Correlation between clinical diagnosis and arthroscopic findings of the shoulder

OBJECTIVE

To assess the accuracy of clinical examination by non-specialist orthopaedic surgeons of patients presenting to a diagnostic and treatment centre (DTC) for arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

METHODS

A retrospective review of notes of 130 consecutive shoulder arthroscopies performed at a DTC over a 10 month period. Preoperative clinical diagnosis was compared with operative arthroscopic findings. Additional information from preoperative imaging was compared with clinical examination and arthroscopic findings. Preoperative clinical examinations and consent were undertaken by clinical fellows, (SpR level) and non-upper limb consultant orthopaedic surgeons. Consultants specialising in upper limb surgery performed the operations.

RESULTS

Six main groups were identified on the basis of clinical examination: impingement 76 cases (58%), instability 22 cases (17%), frozen shoulder 11 cases (8%), rotator cuff tear four cases (3%), non-specific pain eight cases (6%), and normal clinical examination nine cases (7%). Impingement and instability diagnosed clinically strongly correlated with the arthroscopic findings. Clinical diagnosis of frozen shoulder and rotator cuff tears had a weaker correlation with the arthroscopic findings. Of the nine cases of normal clinical examination, abnormality was found at arthroscopy in all cases.

CONCLUSION

There have been very few studies comparing clinical examination of the shoulder with arthroscopic findings. This study emphasises the importance of good clinical examination skills in diagnosing common shoulder abnormalities. The addition of imaging, particularly ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging further increases the likelihood of an accurate diagnosis. Shoulder examination should be taught with as much emphasis at both undergraduate and postgraduate level as other orthopaedic clinical examinations.

Autophagy-Inducing Inhalable Co-crystal Formulation of Niclosamide-Nicotinamide for Lung Cancer Therapy

Niclosamide (NIC), an anthelminthic drug, is found to be promising in overcoming the problem of various types of drug-resistant cancer. In spite of strong anti-proliferative effect, NIC shows low aqueous solubility, leading to poor bioavailability. To overcome this limitation, and enhance its physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profile, we used co-crystallization technique as a promising strategy. In this work, we brought together the crystal and particle engineering at a time using spray drying to enhance physicochemical and aerodynamic properties of co-crystal particle for inhalation purpose. We investigated the formation and evaluation of pharmaceutical co-crystals of niclosamide-nicotinamide (NIC-NCT) prepared by rapid, continuous and scalable spray drying method and compared with conventional solvent evaporation technique. The newly formed co-crystal was evaluated by XRPD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and DSC, which showed an indication of formation of H bonds between drug (NIC) and co-former (NCT) as a major binding force in co-crystal development. The particle geometry of co-crystals including spherical shape, size 1-5 μm and aerodynamic properties (ED, 97.1 ± 8.9%; MMAD, 3.61 ± 0.87 μm; FPF, 71.74 ± 6.9% and GSD 1.46) attributes suitable for inhalation. For spray-dried co-crystal systems, an improvement in solubility characteristics (≥ 14.8-fold) was observed, relative to pure drug. To investigate the anti-proliferative activity, NIC-NCT co-crystals were investigated on A549 human lung adenomas cells, which showed a superior cytotoxic activity compared with pure drug. Mechanistically, NIC-NCT co-crystals enhanced autophagic flux in cancer cell which demonstrates autophagy-mediated cell death as shown by confocal microscopy. This technique could help in improving bioavailability of drug, hence reducing the need for high dosages and signifying a novel paradigm for future clinical applications.

