Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induced apoptosis in radiation-induced murine leukemia cell line

Cytokines regulate proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Recently it has been clarified that physiological cell death, apoptosis plays important role of hematopoiesis. So we evaluated the effects of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on leukemic cells, especially focused on apoptosis. Intravenous inoculation of radiation-induced murine leukemia cell line, C2M-A5 into the parent C3H mice resulted in the development of myeloid leukemia. However, the leukemic death of the mice was completely suppressed by the daily subcutaneous injection of recombinant human (rh)G-CSF from the next day (Bessho M. et al., Leuk Res 1989:13:1001-1007). In the in vitro study using C2M-A5 cells, we found that apoptosis appears on the cells at 48 hours after addition of G-CSF in culture. The cells in this stage lost the leukemogenicity to C3H mice (Bessho M. et al., Leukemia 8:1185-1190:1994). To clarify the mechanism of the induction of apoptosis by G-CSF we studied cell cycle and molecular changes in C2M-A5 cells cultured in medium with or without rhG-CSF by means of using the flowcytometry and Northern and Western blot analyses. After addition of rh G-CSF to culture, C2M-A5 cells removed to S phase, next arrested at G0/G1 phase on and after 24 hours, and 48 hours later, apoptosis was observed. Overexpression of mRNAs for c-myc (3-24 hours later) and for p53 (6-24 hours later), were observed in the cell cultured in rhG-CSF administered medium with a concomitant down-expression of bcl-2 mRNA (from 6 hours later). Tyrosine-phosphorylated protein (17 kd) appeared at 48 hours after administration of rhG-CSF to cell culture. This protein was suggested for specific apoptosis induction by rhG-CSF. These results are summarized as follows. (1) rhG-CSF induced apoptosis to C2M-A5 and deprived its leukemogenicity to mice. (2) Induction of apoptosis was associated with cell cycle and correlated to the changes of the expression rates of c-myc,p53, and bcl-2. (3) Tyrosine kinase may play an important role in apoptosis induction to C2M-A5 by rhG-CSF.

Ciliated craniopharyngioma indicates histogenetic relationship to Rathke cleft epithelium

A case of ciliated craniopharyngioma is reported. The patient was a 36-year-old man who suffered from visual disturbance, and he was revealed to have a tumor in the suprasellar region by CT scan. At operation, the tumor was a solid mass accompanied by multiple small cysts. Histologically, the tumor consisted of papillary type of craniopharyngioma in which foci of ciliated columnar epithelial cells were observed. Electron microscopy revealed ciliated epithelium with scattered goblet cells. This uncommon type of craniopharyngioma seems to offer a clue to understand the histogenesis of craniopharyngioma.

Stomach-preserving gastric bypass for unresectable pancreatic cancer

From 1992 to 1995, we treated 25 patients who had unresectable pancreatic cancer with a stomach-preserving gastric bypass (SPGB). After as much of the stomach as possible was preserved, it was bypassed to the jejunum by end-to-side anastomosis. During the same period, five patients underwent other types of bypasses while 47 similar patients did not undergo gastric bypass. Although the mean operative time for SPGB was significantly longer than for other types of bypass, the mean intraoperative blood loss was similar. Operative morbidity with SPGB was 28%, and there were no operative deaths. In patients undergoing SPGB, the incidence of delayed gastric emptying was high (24%), but the comfort index (ratio of duration of good palliation to duration of survival) exceeded 50% when metastases were either regional or systemic but limited. The comfort index of patients undergoing other types of bypass or not undergoing bypass was less than 40%. However, the patients with extensive systemic metastases survived less than 100 days and the comfort index was less than 30% for all treatment groups. Our results thus suggest that SPGB is safe and effective for patients with either regional metastases or limited systemic metastases.

