Cerebellar Hypoplasia Associated with an Avian Leukosis Virus Inducing Fowl Glioma

Fowl glioma-inducing virus (FGV), which belongs to subgroup A of avian leukosis virus (ALV), shows tumorigenicity and pathogenicity, mainly in the nervous system, and causes astrocytoma and perineurioma. Apart from these neoplasms, cerebellar anomaly was found in chickens infected with FGV in ovo. The study reported here describes the morphologic characteristics of the affected cerebellum. Specific-pathogen-free chickens (C/O) were inoculated with FGV through the yolk sac on the 7th day of incubation. The cerebellar anomaly included diffuse depletion of granular cells of the internal granular layer (IGL), remnants of the external granular layer (EGL), and disorganization of the Purkinje cell layer. These cerebellar changes were observed in all birds except one. in the infected embryos, the EGL was thicker and had an irregular arrangement with a thin molecular layer (ML) and IGL, compared with the control. The granular cells were immunohistochemically positive for ALV common antigen. immunohistochemical analysis for vimentin revealed disarrangement and decreased number of Bergmann's fibers. Use of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling method and electron microscopy indicated that apoptotic granular cells were frequently observed in the EGL and ML. These results suggested that the cerebellar anomaly was hypoplasia, principally resulting from the apoptosis of granular cells in the EGL and ML caused by FGV infection and that the cell loss induced obstruction of granular cell migration and disarrangement of Bergmann's fibers in the ML.

Effect of Antihypertensive Therapy on Blood Rheology in Patients with Essential Hypertension

Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and antihypertensive drugs can decrease the occurrence of such events in hypertensive patients. This study compared the rheological properties of blood in 22 untreated hypertensive patients, 42 patients taking antihypertensive drugs and 74 normotensive subjects. Using a microchannel method, the whole blood passage time was measured and blood movement was observed with a microscope connected to an image display unit. The blood passage time in untreated hypertensive patients was significantly higher than in treated hypertensive patients or normotensive subjects, but was similar in the latter two groups. Microscopic observations showed that platelet aggregation and leucocyte adhesion were increased in untreated hypertensive patients, resulting in poor flow, while blood samples from treated hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects passed smoothly through the microchannels. These rheological differences could contribute to the decrease in cardiovascular disease seen when hypertensive patients are treated effectively.

The Roles of the Secreted Phospholipase A2 Gene Family in Immunology

Within the phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) family that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, secreted PLA₂ (sPLA₂) enzymes comprise the largest group containing 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA₂s exhibit unique tissue or cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Although PLA₂ enzymes, particularly cytosolic PLA₂ (cPLA₂α), have long been implicated in inflammation by driving arachidonic acid metabolism, the precise biological roles of sPLA₂s have remained a mystery over the last few decades. Recent studies employing mice gene-manipulated for individual sPLA₂s, in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to identify their target substrates and products in vivo, have revealed their roles in diverse biological events, including immunity and associated disorders, through lipid mediator-dependent or -independent processes in given microenvironments. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA₂s in various immune responses and associated diseases.

NecroX-5 suppresses IgE/Ag-stimulated anaphylaxis and mast cell activation by regulating the SHP-1-Syk signaling module

BACKGROUND

IgE/Ag-stimulated mast cells release various pro-allergic inflammatory mediators, including histamine, eicosanoids, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. NecroX-5, a cell permeable necrosis inhibitor, showed cytoprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. However, the anti-allergic effect of NecroX-5 has not yet been investigated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the anti-allergic activity of NecroX-5 in vivo and to investigate the underlying mechanism in vitro.

METHODS

The anti-allergic activity of NecroX-5 was evaluated in vitro using bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and IgE receptor-bearing RBL-2H3 or KU812 cells and in vivo using a mouse model of passive anaphylaxis. The levels of histamine, eicosanoids (PGD2 and LTC4 ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using enzyme immunoassay kits. The mechanism underlying the action of NecroX-5 was investigated using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and gene knockdown techniques.

