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Ascenzi P, Cao Y, Tundo GR, Coletta M, Fanali G, Fasano M. Ibuprofen and warfarin modulate allosterically ferrous human serum heme–albumin nitrosylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:185-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fanali G, Cao Y, Ascenzi P, Trezza V, Rubino T, Parolaro D, Fasano M. Binding of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and diazepam to human serum albumin. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:446-51. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alberio T, Anchieri C, Piacentini L, Gentile G, Simmaco M, Biasin M, Fasano M. Proteomic characterization of Jurkat T leukemic cells after dopamine stimulation: A model of circulating dopamine-sensitive cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:892-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ascenzi P, Gullotta F, Gioia M, Coletta M, Fasano M. O2-mediated oxidation of ferrous nitrosylated human serum heme–albumin is limited by nitrogen monoxide dissociation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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105
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Alberio T, Colapinto M, Natale M, Ravizza R, Gariboldi MB, Bucci EM, Lopiano L, Fasano M. Changes in the two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern of the Parkinson's disease related protein DJ-1 in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after dopamine treatment. IUBMB Life 2011; 62:688-92. [PMID: 20836127 DOI: 10.1002/iub.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1 is a mitochondrial protein linked to Parkinson's disease. DJ-1 has been suggested to have several possible functions, although it has been mainly associated to oxidative stress defence. Changes in the two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern have been thoroughly described as a consequence of oxidative modification of the Cys106 residue. There is accumulating evidence supporting a specific role of DJ-1 in protecting dopaminergic neurons from dopamine itself. By exposing SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma catecholaminergic cells to dopamine, we observed a specific increase in the most acidic forms in the DJ-1 two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern together with a significant decrease of the most basic spot. Unlike cells exposed to generic oxidative conditions, no additional shift was observed. The results are corroborated by a meta-analysis of the literature showing that in the absence of dopamine treatment the specific acidic form is underrepresented.
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di Masi A, Gullotta F, Bolli A, Fanali G, Fasano M, Ascenzi P. Ibuprofen binding to secondary sites allosterically modulates the spectroscopic and catalytic properties of human serum heme-albumin. FEBS J 2011; 278:654-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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107
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Gridelli C, Morgillo F, Favaretto A, de Marinis F, Chella A, Cerea G, Mattioli R, Tortora G, Rossi A, Fasano M, Pasello G, Ricciardi S, Maione P, Di Maio M, Ciardiello F. Sorafenib in combination with erlotinib or with gemcitabine in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II study. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1528-1534. [PMID: 21212155 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib is a small-molecule multitargeted kinase inhibitor that blocks the activation of C-RAF, B-RAF, c-KIT, FLT-3, RET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), VEGFR-3 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β. The aim of this multicenter, randomized phase II study was to evaluate clinical activity and safety of sorafenib in combination with erlotinib or gemcitabine in unselected untreated elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS The trial was designed to select the most promising sorafenib-containing combination in previously untreated elderly (≥70 years) stage IIIB or IV NSCLC patients, with performance status of zero to two. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the following combinations: gemcitabine, 1200 mg/m(2) days 1 and 8, every 21 days, for a maximum of six cycles, plus sorafenib, 800 mg/day, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (arm 1); or erlotinib, 150 mg/day, plus sorafenib, 800 mg/day, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (arm 2). A selection design was applied with 1-year survival rate as the primary end point of the study, requiring 58 patients. RESULTS Sixty patients were randomly allocated to the study (31 patients in arm 1 and 29 patients in arm 2). After a median follow-up of 15 months, 10 patients [32%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 16% to 49%] in arm 1 and 13 patients (45%, 95% CI 27% to 63%) in arm 2 were alive at 1 year. Median overall survival was 6.6 and 12.6 months in arm 1 and arm 2, respectively. Observed toxic effects were consistent with the expected drug profiles. CONCLUSIONS The combination of erlotinib and sorafenib was feasible in elderly patients with advanced NSCLC and was associated with a higher 1-year survival rate than the other arm. According to the selection design, this combination warrants further investigation in phase III trials.