The effect of ultrasonic waves on the oxidation current of chlorpromazine in the 38 and 96 kHz-ultrasonic vibrating electrode voltammetry

In the case of 38 and 96 kHz ultrasonic vibrating electrode (USVE) voltammetry of chlorpromazine, the oxidation current increased considerably with ultrasonic power (amplitude). Movement of the first oxidation product, crimson coloured cation radical, and the streaming of liquid in the neighbourhood of the USVE, were visually observed in order to understand the mechanism of the promotive effects of ultrasound on the oxidation reaction. The reaction profile of the oxidation of chlorpromazine in 38 kHz seems to be somewhat different from that in 96 kHz. However, the mechanical agitation of solution in the area nearest the electrode surface, which is essentially the same fundamental mechanism, takes place in both the cases of 38 and 96 kHz. Both micro- and macro-streamings due to the vibration of a small bubble on the electrode surface with a frequency lower than that of the ultrasonic wave were formed in 38 kHz. These streamings seemed to contribute to the agitation and the exchange of the solution near the electrode surface. However, at the same ultrasonic amplitude, the oxidation current at 96 kHz was much greater than that at 38 kHz. Such a promoting effect of ultrasound on the electrode reaction was considered to be due to the increase of the moving speed or to the acceleration of the particle in the solution.

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for the treatment of obstructive jaundice caused by metastases from nonbiliary and nonpancreatic cancers

The usefulness of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in the treatment of obstructive jaundice caused by metastases from nonbiliary and nonpancreatic cancers was evaluated. Eighteen patients underwent PTBD during a 3-year period. The primary cancers were located in the stomach (nine cases), colon (four), lung (three), uterus (one), and breast (one). The causes of obstructive jaundice and bile duct strictures were investigated using both abdominal computed tomography and abdominal ultrasonography. The causes of obstructive jaundice, the usefulness of PTBD in terms of the relief of symptoms and laboratory data, survival after PTBD, and the relationship between patient characteristics and survival were evaluated. Obstructive jaundice was most often attributable to metastases to the lymph nodes (17 of 18 cases). One case was attributed to metastasis to the liver. PTBD decreased the jaundice and relieved the symptoms caused by biliary tract obstruction. Median survival after PTBD was 59 days. Patients whose performance status was 2 or less survived longer than those with a performance status of 3 or more (P=0.018). Furthermore, patients aged less than 60 years tended to survive longer than those aged 60 or over (P=0.057). Our results suggest that PTBD is useful for relief of symptoms caused by obstructive jaundice in patients with nonbiliary and nonpancreatic cancers.

Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the liver characterized by an angiofollicular pattern mimicking Castleman's disease

A case of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the liver exhibiting a characteristic angiofollicular pattern is reported. A hepatic nodular lesion was discovered by abdominal echography during clinical follow-up of abnormal liver function tests. It was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma because of its hypervascularity when observed by angiography, and surgically resected. Grossly, the lesion was well-demarcated and measured 2 cm in diameter. Microscopically, the nodule was composed of lymph follicles with germinal centers, and the hyalinized inter-follicular space contained abundant hyalinized vasculature and plasma cells. The surrounding liver tissue exhibited chronic inflammation with some peculiar angiofollicular structures mimicking Castleman's disease. An immunohistochemical study revealed that the angiofollicular structure had the same characteristics as a lymph follicle with a germinal center, and that the plasma cells proliferating in the inter-follicular space had polyclonal immunophenotypes. These histological and immunohistochemical findings indicated that the angiofollicular structure observed was a kind of reactive lymph follicle, and that this hepatic lesion was reactive lymphoid hyperplasia rather than Castleman's disease or an inflammatory pseudotumor.

