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Li QX, Young LS, Niedobitek G, Dawson CW, Birkenbach M, Wang F, Rickinson AB. Epstein-Barr virus infection and replication in a human epithelial cell system. Nature 1992; 356:347-50. [PMID: 1312681 DOI: 10.1038/356347a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus, a human herpesvirus with oncogenic potential, infects two target tissues in vivo: B lymphocytes, where the infection is largely non-productive, and stratified squamous epithelium in which virus replication occurs. The interaction with B cells, initiated through virus binding to the B-cell surface molecule CR2 (ref. 4), has been studied in vitro and the virus 'latent' genes associated with B-cell growth transformation defined. By comparison, viral infection of epithelium remains poorly understood, reflecting the lack of an appropriate cell-culture model. Here we describe the development of such a model using as targets CR2-expressing transfected cells of two independent human epithelial lines. A high proportion of these cells bind virus and become actively infected, expressing the small EBER RNAs (small non-polyadenylated virus-coded RNAs) and the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 but not other latent proteins; thereafter, under conditions favouring epithelial differentiation, up to 30% of the cells can be induced to enter virus productive cycle with some progressing to full virus replication. We find significant differences between laboratory virus strains in their ability to infect epithelium that do not correlate with their B-cell growth-transforming activity.
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Small DH, Moir RD, Fuller SJ, Michaelson S, Bush AI, Li QX, Milward E, Hilbich C, Weidemann A, Beyreuther K. A protease activity associated with acetylcholinesterase releases the membrane-bound form of the amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry 1991; 30:10795-9. [PMID: 1718425 DOI: 10.1021/bi00108a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid deposits in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) contain a protein (beta A4) which is abnormally cleaved from a larger transmembrane precursor protein (APP). APP is believed to be normally released from membranes by the action of a protease referred to as APP secretase. Amyloid deposits have also been shown to contain the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In this study, a protease activity associated with AChE was found to possess APP secretase activity, stimulating the release of a soluble 100K form of APP from HeLa cells transfected with an APP cDNA. The AChE-associated protease was strongly and specifically inhibited by soluble APP (10 nM) isolated from human brain. The AChE-associated protease cleaved a synthetic beta A4 peptide at the predicted cleavage site. As AChE is decreased in AD, a deficiency of its associated protease might explain why APP is abnormally processed in AD.
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104
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Li QX, Fan H. Bone marrow depletion by 89Sr complements a preleukemic defect in a long terminal repeat variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 1991; 65:4442-8. [PMID: 1649340 PMCID: PMC248884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.8.4442-4448.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described a preleukemic state induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) characterized by hematopoietic hyperplasia in the spleen. Further experiments suggested that splenic hyperplasia results from inhibitory effects in the bone marrow, leading to compensatory extramedullary hematopoiesis. An enhancer variant of Mo-MuLV, Mo + PyF101 Mo-MuLV, fails to induce preleukemic hyperplasia and has greatly reduced leukemogenicity, indicating the importance of this state to efficient leukemogenesis. An alternative method for induction of preleukemic hyperplasia was sought. Treatment of mice with 89Sr causes specific ablation of bone marrow hematopoiesis and compensatory extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen and nodes. NIH Swiss mice were inoculated neonatally with Mo + PyF101 Mo-MuLV and treated with 89Sr at 6 weeks of age. Approximately 85% developed lymphoid leukemia with a time course resembling that caused by wild-type Mo-MuLV. In contrast, very few animals treated with Mo + PyF101 Mo-MuLV or 89Sr alone developed disease. In approximately one-third of cases, the Mo + PyF101 Mo-MuLV proviruses were found at common sites for wild-type Mo-MuLV-induced tumors (c-myc, pvt-1, and pim-1), indicating that this virus is capable of performing insertional activation in T-lymphoid cells. These results support the proposal that splenic hyperplasia results from inhibitory effects in the bone marrow. They also indicate that Mo + PyF101 Mo-MuLV is blocked in early and not late events in leukemogenesis.