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Urbani A, Modesti A, Timperio AM, Bini L, Castagnola M, Fasano M, Roncada P. Proteomics and renaissance: accounts of the V Italian Proteomics Association Congress, Florence 2010. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:577-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb90007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aurilio G, Ricci V, De Vita F, Fasano M, Fazio N, Orditura M, Funicelli L, De Luca G, Iasevoli D, Iovino F, Ciardiello F, Conzo G, Nolè F, Lamendola M. A possible connective tissue primary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC). Ecancermedicalscience 2010; 4:197. [PMID: 22276042 PMCID: PMC3234019 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2010.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoepithelial carcinoma is an undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma with lymphoid stroma and non-keratinizing squamous cells with distinctive clinical, epidemiological and etiological features. Conversely, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas (LELCs) are carcinomas that arise outside the nasopharynx but resemble a lymphoepithelioma histologically. In this case study, LELC presentation in connective tissue (left sternocleidomastoid muscle) is peculiar and unusual, but its diagnosis is supported by histological findings and clinical history, especially long disease free survival and no primary lesions in nasopharynx and lung district. We also discuss the pathogenesis, hypothesizing an embryological theory. To our knowledge, it could be the first reported case of a primary connective tissue LELC to the neck.
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Ascenzi P, Bolli A, Gullotta F, Fanali G, Fasano M. Erratum: Drug binding to Sudlow's site I impairs allosterically human serum heme-albumin-catalyzed peroxynitrite detoxification. IUBMB Life 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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111
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Alberio T, Fasano M. Proteome chemistry to understand molecular bases of neurodegenerative disorders. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ascenzi P, Bolli A, Gullotta F, Fanali G, Fasano M. Drug binding to Sudlow's site I impairs allosterically human serum heme-albumin-catalyzed peroxynitrite detoxification. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:776-80. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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113
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Alberio T, Bossi AM, Milli A, Parma E, Gariboldi MB, Tosi G, Lopiano L, Fasano M. Proteomic analysis of dopamine and α-synuclein interplay in a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. FEBS J 2010; 277:4909-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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114
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Alberio T, Colapinto M, Natale M, Ravizza R, Gariboldi MB, Bucci EM, Lopiano L, Fasano M. Changes in the two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern of the Parkinson's disease related protein DJ-1 in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after dopamine treatment. IUBMB Life 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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115
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Fanali G, Rampoldi V, di Masi A, Bolli A, Lopiano L, Ascenzi P, Fasano M. Binding of anti-Parkinson's disease drugs to human serum albumin is allosterically modulated. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:371-6. [PMID: 20225277 DOI: 10.1002/iub.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Binding of drugs to plasma proteins is an important determinant for their efficacy because it modulates drug availability to the intended target. Co-administered drugs may bind to the same protein site or to different functionally linked clefts following competitive and allosteric mechanisms. Here, we report a thermodynamic and computational characterization of the binding mode of apomorphine and benserazide, two therapeutic agents co-administered in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, to human serum albumin (HSA). Apomorphine binds to HSA with a simple equilibrium (K(d) = 3.1 x 10(-6) M). Conversely, benserazide binds to HSA with two independent equilibria (K(d1)< or = 10(-6) M and K(d2) = 5.0 x 10(-5) M). Values of K(d) and K(d2) increase to 1.5 x 10(-5) M and 5.0 x 10(-4) M, respectively, in the presence of heme. Accordingly, the K(d) value for heme binding to HSA increases from 5.0 x 10(-7) M to 4.8 x 10(-6) M and 9.2 x 10(-7) M, in the presence of saturating amounts of apomorphine and benserazide, respectively. The K(d1) value for benserazide binding to HSA is not affected by heme binding, whereas apomorphine and benserazide inhibit warfarin binding to HSA, and vice versa. Therefore, apomorphine and the second benserazide molecule bind to the warfarin site, allosterically linked to the heme site. Simulated docking of apomorphine and benserazide into the warfarin site provides favorable values of intermolecular energy (-23.0 kJ mol(-1) and -15.2 kJ mol(-1), respectively). Considering the apomorphine, benserazide, and HSA-heme plasma levels and the possible co-administration of warfarin, these results appear relevant in the management of patients affected by Parkinson's disease.
