylation of centromeric minor satellite repeats. Mutations of human DNMT3B are found in ICF syndrome, a developmental defect characterized by hypomethylation of pericentromeric repeats. Our results indicate that both Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b function as de novo methyltransferases that play important roles in normal development and disease.
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106
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Yoshino T, Okano M, Chen HL, Tsuchiyama J, Kondo E, Nishiuchi R, Teramoto N, Nishizaki K, Akagi T. Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is expressed on memory/effector B cells in the peripheral blood and monocytoid B cells in the lymphoid tissues. Cell Immunol 1999; 197:39-45. [PMID: 10555994 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) is expressed on a subpopulation of human memory T cells and is involved in the primary step of their skin homing. T cells and some B cells in the peripheral blood express CLA, but the pathophysiologic roles of CLA(+) B cells have not yet been clarified. We examined the relationships among CLA expression in B cells and immunoglobulin heavy chain subtype, the localization of CLA(+) B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues, and their functional binding to E-selectin. CLA was expressed on class-switched, memory B cells in the peripheral blood and tonsils as revealed by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical staining of the lymph nodes with various types of inflammation or reactive hyperplasia showed CLA on the monocytoid B cells, which correspond to memory cells. The functional study revealed that CLA on B cells bound to E-selectin transfectants. E-selectin was detected on some of the high endothelial venules in the monocytoid B-cell-rich lymph nodes. These findings suggest that CLA is also expressed on a subset of memory/effector B cells, in addition to a subset of memory T cells. Such B cells were located in the lymph nodes or tonsils and rarely in chronic dermatitis. Therefore, CLA seems to be related to memory/effector B-cell trafficking to the lymph nodes or tonsils. According to the multistep theory, mechanisms involved in the second or third step might be different between CLA(+) B and T cells.
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Kobayashi I, Imamura K, Kubota M, Ishikawa S, Yamada M, Tonoki H, Okano M, Storch WB, Moriuchi T, Sakiyama Y, Kobayashi K. Identification of an autoimmune enteropathy-related 75-kilodalton antigen. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:823-30. [PMID: 10500064 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We have previously reported a 75-kilodalton autoantigen specific to X-linked autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) associated with tubulonephropathy. The aim of this study was to identify the autoantigen. METHODS Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones were isolated by immunoscreening a human duodenal cDNA-expression library with serum from a patient with AIE. RESULTS cDNA encoding the 75-kilodalton antigen (AIE-75) was identified. The composite nucleotide sequence of the cDNA for AIE-75 was 2214 base pairs long and encoded 552 amino acids. The genomic sequence of AIE-75 was found in Sequence DataBank, which consisted of 21 exons and was located on the chromosome 11p14.3. Recombinant AIE-75 specifically reacted with sera from 3 of 4 unrelated patients with AIE but not with 58 control sera. AIE-75 was predominantly distributed in the epithelial cells of the luminal surface and the upper half of the crypts of the intestine and in the proximal renal tubulus. Similarity searches revealed that the AIE-75 cDNA sequence was an authentic form of several colon cancer-related cDNAs of unknown function. The deduced amino acid sequence contained 3 conserved PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domains. CONCLUSIONS AIE-75 is a PDZ domain-containing protein expressed in the differentiated epithelial cells of the intestine and kidney and may be involved in protein-protein interaction. The identification of the autoantigen may prove useful in the approach to the pathogenesis of this poorly understood disease.
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Mori T, Yokoyama M, Komiyama N, Okano M, Kino K. Purification, identification, and cDNA cloning of Cha o 2, the second major allergen of Japanese cypress pollen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 263:166-71. [PMID: 10486272 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The second major allergen of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Japanese cypress) pollen, Cha o 2, has been purified and its cDNA cloned. Of patients with pollinosis caused by C. obtusa, 82.5% produce IgE antibodies which react with purified Cha o 2. The purified protein has a molecular mass of 46 kDa and its 12 N-terminal amino acid sequence displays a high homology with that of Cry j 2, the second major allergen of Cryptomeria japonica pollen. cDNA clones coding for Cha o 2 have been isolated using Cry j 2 cDNA as a probe. Cha o 2 cDNA clones were sequenced and found to code a putative 50-residue signal sequence and a 464-residue mature protein with a molecular weight of 50 kDa. Two possible N-linked glycosylation sites were found in the sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of Cha o 2 shows 74.3% identity with that of Cry j 2. In its primary structure, Cha o 2 shows significant identity with those of the polygalacturonases of avocado, tomato, and maize as well as Cry j 2.