Reef-coral proteins as visual, non-destructive reporters for plant transformation

Recently, five novel fluorescent proteins have been isolated from non-bioluminescent species of reef-coral organisms and have been made available through ClonTech. They are AmCyan, AsRed, DsRed, ZsGreen and ZsYellow. These proteins are valuable as reporters for transformation because they do not require a substrate or external co-factor to emit fluorescence and can be tested in vivo without destruction of the tissue under study. We have evaluated them in a large range of plants, both monocots and dicots, and our results indicate that they are valuable reporting tools for transformation in a wide variety of crops. We report here their successful expression in wheat, maize, barley, rice, banana, onion, soybean, cotton, tobacco, potato and tomato. Transient expression could be observed as early as 24 h after DNA delivery in some cases, allowing for very clear visualization of individually transformed cells. Stable transgenic events were generated, using mannose, kanamycin or hygromycin selection. Transgenic plants were phenotypically normal, showing a wide range of fluorescence levels, and were fertile. Expression of AmCyan, ZsGreen and AsRed was visible in maize T1 seeds, allowing visual segregation to more than 99% accuracy. The excitation and emission wavelengths of some of these proteins are significantly different; the difference is enough for the simultaneous visualization of cells transformed with more than one of the fluorescent proteins. These proteins will become useful tools for transformation optimization and other studies. The wide variety of plants successfully tested demonstrates that these proteins will potentially find broad use in plant biology.

Role of EPI-FLAIR in patients with acute stroke: a comparative analysis with FLAIR

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Further improvement in acquisition speed is needed, if MR imaging is to compete with CT for evaluation of patients with acute ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing an echo-planar fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (EPI-FLAIR) sequence into an acute MR stroke protocol with potential reduction in scan time and to compare the results with conventional FLAIR images.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty-two patients (28 men and 24 women; age range, 32-96 years) with acute ischemic stroke were prospectively evaluated with an acute stroke MR protocol, which included both conventional FLAIR and EPI-FLAIR imaging with integration of parallel acquisition. The image acquisition time was 52 seconds for EPI-FLAIR and 3 minutes for conventional FLAIR. FLAIR and EPI-FLAIR studies were assessed by 2 observers independently for image quality and conspicuity of hyperintensity in correlation with DWI and were rated as concordant or discordant. Coregistered FLAIR and EPI-FLAIR images were evaluated for signal intensity ratio of the DWI-positive lesion to contralateral normal white matter.

RESULTS

An estimated 96% of all FLAIR and EPI-FLAIR studies were rated of diagnostic image quality by both observers, with interobserver agreements of κ = 0.82 and κ = 0.63 for FLAIR and EPI-FLAIR, respectively. In 36 (95%) of 38 patients with acute infarction, FLAIR and EPI-FLAIR were rated concordant regarding DWI lesion. The mean ± standard deviation of the signal intensity ratio values on EPI-FLAIR and FLAIR for DWI-positive lesions were 1.28 ± 0.16 and 1.25 ± 0.17, respectively (P = .47), and demonstrated significant correlation (r = 0.899, z value = 8.677, P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with acute stroke, EPI-FLAIR is feasible with comparable qualitative and quantitative results to conventional FLAIR and results in reduced acquisition time.

Predicting seizures in pregnant women with epilepsy: Development and external validation of a prognostic model

BACKGROUND

Seizures are the main cause of maternal death in women with epilepsy, but there are no tools for predicting seizures in pregnancy. We set out to develop and validate a prognostic model, using information collected during the antenatal booking visit, to predict seizure risk at any time in pregnancy and until 6 weeks postpartum in women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drugs.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

