Transplantation of dedifferentiated fat cells combined with a biodegradable type I collagen-recombinant peptide scaffold for critical-size bone defects in rats

Tissue engineering is a promising approach to supplement existing treatment strategies for craniofacial bone regeneration. In this study, a type I collagen scaffold made from a recombinant peptide (RCP) with an Arg-Gly-Asp motif was developed, and its effect on regeneration in critical-size mandibular bone defects was evaluated. Additionally, the combined effect of the scaffold and lipid-free dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells was assessed. Briefly, DFAT cells were separated from mature adipocytes by using a ceiling culture technique based on buoyancy. A 3 cm × 4 cm critical-size bone defect was created in the rat mandible, and regeneration was evaluated by using RCP with DFAT cells. Then, cultured DFAT cells and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were seeded onto RCP scaffolds (DFAT/RCP and ASC/RCP) and implanted into the bone defects. Micro-computed tomography imaging at 8 weeks after implantation showed significantly greater bone regeneration in the DFAT/RCP group than in the ASC/RCP and RCP-alone groups. Similarly, histological analysis showed significantly greater bone width in the DFAT/RCP group than in the ASC/RCP and RCP-alone groups. These findings suggest that DFAT/RCP is effective for bone formation in critical-size bone defects and that DFAT cells are a promising source for bone regeneration.

Rat Palatine Fissure: A Suitable Experimental Model for Evaluating Bone Regeneration

IMPACT STATEMENT

The rat palatine fissure is anatomically similar to human alveolar cleft. In this study, we examined potential bone repair by an autologous bone implant and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) using rat palatine fissure as a model. Autologous bone chips or β-TCP granules were implanted into the rat palatine fissure. Our model demonstrated that higher bone volume and bone mineral density were achieved with autologous bone graft than with β-TCP. We have provided the first demonstration of the suitability of the rat palatine fissure as the implant site to simulate the transplantation of bone graft materials into human alveolar cleft.

Efficacy of repeated balloon venoplasty for treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after pediatric living-donor liver transplantation: A single-institution experience

HVOO is a rare complication after LT and an important cause of graft failure. Balloon venoplasty is the first-line treatment for HVOO, but the effect of repeated balloon venoplasty and stent placement for HVOO recurrence after pediatric LDLT remains unclear. Between 1998 and 2016, 147 pediatric patients underwent LDLT in our institution. Among them, the incidence of HVOO and the therapeutic strategy were retrospectively reviewed. Ten patients were diagnosed with HVOO. All the patients underwent LLS grafts. Median age at the initial endovascular intervention was 2.7 years (range, 5 months-8 years). The median interval between the LDLT and the initial interventional radiology was 2.7 months (range, 29 days-35.7 months). Four patients experienced no recurrence after a single balloon venoplasty; 6 underwent balloon venoplasty more than 3 times because of HVOO recurrence; and 2 underwent stent placement due to the failure of repeated balloon venoplasty. All patients are alive with no symptoms of HVOO. The HVOO recurrence-free period after the last intervention ranged from 20 days to 15.5 years (median, 8.9 years). Repeated balloon venoplasty may prevent unnecessary stent placement to treat recurrent HVOO after pediatric LDLT.

Primordial and recycled helium isotope signatures in the mantle transition zone

Isotope compositions of basalts provide information about the chemical reservoirs in Earth's interior and play a critical role in defining models of Earth's structure. However, the helium isotope signature of the mantle below depths of a few hundred kilometers has been difficult to measure directly. This information is a vital baseline for understanding helium isotopes in erupted basalts. We measured He-Sr-Pb isotope ratios in superdeep diamond fluid inclusions from the transition zone (depth of 410 to 660 kilometers) unaffected by degassing and shallow crustal contamination. We found extreme He-C-Pb-Sr isotope variability, with high ³He/⁴He ratios related to higher helium concentrations. This indicates that a less degassed, high-³He/⁴He deep mantle source infiltrates the transition zone, where it interacts with recycled material, creating the diverse compositions recorded in ocean island basalts.