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Song J, Oh SP, Schrewe H, Nomura M, Lei H, Okano M, Gridley T, Li E. The type II activin receptors are essential for egg cylinder growth, gastrulation, and rostral head development in mice. Dev Biol 1999; 213:157-69. [PMID: 10452853 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The type II activin receptors, ActRIIA and ActRIIB, have been shown to play critical roles in axial patterning and organ development in mice. To investigate whether their function is required for mesoderm formation and gastrulation as implicated in Xenopus studies, we generated mice carrying both receptor mutations by interbreeding the ActRIIA and ActRIIB knockout mutants. We found that embryos homozygous for both receptor mutations were growth arrested at the egg cylinder stage and did not form mesoderm. Further analyses revealed that ActRIIA(-/-)ActRIIB(+/-) and about 15% of the ActRIIA(-/-) embryos failed to form an elongated primitive streak, resulting in severe disruption of mesoderm formation in the embryo proper. Interestingly, we observed similar gastrulation defects in ActRIIA(-/-)nodal(+/-) double mutants, which, if they developed beyond the gastrulation stage, displayed rostral head defects and cyclopia. These results provide genetic evidence that type II activin receptors are required for egg cylinder growth, primitive streak formation, and rostral head development in mice.
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Kawamura N, Ariga T, Ohtsu M, Kobayashi I, Yamada M, Tame A, Furuta H, Okano M, Egashira M, Niikawa N, Kobayashi K, Sakiyama Y. In vivo kinetics of transduced cells in peripheral T cell-directed gene therapy: role of CD8+ cells in improved immunological function in an adenosine deaminase (ADA)-SCID patient. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1999; 163:2256-61. [PMID: 10438969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported successful peripheral T cell-directed gene therapy in a boy with adenosine deaminase (ADA)-SCID. In the present study, to better understand the reconstitutive effect of this gene therapy on his immunological system, we investigated the in vivo kinetics and functional subsets of T cells in PBL. Apparent immunological improvements were obtained after infusion of transduced cells at more than 4 x 108 cells/kg/therapy/3 mo. Frequency of ADAcDNA-integrated cells in PBL, ADA activity in PBL and clinical improvement showed good correlation, even though CD8+ cells gradually became predominant in PBL. On the basis that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ADA was maintained at the same dosage as before gene therapy, we consider that his immunological improvement resulted from the gene therapy itself. Most CD3+ cells in PBL after gene therapy expressed TCRalphabeta. Analysis of TCR repertoire based on TCR V region usage revealed no expansion of limited clones in his PBL. The T cell subset cells CD8+CDw60+ and CD8+CD27+CD45RA-, which are reported to provide substantial help to B cells, were maintained throughout the gene therapy. Furthermore, his reconstituted peripheral T cells helped normal B cells to produce substantial IgG in vitro. Expression of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokine genes was induced in his reconstituted T cells at the same comparably high level as in normal subjects. Collectively, these results provide evidence of persistent and distinct functions of transduced cells in this patient's PBL after gene therapy.