We used datasets of a prospective cohort study (EMPiRE) of 527 pregnant women with epilepsy on medication recruited from 50 hospitals in the UK (4 November 2011-17 August 2014). The model development cohort comprised 399 women whose antiepileptic drug doses were adjusted based on clinical features only; the validation cohort comprised 128 women whose drug dose adjustments were informed by serum drug levels. The outcome was epileptic (non-eclamptic) seizure captured using diary records. We fitted the model using LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression, and reported the performance using C-statistic (scale 0-1, values > 0.5 show discrimination) and calibration slope (scale 0-1, values near 1 show accuracy) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We determined the net benefit (a weighted sum of true positive and false positive classifications) of using the model, with various probability thresholds, to aid clinicians in making individualised decisions regarding, for example, referral to tertiary care, frequency and intensity of monitoring, and changes in antiepileptic medication. Seizures occurred in 183 women (46%, 183/399) in the model development cohort and in 57 women (45%, 57/128) in the validation cohort. The model included age at first seizure, baseline seizure classification, history of mental health disorder or learning difficulty, occurrence of tonic-clonic and non-tonic-clonic seizures in the 3 months before pregnancy, previous admission to hospital for seizures during pregnancy, and baseline dose of lamotrigine and levetiracetam. The C-statistic was 0.79 (95% CI 0.75, 0.84). On external validation, the model showed good performance (C-statistic 0.76, 95% CI 0.66, 0.85; calibration slope 0.93, 95% CI 0.44, 1.41) but with imprecise estimates. The EMPiRE model showed the highest net proportional benefit for predicted probability thresholds between 12% and 99%. Limitations of this study include the varied gestational ages of women at recruitment, retrospective patient recall of seizure history, potential variations in seizure classification, the small number of events in the validation cohort, and the clinical utility restricted to decision-making thresholds above 12%. The model findings may not be generalisable to low- and middle-income countries, or when information on all predictors is not available.

CONCLUSIONS

The EMPiRE model showed good performance in predicting the risk of seizures in pregnant women with epilepsy who are prescribed antiepileptic drugs. Integration of the tool within the antenatal booking visit, deployed as a simple nomogram, can help to optimise care in women with epilepsy.

Regioselective Deacetylation of Fully Acetylated Mono- and Di-Saccharides With Hydrazine Hydrate

Selective deacetylation reactions of the peracetylated reducing disaccharides (1), (5), (9), (15), β-D- glucopyranose (17) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose (19), with 1.2 equiv. Of hydrazine hydrate in acetonitrile, gave predominantly the corresponding heptaacetates (2), (6), (10), (16), the tetraacetate (18) and the triacetate (20), with the free hydroxy group at C1. Reaction of (1) with 1.2 equiv. of hydrazine hydrate in N,N- dimethylformamide also afforded the heptaacetate (2), but in lower yield. When reactions of (1), (5) and (9) were performed with 2.5 equiv. of hydrazine hydrate, deacetylation also occurred at other positions to afford the corresponding hexaacetates (3), (7), (11) and (12), with hydroxy groups at C 1,2 or C 1,3, and the pentaacetates (4), (8) and (13), with hydroxy groups at C 1,2,3. Maltose octaacetate (9), in addition, yielded the tetraacetate (14) in which the free hydroxy groups were located at C1,2,2',3. Compound (15) on treatment with 2.5 equiv. of hydrazine hydrate afforded an intractable mixture. The reaction of methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (21) with 2.5 equiv. of hydrazine hydrate gave the 3,4,6-triacetate (22), a mixture of the 2,6- and the 3,6-diacetates (23) and (24), respectively, the 4,6-diacetate (25), and the 6-acetate (26).

HLA antibody responses in HLA class I transgenic mice

In a previous report we described how cross-immunizations of pairs of transgenic mice expressing different HLA class I antigens led to the production of antibodies directed exclusively at polymorphic epitopes. This was ascribed to self-tolerance of HLA that prevents immune responses to monomorphic epitopes and focuses responses on polymorphic ones. In the present report we extend our findings and demonstrate that immunizations of class I transgenic mice with HLA transfected mouse fibrosarcoma as well as with human lymphoblastoid cells also preferentially yield antibodies to polymorphic epitopes. This was the case whether or not immunizations were carried out across locus barriers [e.g., Tg(HLA-A *0201) or Tg(HLA-Cw*0301) transgenic mice immunized with HLA-B27 transfectants] or within the same locus [e.g., Tg(HLA-B*1302) transgenic mice immunized with HLA-B27 transfectants or B27-expressing lymphoblastoid cells]. Use of an extended immunization protocol with four or more booster injections favored antibodies of IgG isotype with affinities high enough to lyse normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays and to immunoprecipitate HLA antigens. The specificities covered by the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could be either broad or narrow, depending on the genetic distance of the HLA antigens or alleles involved. For instance, a Tg(HLA-B*1302) transgenic mouse immunized with B27 produced both broad B7/B27-specific antibodies, Bw4-specific antibodies, and one antibody reacting with all B alleles except B13 and with some C alleles. On the other hand, a Tg(HLA-B*1302) transgenic mouse immunized with Bw47 transfectants responded narrowly with an antibody to Bw60 and Bw47. Thus it appears that by choosing appropriate recipient mice and closely related or more distant HLA antigens, antibodies of a programmed specificity can be generated.