Evaluation of blood flow signal in small hepatic nodules by color Doppler ultrasonography

Small hepatic nodular lesions are frequently detected by ultrasonography in patients with liver cirrhosis during follow-up. However, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and non-HCC nodules are difficult to differentiate by ultrasonography because they have a similar appearance. We used color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) to examine 29 HCCs and 26 non-HCC nodules less than 2 cm in diameter to determine whether CDU can be used to differentiate small hepatic nodules. There were no significant differences between the examined HCCs and non-HCC nodules with regard to ultrasonographic appearance, i.e., hypoechoicity or hyperechoicity. Blood flow signals were detected in a significantly higher percentage of HCCs (13 of 29, 44.8%) than in non-HCC nodules (2 of 26, 7.7%; P<0.005), although the sensitivity was low. Therefore, we classified nodules as hypoechoic or hyperechoic by B-mode ultrasonography and examined their blood flow signals. Among nodules that were hypoechoic, signals were detected in a significantly higher percentage of HCCs (12 of 18, 66.7%) than in non-HCC nodules (2 of 13, 15.4%; P<0.005). In contrast, among hyperechoic nodules, signals were detected in only 1 of 11 (9.1%) HCCs and in 0 of 13 non-HCC nodules. Our results suggest that examination of blood flow by CDU is useful for differentiating small hepatic nodules, especially hypoechoic nodules.

Characteristic evoked potentials in childhood-onset dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy

To determine the characteristics of multimodal evoked potentials (MEPs) in childhood-onset dentatorubral-palli-doluysian atrophy (DRPLA) we studied three DRPLA patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials showed reduced or absent brainstem components as well as delayed latencies. In addition, short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (S-SEPs) had prolonged central conduction time and reduced amplitude of cortical components. Two patients with symptom onset in the first decade of life had extremely enlarged flash visual evoked potentials with shortened latency even in the absence of giant SEPs. Therefore, children with progressive myoclonus epilepsy and the above MEP findings are likely candidates for childhood-onset DRPLA and should undergo DNA analysis for DRPLA.

Segmental resection of the duodenum including the papilla of Vater for focal cancer in adenoma

BACKGROUND/AIM

Adenoma of the papilla of Vater is a premalignant lesion frequently associated with focal cancer. This adenoma has been treated by a variety of methods, and a consensus for its standard treatment has not been reached. A method of resection which is safe and reliable is desired.

METHOD

The distal part of duodenum and pancreas were separated. The pancreatic and bile ducts were exposed outside the pancreas and duodenum, respectively, and transected. Segmental resection of the distal part of the duodenum including the papilla of Vater was performed. The jejunum was elevated and anastomosed with the duodenum, bile duct, and pancreatic duct.

RESULTS

The resection was safely performed on two patients with focal cancer in adenoma. Delayed gastric emptying which continued for 2 to 3 weeks, occurred in both patients. Postoperatively, the patients resumed a normal life and weigh the same as before surgery.

CONCLUSION

Segmental resection of the duodenum including the papilla of Vater is a safe and effective treatment method for adenoma of the papilla of Vater, a premalignant neoplasm that is frequently associated with cancer.

Immunoexpression of the alpha subunit of a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (Go) in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms

The alpha subunit of a GTP-binding protein, Go, was investigated in pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms and fetal tissues of the lung by an immunohistochemical method. Positive immunostaining for the alpha subunit of Go (Go alpha) was found predominantly on the cell membrane and found occasionally in the cytoplasm. Typical carcinoids were all positively stained (9/9), and small cell carcinoma showed weaker and less frequent staining (5 positive cases in 10). Atypical carcinoids were variously stained (3/4). The tendency for obvious neuroendocrine differentiation to be immunohistochemically determined in typical carcinoids and not in small cell carcinoma is also true of staining for neuron specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A (CG-A) and synaptophysin. In the lung, Go alpha-immunostaining was positive not only in nerve tissues but also in the airway epithelium. In the fetal lung, serial sections immunostained for NSE, CG-A and Go alpha confirmed that Go alpha-immunoreactive cells belong to the neuroendocrine cell population. The biological significance of Go alpha is unclear in normal and neoplastic lung tissues, but Go alpha is a useful marker of neuroendocrine cells and neoplasma of the lung.