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Okano M, Nishizaki K, Nakada M, Kawarai Y, Goto S, Satoskar AR, Satoskar AA, Takehisa T, Masuda Y. Prevalence and prediction of allergic rhinitis using questionnaire and nasal smear examination in schoolchildren. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 540:58-63. [PMID: 10445081 DOI: 10.1080/00016489950181215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a common condition among schoolchildren. However, little is known about the prevalence of nasal eosinophilia. We investigated the prevalence of rhinitis via questionnaire and nasal smears for eosinophils. The questionnaire was administered in 1992 and 1995. Complete responses were obtained from 1044 and 431 schoolchildren, respectively, of whom 26.5% and 22.5% claimed to have nasal symptoms. Nasal smears were taken in 1992, 1993 and 1994, and 415, 285 and 384 samples were collected, respectively. Positive eosinophilia were seen in 39.8%, 35.1% and 35.9% children in 1992, 1993 and 1994, respectively. In 1992, we utilized both questionnaire and nasal smears simultaneously to evaluate 415 schoolchildren. Of 415 schoolchildren, 72 (17.3%) had both nasal symptoms and nasal eosinophilia. Interestingly, those who showed positive eosinophilia in 1992, especially those who had eosinophilia with nasal symptoms, had significantly higher incidence of nasal symptoms three years later in 1995 than those who showed negative eosinophilia in 1992. These results suggest that nasal eosinophilia in schoolchildren are associated with subsequent nasal symptoms, and that nasal smear examination may be a potentially valuable test to predict prolonged or recurrent allergic rhinitis.
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Xie S, Wang Z, Okano M, Nogami M, Li Y, He WW, Okumura K, Li E. Cloning, expression and chromosome locations of the human DNMT3 gene family. Gene 1999; 236:87-95. [PMID: 10433969 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in animal development and gene regulation. In mammals, several genes encoding DNA cytosine methyltransferases have been identified. DNMT1 is constitutively expressed and is required for the maintenance of global methylation after DNA replication. In contrast, the murine Dnmt3 family genes appear to be developmentally regulated and behave like de novo DNA methyltransferases in vitro. In this study, we have cloned human DNMT3A and DNMT3B that encode full-length DNMT3A and DNMT3B proteins with 98% and 94% amino acid sequence identity to their murine homologues. The DNMT3A and DNMT3B show high homology in the carboxy terminal catalytic domain and contain a conserved cysteine-rich region, which shares homology with the X-linked ATRX gene of the SNF2/SWI family. We have mapped human DNMT3A and DNMT3B to chromosomes 2p23 and 20q11.2 respectively, and determined the DNMT3B genomic structure. We further show that DNMT3A expression is ubiquitous and can be readily detected in most adult tissues, whereas DNMT3B is expressed at very low levels in most tissues except testis, thyroid and bone marrow. Significantly, both DNMT3A and DNMT3B expression is elevated in several tumor cell lines to levels comparable to DNMT1. The cloning of the human DNMT3 genes will facilitate further biochemical and genetic studies of their functions in establishment of DNA methylation patterns, regulation of gene expression and tumorigenesis.
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Okano M, Satoskar A, Harn D, Nishizaki K, Okano M, Masuda Y, Yoshino T. Involvement of carbohydrate on phospholipase A2, a bee-venom allergen, inin vivoantigen-specific IgE synthesis in mice. Allergy 1999. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Okano M, Nishizaki K, Satoskar AR, Yoshino T, Masuda Y, Harn DA. Involvement of carbohydrate on phospholipase A2, a bee-venom allergen, in in vivo antigen-specific IgE synthesis in mice. Allergy 1999; 54:811-8. [PMID: 10485384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrates on allergens are known to be important for allergenicity. However, most findings have been made with epitope analysis. In this study, we investigated the involvement of N-glycan on phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the major allergen of honeybee venom, in in vivo synthesis of specific IgE in mice. METHODS CBA/J and C57BL/6 mice were sensitized intranasally with either native or deglycosylated PLA2 in the absence of adjuvant. After repeated sensitization, serum Ab titers against PLA2 were determined. PLA2 was deglycosylated chemically with anhydrous trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMS). RESULTS CBA/J mice showed PLA2-specific IgE production after repeated sensitization with native PLA2. They also produced PLA2-specific IgG1 predominantly, suggesting that Th2-type Ab production was induced. When we used deglycosylated PLA2 as a competitor in ELISA for detecting PLA2-specific IgE, deglycosylated PLA2 completely inhibited the binding between native PLA2 and IgE. Deglycosylated PLA2 had the same potential for inducing specific IgE synthesis as native PLA2, since sensitization with deglycosylated PLA2 also elicited IgE production in CBA/J mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that carbohydrate on PLA2 is less important than previously thought not only as a dominant IgE epitope but also in synthesis of PLA2-specific IgE in vivo.