Cytotoxic, antitumour-promoting and inhibition of protein denaturation effects of flavonoids, isolated from Potentilla evestita Th. Wolf

This study was designed to evaluate the isolated flavonoids (chrysin 1, and umbelliferone 2) from Potentilla evestita for cytotoxic, antitumour-promoting and inhibition of protein denaturation activities. The results showed marked cytotoxic effect of compounds 1 and 2 in brine shrimp cytotoxic assay at various concentrations with LD50 of 34.5 and 31.8 mg/mL, respectively. In Epstein-Barr-virus early antigen activation assay, both compounds 1 and 2 illustrated significant antitumour-promoting effect with IC50 values of 462 and 308 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA, respectively. The cytotoxic and antitumour-promoting effects of compounds were strongly supported by inhibition of protein denaturation activity with IC50 of 119 and 112 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, both compounds possess strong cytotoxic, antitumour-promoting and inhibition of protein denaturation activities.

Angiopoietin-2: a potential novel diagnostic marker in multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma (MM) was the first hematological malignancy in which a prognostic relevance of bone marrow (BM) angiogenesis was reported. Microenvironment formed by reactive oxygen species, growth factors and chemokines initiates the process of BM angiogenesis. Among the angiopoietins, angiopoietin-1 is involved in vessel stability, whereas angiopoietin-2 is involved in vessel sprouting.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Circulatory levels of angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2 and VEGF in 62 MM patients and 50 healthy controls were determined using ELISA.

RESULTS

Significant increase in VEGF and angiopoietin-2 level was observed in patients which correlated positively with the severity of the disease, whereas no alteration was observed in angiopoietin-1 levels.

CONCLUSION

Significant elevation in angiopoietin-2 and VEGF levels and their correlation with severity of the disease indicate their utility as potential tumor markers along with β(2)- microglobulin and might also suggest new therapeutic target for anticancer treatment.

Antipyretic and antinociceptive potential of extract/fractions of Potentilla evestita and its isolated compound, acacetin

Background

Fever and pain management is a very challenging job for the clinician as the available synthetic agents are causing serious side effects. The present research article deals with the antipyretic and antinociceptive activity of extract/fractions of Potentilla evestita and acacetin isolated from the chloroform fraction of the plant.

Methods

Various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were used for the isolation and characterizion of compound. In-vivo yeast induced fibrile mice were used for antipyretic activity while acetic acid induced writhing and formalin tests were used for antinociceptive.

Results

The extract/fractions of P. evestita caused marked antipyretic effect during various assessment times in which chloroform was the most prominent followed by ethyl acetate. When acacetin was injected, it produced marked effect with maximum activity of 33.28% and 55.01% at 5 and 10 mg/kg i.p respectively. When studied in acetic acid induced writhing test, the extract/fractions evoked significant antinociceptive effect in which chloroform was the most effective fraction followed by ethyl acetate. Acacetin showed significant antinociceptive effect with 44.77% and 67.03% reduction in abdominal constriction at 5 and 10 mg/kg i.p., respectively. Similarly, it evoked significant dose dependent reduction in noxious stimulation with 42.07% and 64.57% pain attenuation at 5 and 10 mg/kg i.p., respectively in initial phase. In the late phase, it illustrated more dominant effect with 46.32% and 67.29% reduction of painful sensation.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the extract/fractions of P. evestita as well as the isolated compound, acacetin showed strong antipyretic and antinociceptive activity in various animal models possibly mediated through both peripheral and central mechanism.