Palisades in cerebral astrocytoma simulating the so-called polar spongioblastoma: a histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopical study of an adult case

This report concerns a case of fibrous astrocytoma with palisade features that mimics a polar spongioblastoma. The patient was a 54-year-old female who presented with a tumor of the frontal lobe. The presence of neurites, with or without synaptic devices were considered to represent the entrapment by the tumors of the pre-existing neurons and their processes.

Expression of BCL-2 gene product in embryonal tumors of the central nervous system

BACKGROUND

The expression of bcl-2 is associated with suppression of programmed cell death and prolonged cell survival. Recently, immunoreactivity to the bcl-2 gene product has been reported not only in a variety of embryonal and adult nonhematopoietic tissues, but also in neuroblastoma. However, the study of bcl-2 expression has not been performed in brain tumors.

METHODS

In this study, we examined the incidence and significance of bcl-2 expression in 25 cases of embryonal tumors of the central nervous system, including medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, ependymoblastoma, and PNET (primitive neuroectodermal tumor), which has the possibility of neuronal differentiation.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that 13 tumors (52%) positive for bcl-2 belonged to early differentiated and neuronal types, and 7 negative tumors (28.0%) mostly belonged to undifferentiated type.

CONCLUSIONS

These results have led us to speculate on the possibility that tumor cells begin expressing bcl-2 along with their neuronal differentiation from primitive cells.

Pituitary choristoma composed of corticotrophs and adrenocortical cells in the sella turcica

A pituitary tumour composed of well-differentiated corticotrophs and adrenocortical cells is reported. Sections of the tumour revealed a mixture of small round cells with amphophilic or basophilic periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive cytoplasm and large spherical and oval cells with abundant, granular, partly vacuolated PAS-negative cytoplasm. The small cells contained type 1 cytokeratin-positive microfilaments, numerous 250-500 nm endocrine-type secretory granules immunoreactive for adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and beta-lipotropin. The large cells possessed ample cytoplasm filled with abundant vesicular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous mitochondria possessing tubulovesicular cristae and frequent dense bodies. They lacked the features of pituitary endocrine cells or folliculostellate cells and were found to contain a panel of steroidogenic dehydrogenases and hydroxylases. The tumour was classified as a choristoma, in which two distinct cells types, corticotrophs and adrenocortical cells, were mixed. We suggest that, under continued ACTH stimulation, umcommitted stem cells may differentiate into adrenocortical cells. Alternatively, the presence of adrenocortical cells may be the result of heterotopia.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy on childhood-onset dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA)

To evaluate brain dysfunction of childhood-onset dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), three children with progressive myoclonus epilepsy, who were diagnosed as having DRPLA by DNA analysis, for the first time, underwent a study of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). 1H-MRS obtained from both the parietal and basal ganglia regions disclosed markedly reduced ratios of N-acetylaspartate to both choline and creatine. Especially regarding the basal ganglia region, the latter (ratio of N-acetylaspartate to creatine) closely correlated to severity of genetic abnormality, i.e. number of expanded CAG repeats, suggesting that the degree of neuronal loss in the region strongly depends on genetic factors. 1H-MRS must be a valuable tool to clarify the pathophysiology of DRPLA.

Surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be curative in selected patients, particularly in those with a solitary small HCC (s-sHCC; 2 cm or less in diameter). However, even these patients often have a risk of tumor recurrence or death from underlying liver dysfunction. Therefore it is important to determine which clinicopathologic features are related to the long-term prognosis after resection of s-sHCC.