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Bolli A, Marino M, Rimbach G, Fanali G, Fasano M, Ascenzi P. Flavonoid binding to human serum albumin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:444-9. [PMID: 20599706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoid may have beneficial effects in the prevention of chronic diseases. However, flavonoid bioavailability is often poor probably due to their interaction with plasma proteins. Here, the affinity of daidzein and daidzein metabolites as well as of genistein, naringenin, and quercetin for human serum albumin (HSA) has been assessed in the absence and presence of oleate. Values of the dissociation equilibrium constant (K) for binding of flavonoids and related metabolites to Sudlow's site I range between 3.3x10(-6) and 3.9x10(-5)M, at pH 7.0 and 20.0 degrees C, indicating that these flavonoids are mainly bound to HSA in vivo. Values of K increase (i.e., the flavonoid affinity decreases) in the presence of saturating amounts of oleate by about two folds. Present data indicate a novel role of fatty acids as allosteric inhibitors of flavonoid bioavailability, and appear to be relevant in rationalizing the interference between dietary compounds, food supplements, and drugs.
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Fasano M, Alberio T, Lopiano L. Peripheral biomarkers of Parkinson's disease as early reporters of central neurodegeneration. Biomark Med 2010; 2:465-78. [PMID: 20477424 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.2.5.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common age-related movement disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 2% among people over 65 years of age. The diagnosis of PD is currently based on the clinical manifestations of the disease; therefore, the availability of peripheral biomarkers would have a great impact. In this review, we discuss and compare several attempts made to find peripheral biomarkers of PD to achieve early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy assessment and classification of disease subtypes. Several investigators focused on proteins that are involved in PD pathogenesis. However, the best choice for a sensible biomarker-discovery procedure makes use of global approaches such as metabolomics and proteomics. In addition, the tissue or compartment where biomarkers are located, plays a basic role. In this context, lymphocytes are of particular interest because they are circulating dopaminergic cells, and display several functional modifications in PD.
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Ascenzi P, Fasano M. Allostery in a monomeric protein: The case of human serum albumin. Biophys Chem 2010; 148:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ascenzi P, Cao Y, di Masi A, Gullotta F, De Sanctis G, Fanali G, Fasano M, Coletta M. Reductive nitrosylation of ferric human serum heme-albumin. FEBS J 2010; 277:2474-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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120
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Fasano M, Greco MA. Proliferative Activity of Adrenal Glands with Adrenocortical Cytomegaly Measured by MIB-1 Labeling Index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513819609169303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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121
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Natale M, Bonino D, Consoli P, Alberio T, Ravid RG, Fasano M, Bucci EM. A meta-analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis pattern of the Parkinson's disease-related protein DJ-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 26:946-52. [PMID: 20172943 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION The two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) pattern of proteins is thought to be specifically related to the physiological or pathological condition at the moment of sample preparation. On this ground, most proteomic studies move to identify specific hallmarks for a number of different conditions. However, the information arising from these investigations is often incomplete due to inherent limitations of the technique, to extensive protein post-translational modifications and sometimes to the paucity of available samples. The meta-analysis of proteomic data can provide valuable information pertinent to various biological processes that otherwise remains hidden. RESULTS Here, we show a meta-analysis of the PD protein DJ-1 in heterogeneous 2-DE experiments. The protein was shown to segregate into specific clusters associated with defined conditions. Interestingly, the DJ-1 pool from neural tissues displayed a specific and characteristic molecular weight and isoelectric point pattern. Moreover, changes in this pattern have been related to neurodegenerative processes and aging. These results were experimentally validated on human brain specimens from control subjects and PD patients. AVAILABILITY ImageJ is a public domain image processing program developed by the National Institutes of Health and is freely available at http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij. All the ImageJ macros used in this study are available as supplementary material and upon request at info@biodigitalvalley.com. XLSTAT can be purchased online at http://www.xlstat.com/en/home/ at a current cost of approximately 300 EUR.