RESULTS

NecroX-5 markedly inhibited mast cell degranulation and the synthesis of eicosanoids, TNF-α, and IL-6 by suppressing the activation of Syk, LAT, phospholipase Cγ1, MAP kinases, the Akt/NF-κB pathway, and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization via the activation of phosphatase SHP-1. Oral administration of NecroX-5 effectively suppressed mast cell-dependent passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylactic reactions in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

NecroX-5 might be a potential candidate for the development of a novel anti-allergic agent that suppresses IgE-dependent mast cells signaling.

CXCL14 and MCP1 are potent trophic factors associated with cell migration and angiogenesis leading to higher regenerative potential of dental pulp side population cells

Introduction

The release of trophic factors from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is critical for tissue regeneration. A systematic investigation of the regenerative potential of trophic factors from different MSCs, however, has not been performed. Thus, in the present study, the regenerative potential of conditioned medium (CM) from dental pulp, bone marrow, and adipose tissue-derived CD31⁻ side population (SP) cells from an individual source was compared in an ectopic tooth transplantation model.

Methods

The tooth root transplantation in an ectopic site model was used for investigation of the regenerative potential and trophic effects in vivo. Either pulp CD31⁻ SP cell populations (1×10⁶ cells) at the third to fourth passage or 5 μg/ml of CM from dental pulp, bone marrow, and adipose stem cells from four different individuals were injected into the root with collagen TE. Each root was transplanted subcutaneously in 5-week-old severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Each root with surrounding tissue was harvested for histology on days 7, 21, and 28 and for Western blot analysis and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis on day 28. Furthermore, the trophic factors responsible for the regenerative potential were identified as the upregulated genes present in pulp CD31⁻ SP cells when compared with the genes in both bone marrow and adipose CD31⁻ SP cells by using microarray analysis, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis.

Results

Transplantation of pulp CM yielded increased volume of pulp regeneration, more bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive migrated cells, and fewer caspase 3-positive cells in the regenerated pulp compared with the others. Pulp CM also demonstrated significantly increased cell migration, anti-apoptosis, and angiogenesis in C2C12 cells. Higher expression of CXCL14 and MCP1 in pulp SP cells suggested candidate trophic factors. The stimulatory effects on both migration and angiogenesis of CXCL14 and MCP1 were demonstrated in vitro. In the regenerated tissue, BrdU-positive migrated cells expressed CXCR4 and CCR2, receptors for CXCL14 and MCP1, respectively.

Conclusions

The higher regenerative potential of pulp SP cells may be due to potent trophic factors, including CXCL14 and MCP1, which promote migration and angiogenesis.

Fluorescence-detected magnetic field effects on radical pair reactions from femtolitre volumes

We show that the effects of applied magnetic fields on radical pair reactions can be sensitively measured from sample volumes as low as ∼100 femtolitres using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Development of a fluorescence-based microscope method is likely to be a key step in further miniaturisation that will allow detection of magnetic field effects on single molecules.

Employment status among non-retired cancer survivors in Japan

Employed cancer patients confront some challenges as they attempt to return to work after treatment. We aimed to identify correlates of return to work for cancer survivors in Japan, with an emphasis on employment status. Participants were 260 patients (aged <65 years) who had received a cancer diagnosis ≥ 1 year previously and who were employed at the time of diagnosis. Participants completed questionnaires at consultations at any Regional Cancer Center Hospitals in Yamagata, Japan between 28 November 2011 and 9 December 2011. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates of return to work. Data cross-tabulation was used to evaluate relationships to workplace and income-changes by employment status. A high proportion of patients (75.8%) had returned to work. Non-regularly employed survivors were less likely to return to work (odds ratio = 5.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-21.35). Individuals with poor health, advanced-stage tumours, of advanced age and women were significantly less likely to return to work. Only 52.8% of non-regular employees continued to be employed, and their income decreased by as much as 61.1%. Social and financial support policies should be organised based on more intensive study of employment circumstances.

Effect of three-size too large strong stocking on venous hemodynamics in normal subjects

OBJECTIVES

To study the differences in impact on venous hemodynamics between larger size strong graduated elastic compression stockings (GECS) and appropriate size strong/moderate GECS.