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Nakada M, Nishizaki K, Yoshino T, Okano M, Yamamoto T, Masuda Y, Ohta N, Akagi T. CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) antigens on house dust mite-specific T cells in atopic disease function through T-T cell interactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104:222-7. [PMID: 10400865 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) play an important role in antigen presentation to effector cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that these costimulatory molecules are also expressed on activated T cells. However, the functional role of CD80 and CD86 expressed on allergen-specific T cells in atopic diseases has not yet been clarified. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the functional role of CD80 and CD86 expressed on allergen-specific T cells in atopic diseases. METHODS We assayed the expression of CD80 and CD86 on allergen-specific T-cell lines from patients with perennial allergic rhinitis stimulated by Dermatophagoides farinae-crude (Der f-c) antigen, 1 of the major allergens causing house dust mite allergy. T-cell proliferation induced by Der f-c-specific T-T cell interactions was measured, and the role of CD80 and CD86 in this proliferation was examined. In addition, we compared the proportion of CD45RO+CD86(+) T cells in primary culture of PBMCs stimulated by Der f-c antigen between patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and control subjects. RESULTS On T-cell activation, CD86 antigen was upregulated earlier than CD80. Both CD80 and CD86 expressed on Der f-c-specific T cells could provide costimulatory signals to induce allergen-specific T-cell proliferation that was partially inhibitable by both anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 mAbs. The proportion of CD45RO+CD86(+) T cells in primary culture from atopic patients was significantly higher than that from control subjects. CONCLUSION These results suggest that costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, expressed on allergen-specific T cells may be involved in the amplification of allergen-specific immune responses through T-T cell interactions in atopic diseases.
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Matsuo H, Kamakura K, Saito M, Okano M, Nagase T, Tadano Y, Kaida K, Hirata A, Miyamoto N, Masaki T, Nakamura R, Motoyoshi K, Tanaka H, Tsuji S. Familial paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis: clinical findings in a large Japanese family and genetic linkage to 2q. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 1999; 56:721-6. [PMID: 10369313 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.56.6.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC) is a rare familial movement disorder that has been mapped to chromosome 2q31-36. OBJECTIVE To study the first Japanese family with PDC clinically and genetically. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied a large Japanese family in which at least 17 members in 6 generations have been affected by PDC. We interviewed and examined 26 family members, 8 of whom revealed choreoathetosis-like and dystonialike involuntary movement and 1 of whom revealed no involuntary movement but only muscle stiffness such as the aura of paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC). Genetic linkage studies of this family were carried out with polymorphic DNA markers. RESULTS The attacks of involuntary movement or muscle stiffness were precipitated by ovulation, menstruation, emotional stress, or caffeine or alcohol ingestion. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed no abnormalities. Clonazepam therapy was effective for reducing the attacks, and ingestion of garlic was believed by patients to be effective for softening the attacks. An affected woman with only muscle stiffness showed remission after hysterectomy for hysteromyoma. This woman also had the disease haplotype and transferred it to her typical PDC-affected daughter. Maximal pairwise logarithm of odds scores exceeding 2.00 were obtained at D2S2250, D2S1242, D2S377, D2S2148, and D2S126. The PDC gene was demonstrated by linkage analyses to be located in a 15.3-centimorgan interval lying between D2S371 and D2S339 based on pairwise and multipoint logarithm of odds scores and obligate recombination events in affected individuals. CONCLUSIONS Linkage of PDC to chromosome 2q32-36 was confirmed in a Japanese family. The clinical characterizations of this family with PDC include that ovulation seems also to be a precipitating factor of the attacks and that hysterectomy seems to be effective for softening the attacks. Although low-dose clonazepam treatment was most effective, garlic use was believed by affected members to be effective for softening the attacks. Furthermore, based on the results of clinical and genetic analyses, we suggest that muscle stiffness without involuntary movement may represent a forme fruste of PDC.