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Ascenzi P, di Masi A, Coletta M, Ciaccio C, Fanali G, Nicoletti FP, Smulevich G, Fasano M. Ibuprofen impairs allosterically peroxynitrite isomerization by ferric human serum heme-albumin. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31006-17. [PMID: 19734142 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) participates in heme scavenging; in turn, heme endows HSA with myoglobin-like reactivity and spectroscopic properties. Here, the allosteric effect of ibuprofen on peroxynitrite isomerization to NO(3)(-) catalyzed by ferric human serum heme-albumin (HSA-heme-Fe(III)) is reported. Data were obtained at 22.0 degrees C. HSA-heme-Fe(III) catalyzes peroxynitrite isomerization in the absence and presence of CO(2); the values of the second order catalytic rate constant (k(on)) are 4.1 x 10(5) and 4.5 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1), respectively. Moreover, HSA-heme-Fe(III) prevents peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of free added l-tyrosine. The pH dependence of k(on) (pK(a) = 6.9) suggests that peroxynitrous acid reacts preferentially with the heme-Fe(III) atom, in the absence and presence of CO(2). The HSA-heme-Fe(III)-catalyzed isomerization of peroxynitrite has been ascribed to the reactive pentacoordinated heme-Fe(III) atom. In the absence and presence of CO(2), ibuprofen impairs dose-dependently peroxynitrite isomerization by HSA-heme-Fe(III) and facilitates the nitration of free added l-tyrosine; the value of the dissociation equilibrium constant for ibuprofen binding to HSA-heme-Fe(III) (L) ranges between 7.7 x 10(-4) and 9.7 x 10(-4) m. Under conditions where [ibuprofen] is >>L, the kinetics of HSA-heme-Fe(III)-catalyzed isomerization of peroxynitrite is superimposable to that obtained in the absence of HSA-heme-Fe(III) or in the presence of non-catalytic HSA-heme-Fe(III)-cyanide complex and HSA. Ibuprofen binding impairs allosterically peroxynitrite isomerization by HSA-heme-Fe(III), inducing the hexacoordination of the heme-Fe(III) atom. These results represent the first evidence for peroxynitrite isomerization by HSA-heme-Fe(III), highlighting the allosteric modulation of HSA-heme-Fe(III) reactivity by heterotropic interaction(s), and outlining the role of drugs in modulating HSA functions. The present results could be relevant for the drug-dependent protective role of HSA-heme-Fe(III) in vivo.
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Willems P, Magri V, Cretnik M, Fasano M, Jakubowska A, Levanat S, Lubinski J, Marras E, Musani V, Thierens H, Vandersickel V, Perletti G, Vral A. Characterization of the c.190T>C missense mutation in BRCA1 codon 64 (Cys64Arg). Int J Oncol 2009; 34:1005-15. [PMID: 19287957 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Milan area (Northern Italy), we identified a family characterized by a high prevalence of ovarian and breast cancer cases (5 out of 6 subjects, over 3 generations), and a predominant prevalence of ovarian lesions (4 out of 5 patients). Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes allowed the identification of the missense c.190T>C mutation in codon 64 (Cys64Arg) of BRCA1. The aims of the present investigation were to characterize the functional implications of the c.190T>C mutation at the molecular level, and to search whether additional polymorphisms might be linked to the peculiar phenotypic features observed in the Italian pedigree. Molecular modelling studies suggested that substitution of the cysteine 64 with an arginine likely disrupts the architecture of the BRCA1 RING finger domain, responsible for the interaction with BARD1, essential for the tumor-suppressor activity of the BRCA1-BARD1 complex. By splicing site information analysis, exonic splicing enhancer site characterization, and analysis of transcript fragment length and sequence, we showed that the c.190T>C mutation was able to modulate the splicing of exon 5 in a fashion opposite to the c.190T>G transversion, responsible for the functionally-related Cys64Gly amino acid substitution. Genotyping of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the Italian family revealed the presence of two significant polymorphisms: the cancer-associated c.2612C>T SNP in BRCA1, and the c.-26G>A SNP in the BRCA2 gene, acting as an ovarian cancer risk modifier in carriers of deleterious BRCA1 mutations. Analysis of these SNPs in a genotypically-unrelated Polish family, characterized by prevalent breast neoplasms in carriers of the c.190T>C mutation, revealed a genetic profile consistent with the hypothetic role of both polymorphisms.
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Baroni S, Pariani G, Fanali G, Longo D, Ascenzi P, Aime S, Fasano M. Thermodynamic analysis of hydration in human serum heme–albumin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 385:385-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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