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Porter J, Chan K, Porter R. 161: The Predictive Value of Clinical Scaphoid Tenderness for Fractures in Children. Paediatr Child Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/20.5.e92a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Porter R, Batten L, Burton J, Collinson JM, Cowan P, Kennerley P, Kirwan GM, Newell RG, Pearson D, Riddington R, Salim M, Sheldon R, Scott D, Woodcock M. Towards a better understanding of Basra Reed WarblerAcrocephalus griseldis(Aves: Passeriformes: Acrocephalidae) ecology? A comment on Al-Sheikhlyet al.(2013). ZOOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2015.1023424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Porter R, Batten L, Burton J, Collinson JM, Cowan P, Kennerley P, Kirwan GM, Newell RG, Pearson D, Riddington R, Salim M, Sheldon R, Scott D, Woodcock M. Rejoinder to the Response of Al-Sheikhlyet al. ZOOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2015.1023426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Crowe M, Beaglehole B, Wells H, Porter R. Non-pharmacological strategies for treatment of inpatient depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015; 49:215-26. [PMID: 25648143 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415569799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence for non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of moderate to severe depression in an inpatient setting. METHOD An integrative review of original research papers was conducted. The electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsychINFO were searched using the following search terms: depression, psychosocial, psychosocial intervention, therapy, and inpatient. RESULTS Twelve studies were identified in the search for non-psychopharmacological interventions for depression commenced in an inpatient setting. The interventions included psychotherapies, behavioural activation, and chronotherapeutic interventions (controlled exposure to environmental stimuli). These studies suggest it is possible to engage severely depressed inpatients in structured interventions in an inpatient environment. The majority of studies reported favourable outcomes for the interventions compared to a control, but methodological issues were common. CONCLUSIONS A diverse range of treatment strategies has been identified in this review. These studies provide evidence that non-pharmacological treatments for depression can be given to enhance outcomes and that research can be undertaken in inpatient settings. Whilst the evidence base has limitations, this review also highlights therapeutic and research opportunities in this area.
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Porter R, Douglas K, Jordan J, Bowie C, Roiser J, Malhi G. Psychological Treatments for Cognitive Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Current Evidence and Perspectives §. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2015; 13:1677-92. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527313666141130223248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Panickar A, Singatullina N, Stubbs J, Johnson C, Porter R, Bryden D. Frailty predicts increased resource use and postoperative care requirements after revision hip surgery. Crit Care 2015. [PMCID: PMC4471458 DOI: 10.1186/cc14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Collingwood S, Ratcliffe A, Pryde D, Porter R. Recent disclosures of clinical candidates. Highlights from the Society of Medicines Research Symposium, held December 4, 2014 - National Heart & Lung Institute, London, UK. DRUG FUTURE 2015. [DOI: 10.1358/dof.2015.040.01.2273384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Patel S, Patel R, Mellish V, Porter R, Andi K. Evaluation of image quality of CT reconstructed Orthopantogram (OPG) versus traditional OPG in pre-radiotherapy dental assessment. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.07.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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109
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Crowe M, Porter R. Inpatient treatment for mania: A review and rationale for adjunctive interventions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014; 48:716-21. [PMID: 24965582 DOI: 10.1177/0004867414540754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence for adjunctive non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of mania in an acute inpatient setting. METHOD A selective review of original and review papers was conducted. The electronic databases PsycINFO and PubMed were searched using the following MeSH terms: mania, mania treatment and inpatient. RESULTS Four studies were identified in the search for non-psychopharmacological interventions for mania that commenced in an inpatient setting: Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT), Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (G-CBT), sensory room, and dark room therapy. Only two of these were designed exclusively for patients with bipolar disorder and the other two included these patients in a heterogeneous group of acute psychiatric inpatients. CONCLUSIONS Sleep and circadian regulation (Social Rhythm Therapy) that focuses on the establishment and maintenance of regular daily rhythms, particularly in relation to sleep-wake times, meal times and socialization, provides a potentially useful model for managing mania in the inpatient setting. However, there is an urgent need for further research into the effective treatment of mania.