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Satoskar AR, Stamm LM, Zhang X, Satoskar AA, Okano M, Terhorst C, David JR, Wang B. Mice lacking NK cells develop an efficient Th1 response and control cutaneous Leishmania major infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1999; 162:6747-54. [PMID: 10352294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are believed to play a critical role in the development of immunity against Leishmania major. We recently found that transplantation of wild-type bone marrow cells into neonatal tgepsilon 26 mice, which are deficient in T and NK cells, resulted in normal T cell development, but no or poor NK cell development. Using this novel model we analyzed the role of NK cells in the development of Th1 response and control of cutaneous L. major infection. Mice selectively lacking NK cells (NK-T+) developed an efficient Th1-like response, produced significant amounts of IL-12 and IFN-gamma, and controlled cutaneous L. major infection. Administration of neutralizing IL-12 Abs to NK-T+ mice during L. major infection resulted in exacerbation of the disease. These results demonstrate that NK cells are not critical for development of protective immunity against L. major. Furthermore, they indicate that IL-12 can induce development of Th1 response independent of NK cells in NK-T+ mice following L.major infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Okano M, Nishizaki K, Abe M, Wang MM, Yoshino T, Satoskar AR, Masuda Y, Harn DA. Strain-dependent induction of allergic rhinitis without adjuvant in mice. Allergy 1999; 54:593-601. [PMID: 10435473 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no murine models have been reported to show the induction of both antigen-specific IgE and nasal eosinophilia, two of the major hallmarks of allergic rhinitis, after local sensitization in the absence of adjuvants, a phenomenon which reflects natural exposure. In this report, we attempted to establish a murine model representing an initiation of allergic rhinitis. METHODS BALB/c, CBA/J, and C57BL/6 mice were sensitized intranasally to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SEA) solely. After repeated sensitization, serum Ab titers, nasal eosinophilia, and cytokine production by nasal lymphocytes were determined. RESULTS BALB/c mice produced SEA-specific IgE after repeated sensitization. High-dose sensitization to SEA induced IgE production in CBA/J mice, while C57BL/6 mice did not show the production throughout the period observed, suggesting that IgE production was regulated genetically. BALB/c mice also exhibited nasal eosinophilia after the nasal challenge. In addition, nasal lymphocytes sensitized with SEA intranasally produced significant amount of IL-5 in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that intranasal sensitization with SEA in the absence of adjuvants induces a Th2 immune reaction, reflecting the hallmarks of the initiation of allergic rhinitis both in vivo and in vitro, which is genetically regulated.
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Okano M, Takebayashi S, Okumura K, Li E. Assignment of cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b to mouse chromosome bands 12A2-A3 and 2H1 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Genome Res 1999; 86:333-4. [PMID: 10575238 DOI: 10.1159/000015331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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120
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Ueki M, Okano M. Analysis of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone excretion in urine by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1999; 13:2237-2243. [PMID: 10547630 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19991130)13:22<2237::aid-rcm780>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A detailed procedure for the analysis of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in urine by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) has been established for detecting doping with DHEA. The average delta-value (parts per thousand difference of (13)C/(12)C ratio from the isotope ratio standard) of 26 synthetic steroids commercially available was -30.1 +/- 2.6, and was significantly lower than that of human endogenous DHEA in urine of the world class athletes who had participated in the XVIIth Olympic Winter Games (-20.3 +/- 2.1, n = 446). Although large inter-individual variations of urinary DHEA excretion were observed following a single oral administration of 50 mg of DHEA, no significant inter-individual difference was found when the excretion of exogenous DHEA was monitored in terms of delta-values using GC/C/IRMS; the minimum delta-values were observed around 6-8 h after the administration, and the values returned to the base level at over 72 h after the dosing. Thus, the deviations in delta-values of DHEA and its diol metabolites are considered to be conclusive evidence for detecting doping with DHEA. Some successful cases of detection of doping with DHEA from athletes are also reported.
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Abstract
Human lymphotropic viruses interacting with human immune systems may cause a wide spectrum of human diseases. Kawasaki disease has been thought to be related to events associated with infection, although a direct causative role has not been clearly demonstrated. In this concise review, the reported relationship between human lymphotropic viruses and Kawasaki disease is briefly described.