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105
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Brightman BK, Li QX, Trepp DJ, Fan H. Differential disease restriction of Moloney and Friend murine leukemia viruses by the mouse Rmcf gene is governed by the viral long terminal repeat. J Exp Med 1991; 174:389-96. [PMID: 1856627 PMCID: PMC2118917 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.2.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal CxD2 (Rmcfr) and Balb/c (Rmcfs) mice inoculated with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) exhibited approximately equivalent time course and pathology for disease. CxD2 mice showed only slightly reduced presence of Moloney mink cell focus-forming virus (M-MCF) provirus as seen by Southern blot analysis compared to Balb/c mice. This lack of restriction for disease and spread of MCF was in sharp contrast to that seen for CxD2 mice inoculated with Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV), where incidence of disease and propagation of MCFs were severely restricted, as previously reported. Inoculation of CxD2 mice with FM-MuLV, a recombinant F-MuLV virus containing M-MuLV LTR sequences (U3 and R), resulted in T cell disease of time course equal to that seen in Balb/c mice; there also was little restriction for propagation of MCFs. This indicated that presence of the M-MuLV long terminal repeat (LTR) was sufficient for propagation of MCFs in CxD2 mice. Differing restriction for F-MuLV vs. M-MuLV in CxD2 mice was explained on the basis of different "MCF propagator cells" for the two viruses. It was suggested that cells propagating F-MCF (e.g., erythroid progenitors) are blocked by endogenous MCF-like gp70env protein, whereas cells propagating M-MCF (e.g., lymphoid) do not express this protein on their surface. F-MuLV disease in CxD2 mice was greatly accelerated when neonates were inoculated with a F-MuLV/F-MCF pseudotypic mixture. However, F-MCF provirus was not detectable or only barely detectable in F-MuLV/F-MCF-induced tumors, suggesting that F-MCF acted indirectly in induction of these tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Viral
- Friend murine leukemia virus
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/mortality
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Moloney murine leukemia virus
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
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Li QX, Fan H. Combined infection by Moloney murine leukemia virus and a mink cell focus-forming virus recombinant induces cytopathic effects in fibroblasts or in long-term bone marrow cultures from preleukemic mice. J Virol 1990; 64:3701-11. [PMID: 2164592 PMCID: PMC249664 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.8.3701-3711.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We described previously a preleukemic state in mice inoculated with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) characterized by generalized hematopoietic hyperplasia in the spleen. To investigate this further, long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC) from preleukemic mice were established. Surprisingly, LTBMC from M-MuLV-inoculated preleukemic mice showed less hematopoiesis than LTBMC from control mice. This resulted from a quantitative defect in establishment of bone marrow stromal cells in the LTBMC. This phenomenon could also be observed in LTBMC from normal mice infected in vitro with a stock of M-MuLV containing a mink cell focus-forming virus (MCF) derivative (M-MCF), but not in LTBMC infected with M-MuLV alone. This implicated MCF derivatives in the reduction in bone marrow stromal cells. The phenomenon could also be detected in infected NIH 3T3 cells. Combined infection of M-MuLV plus M-MCF resulted in fewer cells, in comparison to uninfected cells or cells infected with either virus alone. Further studies indicated that this was predominantly due to an inhibition in cell growth rather than to cell lysis. The cytopathic effect did not appear to result from overreplication of viral DNA, as measured by Southern blots. Thus, combined infection with M-MuLV and an MCF derivative had cytostatic effects on cell growth. This phenomenon might also contribute to the leukemogenic process in vivo.
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107
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Li QX, Dowhan W. Studies on the mechanism of formation of the pyruvate prosthetic group of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:4111-5. [PMID: 2406271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli uses a pyruvate group as the enzyme cofactor (Satre, M., and Kennedy, E. P. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 479-483). Comparison of the DNA sequence of the psd gene with the partial amino acid sequence of the mature gene product suggests that the two nonidentical subunits of the mature enzyme are formed by cleavage of a proenzyme resulting in the conversion of Ser-254 to an amino-terminal pyruvate residue (Li, Q.-X., and Dowhan, W. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 11516-11522). The cleavage of the wild-type proenzyme occurs rapidly with a half-time on the order of 2 min. When Ser-254 is changed to cysteine (S254C), threonine (S254T), or alanine (S254A) by site-directed mutagenesis, the rate of processing of the proenzyme and the production of the functional enzyme are drastically affected. Proenzymes with S254C or S254T are cleaved with a half-time of around 2-4 h while the S254A proenzyme does not undergo processing. The reduced processing rate for the mutant proenzymes is consistent with less of the functional enzyme being made. Mutants encoding the S254C and S254T protein produce 16 and 2%, respectively, of the activity of the wild-type allele but can still complement a temperature-sensitive mutant in the psd locus. There is no detectable activity or complementation observed with the S254A protein. These results are consistent with the hydroxyl group of Ser-254 playing a critical role in the cleavage of the peptide bond between Gly-253 and Ser-254 of the prophosphatidylserine decarboxylase and support the mechanism proposed by Snell and coworkers (Recsei and Snell (1984) Annul Rev. Biochem. 53, 357-387) for the formation of the prosthetic group of pyruvate-dependent decarboxylases.