Polyaniline-cerium oxide nanocomposite for hydrogen peroxide sensor

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor has been fabricated by immobilizing horse radish peroxidase (HRP) onto polyaniline(PANI)-cerium oxide (CeO2) nano-composite film onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate using electrochemical technique. The HRP/PANI-CeO2/ITO bioelectrode has been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis, respectively. This electrode shows improved sensitivity (159.6 nA/mM) and detection limit (50 mM). Further this H2O2 sensor shows high HRP affinity to the PANI-CeO2 matrix as indicated by low value (2.9) mM of Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)). This bioelectrode exhibits maximum response current at pH 7.0 and retains 90% of its initial response current after about 8 weeks.

Farnesol protects against intratracheally instilled cigarette smoke extract-induced histological alterations and oxidative stress in prostate of wistar rats

BACKGROUND

In the present study, cigarette smoke contains more than four thousand chemicals, many of which are known to be carcinogen or cancer promoter. Many epidemiological reports suggest that cigarette smokers are at a greater risk of other cancers such as oropharynx, stomach, pancreas, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, colon, and breast, however, the few epidemiological reports are available on the role of cigarette smoke in the development of prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of farnesol against cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced oxidative stress in prostate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Farnesol was administered by gavage (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg b.wt. in corn oil) one time daily for 7 days. On day 7, rats were exposed to cigarette smoke via intratracheal instillation of aqueous CSE. CSE enhanced prostatic xanthine oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) along with decrease in prostatic glutathione content, antioxidant enzymes activities, viz., glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase.

RESULTS

Pre-treatment of rats with farnesol (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg b.wt. orally) resulted in significant decreased in xanthine oxidase activity and LPO at both the doses. The level of reduced glutathione, the activities of glutathione dependent enzymes and antioxidant enzymes were also augmented to significant level with pre-treatment with farnesol.

CONCLUSION

Thus, our data suggests that farnesol is a potent defense against CSE induced prostatic oxidative damage in rodent model of experiment.

Alloreactive T cells: expression of HLA-D antigens, stimulation of autologous MLR, and possible immunoregulatory function

Primed in MLC with allogeneic stimulators T cells acquire the capacity of expressing HLA-D and DR antigens and of stimulating the MLC response of autologous lymphocytes. When primed T cells from HTCs are used as stimulators, a bimodal distribution of responses with clear-cut "typing responses" and no significant "back stimulation" is observed. This pattern many be due to the expansion during priming of a population of HLD-D restricted suppressors since irradiated primed T cells inhibit the MLC responsiveness of HLA-A "compatible" lymphocytes. The development and size of such a population is not dependent, however, on the strength of the antigenic stimulus used for priming since no differences were seen between the pattern of reactions induced by T cells primed against HLA-D identical or HLA-D different cells. Primed OKT4+ and OKT8+ T cells share the capacity of expressing Ia antigens and of inducing "HLA-D restricted suppression." We suspected that a similar phenomenon accounted for the behavior of two HLA-D heterozygous cells as if they were HTCs. Although no suppression was found, the fact that these cells typed for their "silent" antigen when tested as responders, yet failed to express it when tested as stimulators, supports the theory that different genes control the MLC-responding and -stimulating capacities.

How different DNA sequences are recognized by a DNA-binding protein: effects of partial proteolysis

MDBP is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein from mammals that recognizes a variety of DNA sequences, all of which show much homology to a partially palindromic 14 base-pair consensus sequence. MDBP subjected to limited proteolysis and then incubated with various specific oligonucleotide duplexes yielded two types of complexes. The relative concentrations of these complexes varied greatly depending on how closely the MDBP site matched the consensus sequence. No such DNA sequence-specific differences in the types of complexes formed were seen with intact MDBP. Partial proteolysis also changed the relative affinity of MDBP for several of its binding sites. The nature of the two types of complexes formed from fragmented MDBP and DNA was studied by DNA competition assays, protein titration, site-directed mutagenesis, and dimethyl sulfate and missing base interference assays. The results suggest that, for some specific DNA sequences, half-site interactions with one MDBP subunit predominate and for others, strong interaction of two subunits with both half-sites readily occur.