METHODS

Fifty patients with s-sHCC underwent partial hepatectomy at our department between 1977 and 1992. Six (12%) died of liver failure in hospital after operation. Eight clinicopathologic features were examined in the remaining 44 patients with regard to their long-term prognosis by use of univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 90%, 75%, and 53%, respectively. The corresponding disease-free survival rates were 80%, 53%, and 30%, respectively. None of the following parameters was significantly related to survival rate or disease-free survival rate: presence of vascular invasion or capsular formation, the distance of free surgical margin (1 cm or more or not), serum alpha-fetoprotein level, positive hepatitis B surface antigen, and preoperative transarterial embolization. Complicated liver function was the only significant factor related to survival rate and disease-free survival rate.

CONCLUSIONS

A good hepatic reserve is an important factor in treating patients with s-sHCC by surgical resection, even for a long-term prognosis. Liver transplantation should be considered for patients with severe cirrhosis and s-sHCC, even though a curative resection might be possible.

Invasive meningioma: a tumour with high proliferating and "recurrence" potential

A study was undertaken to investigate the correlation between histological invasiveness and proliferating potential and clinical recurrence in meningioma. In 39 meningiomas, the histological findings at the tumour-brain interface zone were classified into 3 types, consisting of 29 cases of non-invasion (NON). 7 cases of nodular invasion (NOD), and 3 cases of intermingled invasion (INT). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) indices were studied. PCNA indices (mean +/- standard error) of NON, NOD. and INT were 1.7 +/- 0.1%, 5.2 +/- 0.5%, and 7.5 +/- 0.7%. respectively, and the AgNOR indices (dot number/nucleus) were 1.50 +/- 0.03, 2.00 +/- 0.04, and 2.22 +/- 0.07, respectively. Significant differences were found among the three types in both parameters. Clinically, tumour recurrence was observed in 1/29 NON, 4/7 NOD, and 2/2 INT cases, indicating a higher incidence of recurrence in invasive meningiomas (NOD plus INT). Four of 32 patients who underwent gross total removal of the tumours showed recurrence, and all of these four tumours were invasive meningiomas. The results of the present study showed that tumour invasiveness as measured by PCNA + AgNOR indices correlated well with high proliferative potential and clinical recurrence.

Segmental resection of the duodenum for treating leiomyosarcoma associated with von Recklinghausen's disease: a case report

We report a case of leiomyosarcoma originating from the second portion of the duodenum and associated with von Recklinghausen's disease. A 62-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of abdominal pain and melena. A 5 cm tumor in the descending part of the duodenum was detected by hypotonic duodenography, CT, ultrasonography and endoscopy. Angiography revealed the tumor to be supplied by the mesenteric artery of the transverse colon. A segmental resection of the distal part of the duodenum was performed, preserving the head of the pancreas. Histologically, the tumor was a leiomyosarcoma, and the surgical margin was free of tumor cells. This surgery is safer than pancreatoduodenectomy, and is appropriate for treating non-epithelial tumors in the distal part of the duodenum in the absence of invasion of the head of the pancreas and regional lymph node metastasis. When carrying out the procedure, it is essential to ligate the branch of the pancreaticoduodenal vessels as close as possible to the duodenal side in order to preserve the blood supply to the pancreatic head.

Cholangiocarcinoma arising in bile duct adenoma with focal area of bile duct hamartoma

A 59-year-old male with history of sigmoid colon cancer had a high serum-CEA level and was referred for the evaluation of metastatic liver disease. Ultrasonography and computerized tomography showed two tumours in the liver. Macroscopically, these were in segment 4 (S4) and 2 (S2). Histologically, the tumour in S4 showed a number of bile ductules with variable amounts of stroma, an appearance compatible with bile duct adenoma (BDA). There were markedly atypical ductules of various sizes, the epithelium of which had coarsely granular/hyperchromatic large nuclei, in some areas of the lesion. These atypical ductules showed invasive growth into the liver parenchyma. Some cystically dilated ductules with bile plugs resembling bile duct hamartoma (BDH) were also seen. The other tumour in S2, was a metastatic adenocarcinoma from sigmoid colon and showed strongly positive staining for CEA. Since the lesion in S4 of our case is solitary and most of histological features are similar to those of BDA with markedly atypical bile ductules, we consider that this may be the first case of cholangiocarcinoma associated with BDA with focal area of BDH. It is possible that the adenoma-carcinoma sequence occurs in biliary tumours.