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Klein L, Li QX, Donovan CA, Powell AE. Variation of resorption rates in vivo of various bones in immature rats. BONE AND MINERAL 1990; 8:169-75. [PMID: 2306560 DOI: 10.1016/0169-6009(90)90119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 3H-tetracycline method of measuring bone resorption in vivo was applied to the comparison of various whole bones in rats of two different ages. The rat was chosen because it grows via modelling processes and contains little, if any, cortical remodelling except for a small amount of trabecular remodelling. It was found that resorption rates in vivo are high and similar in almost all of the 18 bones measured between birth and 2 weeks of age. However, in weanling rats studied at 4-6 weeks of age, resorption rates in the skull and in the long bones had decreased significantly while remaining high in the vertebrae, scapula, sternum and pelvis. Bones of neonatal rats were quite alike in their rates of bone resorption, but the bones of the weanlings manifested significant heterogeneity in their rates. It is known that anatomic heterogeneity of metabolic turnover of various bones characterizes the mature state in humans and dogs as well. The present data are unique in that they reflect absolute resorption rates in vivo uncomplicated by the extensive re-utilization of calcium inherent in other isotopic or non-isotopic protocols.
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109
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Li QX. [Some Rorschach data of schizophrenics]. ZHONGHUA SHEN JING JING SHEN KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 1989; 22:269-73, 317. [PMID: 2636095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the authors examined 50 schizophrenic inpatients and 50 normal subjects with Rorschach test. The results showed that 10 of 35 variables of the Rorschach test is a distinct difference between the schizophrenic patients and the normal subjects. In the 10 variables, 8 variables (R, D, F, F+%, X%, Fc, Sum C', pair responses) of the schizophrenic patients is lower than the normal subjects, and 2 variables (repeated answer psychopathic answer) of the schizophrenic patients is higher than the normal subjects. In the frequency of 36 variables of the Rorschach test, 8 variables (M. Ma. FM. repeated answer. psychopathic answer. F% less than 70%. zd greater than +3.zd less than -3) is significant difference between two groups. We consider if F+%. Fc. M. Ma. FM. are lower than normal subjects, and repeated answer and psychopathic answer are higher than normal subjects, which is helpful to diagnosis of schizophrenics.
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Li QX, Gee SJ, McChesney MM, Hammock BD, Seiber JN. Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of molinate residues. Anal Chem 1989; 61:819-23. [PMID: 2719274 DOI: 10.1021/ac00183a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared to a gas chromatographic method for the analysis of the thiocarbamate herbicide molinate (S-ethyl hexahydroazepine-1-carbothioate). Apparent recoveries from water spiked at 1 ppb to 1 ppm levels were comparable when liquid-liquid extraction was used. Solid-phase extraction was also examined and apparent recoveries by both ELISA and gas chromatography (GC) were comparable to each other as well as to the liquid-liquid extraction method. Methanol, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate were equally effective in eluting molinate from solid-phase columns. An excellent correlation was obtained between the ELISA and GC method for field-treated water samples extracted by using the solid phase method and either ethyl acetate or methanol as the eluting solvent. Air and soil samples from this same study correlated well when analyzed by ELISA or GC, but ELISA results for soil were generally higher than GC data and of slightly lower precision than GC. Tests with a coated plate, pipettors, and the plate reader amounted to 8.0% error, the majority of which was attributable to the coating antigen binding and to antigen-antibody reactions.
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111
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Li QX, Dowhan W. Structural characterization of Escherichia coli phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:11516-22. [PMID: 3042771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli is one of a small group of pyruvoyl-dependent enzymes (Satre, M., and Kennedy, E.P. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 479-483). The DNA sequence of the structural gene (psd) and partial protein sequence studies demonstrate that the enzyme contains two nonidentical subunits, alpha (Mr = 7,332) and beta (Mr = 28,579), which are derived from a single proenzyme. These two subunits are blocked at their respective amino termini. Reduction of the enzyme with NaCNBH3 in the presence of radiolabeled phosphatidylserine resulted in association of the label with the alpha subunit. Similar reduction in the presence of ammonium ions exposed a new amino terminus for the alpha subunit beginning with alanine. Therefore, the pyruvate prosthetic group is in amide linkage to the amino terminus of the alpha subunit. The amino terminus of the beta subunit was determined to be formylmethionine. The carboxyl terminus of the beta subunit was determined to be glycine as predicted by the DNA sequence. Comparison of the DNA sequence and protein sequence information revealed that the decarboxylase is made as a proenzyme (Mr = 35,893), and the predicted amino acid at the position of the pyruvate within the open reading frame of the proenzyme is serine. Therefore, as with other pyruvoyl-dependent decarboxylases, the prosthetic group is derived from serine through a post-translational cleavage of a proenzyme.