A class I fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is associated with salt stress tolerance in a halotolerant cyanobacterium Halothece sp. PCC 7418

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is a key metabolic enzyme, which is involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle. The distinct physiological roles of FBAs in various organisms have been reported; however, in cyanobacteria, the functional characterization of FBAs and investigation of the intracellular dynamics of FBAs largely remains unknown. Here, we utilized a two-step chromatographic technique to identify a class I FBA (CI-FBA), which we named H2846. H2846 was induced by salt stress in the halotolerant cyanobacterium Halothece sp. PCC 7418 (hereafter referred to as Halothece 7418). Phylogenetic analysis showed that H2846-like CI-FBAs existed mainly in cyanobacterial species that inhabit hypersaline environments. Subcellular fractionation revealed that H2846 localized in the cytosolic and periplasmic spaces and size-exclusion chromatography suggested that H2846 formed a homohexamer. The CI-FBA activity of recombinant H2846-mediated cleavage of fructose bisphosphate (FBP) was characterized using a coupled enzymatic assay. This analysis allowed us to determine the K_m and V_max values of recombinant H2846, which were then compared to previously reported K_m and V_max values of several FBAs. Our data suggested that H2846 was likely responsible for the salt stress-induced CI-FBA activity from the total soluble protein extracts derived from Halothece 7418 cells. Moreover, heterologous expression of H2846 but not H2847, a class II FBA (CII-FBA), conferred salt stress tolerance to the salt-sensitive freshwater cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, which only contains the CII-FBA, S1443. S. elongatus PCC 7942 with a S1443 gene deletion was complemented by H2847 expression, but was not complemented by expression of H2846. Taken together, these results indicate the functional differences between two distinct sets of FBAs in cyanobacteria. H2846 is an active CI-FBA that contributes to the mechanism of salt stress tolerance in Halothece 7418.

Improved Carotenoid Processing with Sustainable Solvents Utilizing Z-Isomerization-Induced Alteration in Physicochemical Properties: A Review and Future Directions

Carotenoids—natural fat-soluble pigments—have attracted considerable attention because of their potential to prevent of various diseases, such as cancer and arteriosclerosis, and their strong antioxidant capacity. They have many geometric isomers due to the presence of numerous conjugated double bonds in the molecule. However, in plants, most carotenoids are present in the all-E-configuration. (all-E)-Carotenoids are characterized by high crystallinity as well as low solubility in safe and sustainable solvents, such as ethanol and supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂). Thus, these properties result in the decreased efficiency of carotenoid processing, such as extraction and emulsification, using such sustainable solvents. On the other hand, Z-isomerization of carotenoids induces alteration in physicochemical properties, i.e., the solubility of carotenoids dramatically improves and they change from a “crystalline state” to an “oily (amorphous) state”. For example, the solubility in ethanol of lycopene Z-isomers is more than 4000 times higher than the all-E-isomer. Recently, improvement of carotenoid processing efficiency utilizing these changes has attracted attention. Namely, it is possible to markedly improve carotenoid processing using safe and sustainable solvents, which had previously been difficult to put into practical use due to the low efficiency. The objective of this paper is to review the effect of Z-isomerization on the physicochemical properties of carotenoids and its application to carotenoid processing, such as extraction, micronization, and emulsification, using sustainable solvents. Moreover, aspects of Z-isomerization methods for carotenoids and functional difference, such as bioavailability and antioxidant capacity, between isomers are also included in this review.

Enhanced Z-isomerization of tomato lycopene through the optimal combination of food ingredients

In tomatoes, most lycopene is present in the all-E-configuration and shows very low bioavailability, whereas the Z-isomers show higher bioavailability. Hence, for health reasons, it is expected that the ingestion of lycopene Z-isomers is preferable. Very recently, it was reported that onion and possibly garlic promoted thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene but there are no reports for other food ingredients. Here we show new food ingredients that enhance thermal Z-isomerization of lycopene in tomatoes and from the results, we guessed some causative components having the Z-isomerization promoting effect. A comprehensive investigation of food ingredients revealed that some vegetables (Allium sp., Brassica sp., and Raphanus sp.), shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes), and some edible seaweeds (Saccharina sp. and Ecklonia sp.) markedly promoted Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene in tomato puree with heating at 80 °C for 1 h. Moreover, it was revealed that polysulfides, isothiocyanates, carbon disulfide, and iodine, which were commonly contained in the above food ingredients in considerable quantity, enhanced thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene. Our findings on the food ingredients and the food-derived catalysts having a carotenoid Z-isomerization promoting effect are important, not only for the food, drink, and dietary supplement manufacturing industries, but also for daily home cooking.