Origin of ciliated craniopharyngioma: pathological relationship between Rathke cleft cyst and ciliated craniopharyngioma

Histological study was undertaken on ciliated craniopharyngioma and Rathke cleft cyst, to know the origin of ciliated craniopharyngioma. Subjects were 7 cases with symptomatic Rathke cleft cysts and a ciliated craniopharyngioma. Light and electron microscopic observations were made on surgically resected specimens of the 8 cases. The ciliated craniopharyngioma was composed mainly of papillary type of craniopharyngioma and of dispersed ciliated columnar epithelium including goblet cells. Four cases with Rathke cleft cyst showed squamous metaplasia of which the basal cells were histologically similar to that of papillary type of craniopharyngioma. Other 3 cases of Rathke cleft cyst, basal cells were revealed to have tonofilaments and desmosomes. It seems possible that ciliated craniopharyngioma has derived from the basal cells of Rathke cleft epithelium.

Radiological study of symptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts

We investigated the relationship between radiological findings and the nature of the cyst fluid and histological findings of six Rathke's cleft cysts. The results show that the majority (five of six cases) of symptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts exhibit no enlargement of the sella turcica on plain x-rays, which may be helpful in differentiating cystic pituitary adenoma in the radiological diagnostic process. Three cases with large cysts showing high-intensity T1-weighted magnetic resonance images harbored abundances of cholesterol crystal and hemosiderin pigment in the cyst walls. The high signal intensity in magnetic resonance images of Rathke's cleft cysts may be explained by hemorrhage and a deposition of cholesterol crystal and may be considered in certain cases of Rathke's cleft cyst, especially when they are large.

[Recurrent meningioma with malignant transformation: a case which changed from meningothelial type to papillary type]

We report here a case with meningioma showing malignant transformation in its course of multiple recurrences. A 59-year-old woman developed a right-sided hemiparesis in June, 1982 and CT scan disclosed a parasagittal well-enhanced mass. The tumor was subtotally removed (Simpson grade III) by an operation in September, 1982. Histological findings of the tumor were consistent with a meningothelial meningioma but showed no malignant features, such as high cellularity, necrotic foci, high mitotic rate, or nuclear pleomorphism. However, the tumor did invade the underlying cerebral cortex. In August, 1986, a recurrent tumor was detected by CT scan and was removed (Simpson grade III). The tumor tissue at the second operation showed the same histological features as the first specimen. In September, 1990, the patient developed multiple intracranial recurrences. There were three tumor nodules, all of which were removed. Histologically, significant histological differences between the second and the third operative specimens were found. In the last tumor tissue, one nodule showed a papillary pattern. In the other tumor nodules, each tumor cell had proliferated separately instead of adhering to other tumor cells to form a syncytium. This histological pattern was consistent with an epithelial meningioma described by Cushing and Eisenhardt in 1938. The papillary portion of the tumor was stained with monoclonal antibody Ki-67 in frozen section. The labelling index was 9.7%, which was as high as malignant meningioma. Electron microscopic examination of the papillary portion of the tumor showed that the tumor cells had irregular nuclei, interdigitations between the adjacent plasma membranes and a few ill-developed desmosomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Intracranial extracerebral glioma]

A case of solitary leptomeningeal extracerebral glioma is reported. A 75-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of headache and right hemiparesis. CT scan and carotid angiography revealed a tumor in the left convexity. At operation, the tumor was located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane and adhered to the brain surface only in a limited area. Histological study including immunostain and electron microscopy showed the tumor as anaplastic oligo-astrocytoma. We speculate that our case may originate from a heterotopic glial nest in the dural border cell layer of dura mater. This explanation seems likely because the tumor was located mostly in the subdural space.