Aortico-right ventricular shunt following aortic valve replacement

A 58-year-old man developed cardiac decompensation following aortic valve replacement as a result of an aortico-right ventricular fistula. Serial hemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes are presented. Attention is drawn to this rare complication as a cause of hemodynamic deterioration following aortic valve surgery.

Effect of low speed drilling on osseointegration using simplified drilling procedures

Our aim was to find out whether simplified drilling protocols would provide biological responses comparable to those of conventional drilling protocols at the low rotational speed of 400rpm. Seventy-eight root form endosseous implants with diameters of 3.75, 4.2, and 5mm were placed into canine tibias and allowed to heal for 3 and 5 weeks. After the dogs had been killed, the samples of implanted bone were retrieved and processed for non-decalcified histological sectioning. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) analyses were made on the histological sections. Implants treated by the simplified protocol resulted in BIC and BAFO values comparable to those obtained with the conventional drilling protocol, and there were no significant differences in the technique or diameter of the drilling. The results suggest that the simplified procedure gives biological outcomes comparable to those of the conventional procedure.

Biofouling control in a membrane filtration system by a newly isolated novel quorum quenching bacterium, Bacillus methylotrophicus sp. WY

A newly isolated QQ bacterium, Bacillus methylotrophicus strain WY substantially enhanced the membrane performance by reducing the rate of biofouling.

Water-dispersible glycosylated poly(2,5'-thienylene)porphyrin-based nanoparticles for antibacterial photodynamic therapy

Here we report the preparation of water-dispersible glycosylated poly(2,5'-thienylene)porphyrin based nanoparticles by a nanoprecipitation method and demonstrate the application of these nanoparticles in antibacterial photodynamic therapy. The diameter of the nanoparticles is in the range of 50-80 nm and the resulting nanoparticles are stable in water without precipitation at least for a month. They have high singlet oxygen efficiency and display light-triggered biocidal activity against both Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, E. coli) and Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis). Upon white light irradiation for 10 min with a flux of 22 mW cm-2 of the E. coli suspension incubated with NPs (18 μg mL-1), a killing efficiency of 99% is achieved, whereas in the dark the effect is recorded as only around 8%.

Aminocellulose - grafted polycaprolactone-coated core-shell nanoparticles alleviate the severity of ulcerative colitis: a novel adjuvant therapeutic approach

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of colorectal regions. Existing therapies for UC face grave lacunae including off-target and other harmful side effects, extensive first-pass metabolism, rapid clearance, limited or poor drug absorption and various other limitations, resulting in lower bioavailability. These conditions demand advanced delivery strategies to inflammatory colonic conditions so that drugs can counter stomach acid, avail protective strategies at this pH and selectively deliver drugs to the colon. Therefore, this approach was undertaken to develop and characterize nanoparticles for the delivery of drugs glycyrrhizic acid as well as budesonide in UC. Biocompatible and biodegradable aminocellulose-conjugated polycaprolactone containing budesonide was covered onto gelatinous nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with GA. Nanoparticles were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique, which showed particle size of ∼230 nm, spherical shape, almost smooth morphological characters under transmission, scanning and atomic force microscopy. These NPs also improved disease activities like occult blood in the stool, length of the colon and fecal properties. The nanoparticle therapy appreciably decreased colonic mast cellular infiltration, significantly maintained mucin protection, ameliorated histological features of the colon. Furthermore, markers of inflammation such as iNOS, COX-2, IL1-β, TNF-α, NO, and MPO were also appreciably ameliorated with the therapy of dual drug-loaded nanoparticles. Overall, these results establish that dual drug-loaded core-shell NPs exhibit superior therapeutic properties over the free or naïve forms of GA and budesonide in acute colon inflammation and present advantages that may be assigned to their ability to significantly inhibit colon inflammatory conditions.