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122
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Fukushima M, Takeda J, Fukamiya N, Okano M, Tagahara K, Zhang SX, Zhang DC, Lee KH. A new taxoid, 19-acetoxytaxagifine, from Taxus chinensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1999; 62:140-2. [PMID: 9917302 DOI: 10.1021/np980202x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new taxane diterpene, 19-acetoxytaxagifine (1), was isolated from an ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Taxus chinensis. Its structure was determined on the basis of spectral evidence.
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123
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Stamm LM, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Okano M, Russell ME, David JR, Satoskar AR. Mice with STAT6-targeted gene disruption develop a Th1 response and control cutaneous leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1998; 161:6180-8. [PMID: 9834104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The cutaneous growth of Leishmania mexicana was measured in STAT6-deficient mice (STAT6-/-) and compared with that in similarly infected wild-type (STAT6+/+) mice. Following s.c. inoculation with 5 x 10(6) amastigotes of L. mexicana into the shaven rump, STAT6+/+ mice developed large, nonhealing cutaneous lesions, while STAT6-/- mice failed to develop detectable lesions during most of the course of study. As infection progressed, STAT6+/+ mice infected with L. mexicana displayed significantly higher titers of Leishmania-specific IgG1 and IgE compared with STAT6-/- mice, which conversely produced significantly higher titers of Leishmania-specific IgG2a, indicating development of a Th1-like response in the latter group. At 12 wk postinfection, Leishmania Ag-stimulated lymph node cells from STAT6-/- mice produced significantly higher amounts of IL-12 and IFN-gamma than those from STAT6+/+ mice as measured by ELISA. However, there was no significant difference in IL-4 production between the two groups. Semiquantitative RT-PCR of transcript levels in intact draining lymph nodes and skin from inoculation sites confirmed a similar pattern of cytokines in vivo as that observed in stimulated lymph node cells in vitro. These results indicate that STAT6-mediated IL-4 signaling is critical for progression of L. mexicana infection in genetically susceptible mice and demonstrate that in the absence of STAT6, susceptible mice default toward a Th1-like response and control cutaneous L. mexicana infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Targeting
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Leishmania mexicana/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Kawamura N, Ariga T, Ohtsu M, Yamada M, Tame A, Furuta H, Kobayashi I, Okano M, Yanagihara Y, Sakiyama Y. Elevation of serum IgE level and peripheral eosinophil count during T lymphocyte-directed gene therapy for ADA deficiency: implication of Tc2-like cells after gene transduction procedure. Immunol Lett 1998; 64:49-53. [PMID: 9865602 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We have successfully carried out T-cell-directed gene therapy for a boy with severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA SCID) and unexpectedly found an elevation of serum IgE level and peripheral eosinophil count during the course. More than 90% of transduced cells cultured for 7-11 days before infusion into the patient were positive for CD8 and expressed Th2-type cytokine genes such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. Furthermore, CD4(+) T-depleted PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from the patient synthesized IgE in vitro by stimulation with IL-4. Collectively, these results suggested that Tc2-like cells in the transduced cells have distinct immunological functions to help IgE synthesis and activate eosinophils.
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125
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Nakayama T, Okano M, Saitoh Y, Uchiyama T, Yatabe K, Kawai M. [Decreased blink frequency in myotonic dystrophy]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1998; 38:945-7. [PMID: 10203980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
We counted spontaneous eye blink rate in 11 myotonic dystrophy (MD) patients. Seven healthy subjects as well as 10 Parkinson disease (PD) and 7 facio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy (FSH) patients were used as controls. Blink frequency was significantly decreased in MD and PD patients (7.6 +/- 4.9/min in average and 11.0 +/- 7.5/min, respectively), compared with healthy subjects and FSH patients (17.5 +/- 4.3/min and 17.3 +/- 9.9/min, respectively). Normal blink frequency in FSH suggests that the facial muscle weakness is not responsible for decreased blink frequency in MD. This observation is compatible with prolonged R1 latency in blink reflex in MD, suggesting a dysfunction of central mechanism of blink control system as in the case of PD, although there remains a possibility that the myotonia in levator palpebrae muscles disturbs blinking.
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