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112
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Li QX, Dowhan W. Structural characterization of Escherichia coli phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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113
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Zong YS, Li QX. [DNA-cytophotometry of nasopharyngeal carcinoma imprints]. ZHONGHUA BING LI XUE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1988; 17:105-6. [PMID: 3208363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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114
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Ho PP, Li QX, Jimbo T, Ku YL, Alfano RR. Supercontinuum pulse generation and propagation in a liquid carbontetrachloride. APPLIED OPTICS 1987; 26:2700-2702. [PMID: 20489945 DOI: 10.1364/ao.26.002700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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115
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Xie LX, Yuan NY, Li QX. Penetrating keratoplasty in herpes simplex keratitis. Analysis of 133 eyes. Chin Med J (Engl) 1987; 100:574-7. [PMID: 3123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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116
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Jimbo T, Caplan VL, Li QX, Wang QZ, Ho PP, Alfano RR. Enhancement of ultrafast supercontinuum generation in water by the addition of Zn(2+) and K(+) cations. OPTICS LETTERS 1987; 12:477-479. [PMID: 19741770 DOI: 10.1364/ol.12.000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear-optical properties of various salts and water solutions were measured using an 8-psec laser pulse at 530 nm. It was found that the optical Kerr effect and supercontinuum signals were several times larger in saline water than in pure water. The optical Kerr effect signals from saturated aqueous solutions of ZnCl(2) were about 35 times greater, and the self-phase-modulation signals from saturated aqueous solutions of K(2)ZnCl(4) were about 10 times greater.
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117
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Li QX, Zong YS. [In situ lesion of para-nasopharyngeal carcinoma--microspectrophotometer study]. ZHONGHUA ZHONG LIU ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY] 1987; 9:25-8. [PMID: 3595422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen tissue sections of in situ cancer of para-nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPCIS) were assayed for nuclear area, DNA content, nucleolar area and RNA content using MPV III microspectrophotometer. In general, the nuclear area, DNA content, nucleolar area and RNA content in NPCIS cells were significantly increased as compared with those in the non-cancerous epithelial cells. The DNA-histogram showed aneuploidy in the majority of NPCIS. In the invasive carcinoma foci, the above-mentioned characteristics were more marked. The authors believe that NPCIS is a critical stage in the pathogenesis of NPC. In addition, the comparison is described as to the similarities and differences between the columnar and squamous cell types of NPCIS.
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118
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Alfano RR, Li QX, Jimbo T, Manassah JT, Ho PP. Induced spectral broadening of a weak picosecond pulse in glass produced by an intense picosecond pulse. OPTICS LETTERS 1986; 11:626-628. [PMID: 19738709 DOI: 10.1364/ol.11.000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spectral broadening of a weak 80-microJ picosecond 530-nm laser pulse in a BK-7 glass has been enhanced over the entire spectral band by the presence of an intense millijoule picosecond 1060-nm laser pulse. The spectral distributions of the self-phase modulation and the induced-phase modulation signals are similar. The dominant enhancement mechanism for the induced supercontinuum was determined to be caused by an induced-phase modulation process, not by stimulated four-photon scattering.
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119
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Zong YS, Li QX. Histopathology of paracancerous nasopharyngeal carcinoma in situ. Chin Med J (Engl) 1986; 99:763-71. [PMID: 3100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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120
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Zhang G, Li QX, Ho PP, Liu S, Wu ZK, Alfano RR. Dependence of specklon size on the laser beam size via photo-induced light scattering in LiNbO3:Fe. APPLIED OPTICS 1986; 25:2955. [PMID: 18235558 DOI: 10.1364/ao.25.002955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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121
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Li QX, Jimbo T, Ho PP, Alfano RR. Temporal distribution of picosecond super-continuum generated in a liquid measured by a streak camera. APPLIED OPTICS 1986; 25:1869-1871. [PMID: 20448733 DOI: 10.1364/ao.25.001869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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122
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Rosen DL, Li QX, Alfano RR. Native defects in undoped semi-insulating CdSe studied by photoluminescence and absorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1985; 31:2396-2403. [PMID: 9936050 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.31.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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