Transplantation effects of dental pulp-derived cells on peripheral nerve regeneration in crushed sciatic nerve injury

The effects of transplanted human dental pulp-derived cells (DPCs) on peripheral nerve regeneration were studied in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury. In one group, DPCs were transplanted into the compression site (cell transplantation group); the control group underwent no transplantation (crushed group). Sciatic nerve regeneration was determined based on the recovery of motor function and histological and immunohistochemical analyses. The cell transplantation group showed improved motor function compared with the crushed group using the CatWalk XT system, which corresponded to a higher ratio of tibialis to anterior muscle weight 14 days after surgery. Histological analysis revealed a smaller interspace area and few vacuoles in the sciatic nerve after cell transplantation compared with the crushed group. The myelin sheath was visualized with Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining and anti-myelin basic protein (anti-MBP) antibody labeling; the percentages of LFB- and MBP-positive areas were higher in the cell transplantation group than in the crushed group. Human mitochondria-positive cells were also identified in the sciatic nerve at the transplantation site 14 days after surgery. Taken together, the observed correlation between morphological findings and functional outcomes following DPC transplantation indicates that DPCs promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats.

Scanning transmission electron microscopic analysis of nitrogen generated by 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine-besed peroxidase reaction with resin ultrathin sections of rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells

A 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB)-based method was used to detect the localization of endogenous peroxidase activity in Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) parotid gland acinar cells. The tissue had previously been resin-embedded in gelatin capsules for routine electron microscopic observations and thus pre-incubation for endogenous peroxidase analysis was not possible. We attempted to demonstrate the relationship between secretory granules (SGs) in resin ultrathin sections of Indian rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells and endogenous peroxidase activity. A JEM 1400 Plus scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) was used to conduct energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the presence of nitrogen generated by the DAB reaction in bipartite structural SG consisting of a dense body (or core). The mapping patterns of nitrogen were restricted to the dense body. We observed nitrogen localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nuclear envelope (NE) and several components of the Golgi apparatus (G) of rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells participating in the synthetic pathway of secretory proteins. Moreover, we established a nitrogen-detection method by EDS analysis of rhinoceros parotid gland. The reliability of the method was validated by comparison of the test group (peroxidase detection in ultrathin resin sections) and the control group (ordinary peroxidase detection in semi-thin sections following glutaraldehyde pre-fixation) of rat submandibular gland. The same mapping patterns of nitrogen were detected by DAB reaction in the SG, ER, NE and G in these two groups. Hence, EDS-STEM approaches for endogenous peroxidase post-incubation analysis will prove useful for advanced cytochemical analysis for the identification of any other resin sections.

Glycerolipid Composition of the Red Macroalga Agarophyton Chilensis and Comparison to the Closely Related Agarophyton Vermiculophyllum Producing Different Types of Eicosanoids

The red macroalga Agarophyton chilensis is a well-known producer of eicosanoids such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, but the alga produces almost no prostaglandins, unlike the closely related A. vermiculophyllum. This indicates that the related two algae would have different enzyme systems or substrate composition. To carry out more in-depth discussions on the metabolic pathway of eicosanoids between the two algae, we investigated the characteristics of glycerolipids, which are the substrates of eicosanoids production, of A. chilensis and compared them to the reported values of A. vermiculophyllum. In A. chilensis, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were the major lipid classes and accounted for 44.4% of the total lipid extract. The predominant fatty acids were arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), an eicosanoids precursor, and palmitic acid (16:0). The 20:4n-6 content was extremely high in MGDG and PC (>70%), and the 16:0 content was extremely high in DGDG and SQDG (>40%). A chiral-phase HPLC analysis showed that fatty acids were esterified at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of those lipids. The glycerolipid molecular species were determined by reversed-phase HPLC–ESI–MS analysis. The main glycerolipid molecular species were 20:4n-6/20:4n-6 (sn-1/sn-2) for MGDG (63.8%) and PC (48.2%), 20:4n-6/16:0 for DGDG (71.1%) and SQDG (29.4%). These lipid characteristics of A. chilensis were almost the same as those of A. vermiculophyllum. Hence, the differences of the eicosanoids producing ability between the two algae would not be due to the difference of substrate composition but the difference of enzyme system.

Electron paramagnetic resonance enhanced crystal field analysis for low point-group symmetry systems: C2v sites in Sm3+:CaF2/SrF2

We present a comprehensive spectroscopic study of C[Formula: see text] point-group symmetry sites in Sm[Formula: see text]:CaF[Formula: see text]/SrF[Formula: see text] codoped with either NaF or LiF. Data includes electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of Zeeman and hyperfine interactions for the ground state, as well as site-selective excitation and fluorescence spectroscopy up to the [Formula: see text]G[Formula: see text] multiplet. Inclusion of the EPR data allowed us to determine unique crystal-field parameters. The parameters provide information about the geometry of the sites and the nature of the interactions between the Sm[Formula: see text] dopant and the alkaline earth co-dopant.