METHOD

In healthy legs fitted for a small (Group S; n = 8) and large (Group L; n = 8) GECS, air plethysmography was performed without GECS, with an appropriate size strong GECS (GECS1), with a three-size too large strong GECS (GECS2), and with an appropriate size moderate GECS (GECS3) in this order.

RESULTS

In Group S, interface pressure with GECS2 was equal to or higher than that with GECS3. Decreased venous volume, unchanged ejection volume, and decreased residual volume were achieved by GECS, but differences in these parameters among GECS were not observed. Although insignificant, a similar tendency was found in Group L.

CONCLUSIONS

A larger size strong GECS seemed to have equivalent interface pressure and impact on venous hemodynamics compared to an appropriate size moderate or strong GECS.

Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic assessment of naturally occurring pancreatitis in dogs

BACKGROUND

Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can detect pancreatic perfusion changes in experimentally induced canine pancreatitis. However, its usefulness in detecting perfusion changes in naturally occurring pancreatitis is unclear.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES

To determine the feasibility of using CEUS to detect pancreatic and duodenal perfusion changes in naturally occurring canine pancreatitis.

ANIMALS

Twenty-three client-owned dogs with pancreatitis, 12 healthy control dogs.

METHODS

Dogs diagnosed with pancreatitis were prospectively included. CEUS of the pancreas and duodenum were performed. Time-intensity curves were created from regions of interest in the pancreas and duodenum. Five perfusion parameters were obtained for statistical analyses: time to initial up-slope, peak time (Tp), time to wash-out (TTW), peak intensity (PI), and area under the curve (AUC).

RESULTS

For the pancreas, Tp of the pancreatitis group was prolonged when compared to controls (62 ± 11 seconds versus 39 ± 13 seconds; P < .001). TTW also was prolonged but not significantly (268 ± 69 seconds versus 228 ± 47 seconds; P = .47). PI and AUC were increased when compared to controls (95 ± 15 versus 78 ± 13 MPV; P = .009 and 14,900 ± 3,400 versus 11,000 ± 2,800 MPV*s; P = .013, respectively). For the duodenum, PI and AUC were significantly increased in the pancreatitis group when compared to controls.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can detect pancreatic perfusion changes in naturally occurring canine pancreatitis characterized by delayed peak with prolonged hyperechoic enhancement of the pancreas on CEUS. Additionally, duodenal perfusion changes secondary to pancreatitis were observed.

Species differences in the metabolism of ritobegron in vitro and assessment of potential interactions with transporters and cytochrome P450 enzymes

Ritobegron, a selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist, is the prodrug of the active compound, KUC-7322. We investigated species differences in its metabolism in vitro and the potential for drug-drug interactions with ritobegron. In rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes, ritobegron was not metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). KUC-7322 was the only metabolite observed. Hydrolysis of ritobegron to KUC-7322 was likely catalyzed by carboxylesterases in human liver microsomes. The maximum velocity of the reaction (V(max))/Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) for hydrolysis of ritobegron to KUC-7322 was much higher in rat serum than those in other species. There were also species differences in the conjugation of KUC-7322. Sulfate conjugates of ritobegron were detected in all species, whereas glucuronide and glutathione conjugates of KUC-7322 were only observed in rat liver subcellular fractions. Ritobegron and KUC-7322 did not affect the CYP-mediated metabolism of probe substrates in human liver microsomes and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1)-, OAT2-, OAT3-, organic cation transporter 2 (OCT-2)-, OCT3-, or organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1)-mediated uptake of probe substrates in S2 cells. Ritobegron, but not KUC-7322, inhibited P-glycoprotein-mediated digoxin transport in Caco-2 cells. Significant uptake of KUC-7322 was observed in OAT3-expressing S2 cells. Therefore, CYP-mediated drug-drug interactions are not likely when ritobegron is administered with CYP substrates or inhibitors. Ritobegron may increase the plasma concentrations of P-glycoprotein substrates, such as digoxin, and the plasma concentration of KUC-7322 may increase when it is administered in combination with OAT inhibitors such as probenecid.

Absorption, disposition, metabolism, and excretion of ritobegron (KUC-7483), a novel selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist, in rats

The pharmacokinetic profile of ritobegron, a novel, selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist, was investigated in rats. Ritobegron, an ethyl ester prodrug of the active compound KUC-7322, or KUC-7322 itself was orally administered (10 mg/kg). Ethyl esterification resulted in a 10-fold increase in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-t)), as compared to KUC-7322. Following intravenous administration of KUC-7322 (1 mg/kg), total blood clearance was 1.36 L/h/kg, suggesting that intrinsic hepatic clearance is the rate-limiting step in KUC-7322 excretion. When ritobegron was orally administered (0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg), plasma concentrations of KUC-7322 rapidly increased and reached a maximum concentration (C(max)) at 0.25 to 0.31 h. KUC-7322 levels rapidly decreased, with a half-life (t 1/2) of 0.42 to 1.37 h thereafter. AUC(0-t) did not show a dose-dependent increase. The bioavailability of KUC-7322 was estimated to be 4%. Following oral administration of [14C]ritobegron (3 mg/kg), radioactivity concentrations in tissues rapidly increased and declined in parallel with changes in plasma concentration. In most of tissues, excluding the liver, kidney, urinary bladder, stomach and small intestine, radioactivity concentrations were lower than that in plasma. In plasma, bile, urine, and feces, KUC-7322 and its glucuronide, sulfate, and glutathione conjugates were detected. The glucuronide conjugate of KUC-7322 was the predominant metabolite in bile, plasma, and urine, and KUC-7322 was predominant in feces. Ritobegron was not detected in any of the samples. The cumulative excretion of radioactivity in urine and feces were 28.7% and 68.3% of the dose, respectively, up to 120 h after administration.

Efficient drug delivery of Paclitaxel glycoside: a novel solubility gradient encapsulation into liposomes coupled with immunoliposomes preparation

Although the encapsulation of paclitaxel into liposomes has been extensively studied, its significant hydrophobic and uncharged character has generated substantial difficulties concerning its efficient encapsulation into the inner water core of liposomes. We found that a more hydrophilic paclitaxel molecule, 7-glucosyloxyacetylpaclitaxel, retained tubulin polymerization stabilization activity. The hydrophilic nature of 7-glucosyloxyacetylpaclitaxel allowed its efficient encapsulation into the inner water core of liposomes, which was successfully accomplished using a remote loading method with a solubility gradient between 40% ethylene glycol and Cremophor EL/ethanol in PBS. Trastuzumab was then conjugated onto the surface of liposomes as immunoliposomes to selectively target human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-overexpressing cancer cells. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that the immunoliposomes enhanced the toxicity of 7-glucosyloxyacetylpaclitaxel in HER2-overexpressing cancer cells and showed more rapid suppression of cell growth. The immunoliposomes strongly inhibited the tumor growth of HT-29 cells xenografted in nude mice. Notably, mice survived when treated with the immunoliposomes formulation, even when administered at a lethal dose of 7-glucosyloxyacetylpaclitaxel in vivo. This data successfully demonstrates immunoliposomes as a promising candidate for the efficient delivery of paclitaxel glycoside.

Nuclear chemistry. Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex

Experimental investigations of transactinoide elements provide benchmark results for chemical theory and probe the predictive power of trends in the periodic table. So far, in gas-phase chemical reactions, simple inorganic compounds with the transactinoide in its highest oxidation state have been synthesized. Single-atom production rates, short half-lives, and harsh experimental conditions limited the number of experimentally accessible compounds. We applied a gas-phase carbonylation technique previously tested on short-lived molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) isotopes to the preparation of a carbonyl complex of seaborgium, the 106th element. The volatile seaborgium complex showed the same volatility and reactivity with a silicon dioxide surface as those of the hexacarbonyl complexes of the lighter homologs Mo and W. Comparison of the product's adsorption enthalpy with theoretical predictions and data for the lighter congeners supported a Sg(CO)6 formulation.