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Watson S, Gallagher P, Dougall D, Porter R, Moncrieff J, Ferrier IN, Young AH. Childhood trauma in bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014; 48:564-70. [PMID: 24343193 PMCID: PMC4539529 DOI: 10.1177/0004867413516681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been little investigation of early trauma in bipolar disorder despite evidence that stress impacts on the course of this illness. We aimed to compare the rates of childhood trauma in adults with bipolar disorder to a healthy control group, and to investigate the impact of childhood trauma on the clinical course of bipolar disorder. METHODS Retrospective assessment of childhood trauma was conducted using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) in 60 outpatients with bipolar disorder being treated for a depressive episode and 55 control participants across two centres in north-east England and New Zealand. RESULTS Significantly higher rates of childhood trauma were observed in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder compared to controls. Logistic regression, controlling for age and sex, identified emotional neglect to be the only significant CTQ subscale associated with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Childhood history of sexual abuse was not a significant predictor. Associations with clinical severity or course were less clear. CONCLUSIONS Childhood emotional neglect appears to be significantly associated with bipolar disorder. Limitations include the relatively small sample size, which potentially increases the risk of type II errors. Replication of this study is required, with further investigation into the neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma, particularly emotional neglect.
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Umbricht D, Keefe RSE, Murray S, Lowe DA, Porter R, Garibaldi G, Santarelli L. A randomized, placebo-controlled study investigating the nicotinic α7 agonist, RG3487, for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1568-77. [PMID: 24549101 PMCID: PMC4023143 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatments for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) remain an unmet need. Nicotinic α7 receptor agonists may be effective in CIAS. This 8-week (week 1, inpatient; weeks 2-8, outpatient), double-blind, randomized study used Measurement And Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) guidelines to investigate the nicotinic α7 partial agonist RG3487 (formerly MEM3454) in CIAS; 215 patients with chronic stable schizophrenia received placebo or RG3487 (5, 15, or 50 mg) added to ongoing treatment with risperidone, paliperidone, or aripiprazole. Primary end point was baseline to week 8 change in MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) composite t-score. Secondary outcomes were change in MCCB domain and negative symptom assessment (NSA) scores. The study did not allow for evaluation of nonsmokers. Each RG3487 dose was evaluated using a mixed-effects model repeated measures approach. Mean (SD) baseline MCCB composite t-score was 28.3 (12.0). No significant effect on MCCB composite t-scores was observed with RG3487 (adjusted mean difference (SE) vs placebo: 5 mg: 0.11 (1.39); 15 mg: -1.95 (1.39); 50 mg: -1.13 (1.37); p = 0.2-0.9). RG3487 did not improve MCCB domain scores. In a post hoc analysis of patients with moderate negative symptoms, 5 and 50 mg RG3487 vs placebo significantly improved NSA total (-4.45 (p = 0.04) and -4.75 (p = 0.02), respectively) and global (-0.39 (p = 0.04) and -0.55 (p = 0.003), respectively) scores. The MCCB did not lead to higher than expected patient withdrawal. RG3487 was generally well tolerated. In patients with stable schizophrenia, RG3487 did not improve cognitive deficits, as assessed by the MCCB; however, in patients with moderate negative symptoms, a post hoc analysis revealed significant improvement of negative symptoms.
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Bernard SA, Smith K, Porter R, Jones C, Gailey A, Cresswell B, Cudini D, Hill S, Moore B, St Clair T. Paramedic rapid sequence intubation in patients with non-traumatic coma. Emerg Med J 2014; 32:60-4. [PMID: 24473409 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-hospital intubation by paramedics is widely used in comatose patients prior to transportation to hospital, but the optimal technique for intubation is uncertain. One approach is paramedic rapid sequence intubation (RSI), which may improve outcomes in adult patients with traumatic brain injury. However, many patients present to emergency medical services with coma of non-traumatic cause and the role of paramedic RSI in these patients remains uncertain. METHODS The electronic Victorian Ambulance Clinical Information System was searched for the term 'suxamethonium' between 2008 and 2011. We reviewed the patient care records and included patients with suspected non-traumatic coma who were treated and transported by road-based paramedics. Demographics, intubation conditions, vital signs (before and after drug administration) and complications were recorded. Younger patients (<60 years) were compared with older patients. RESULTS There were 1152 paramedic RSI attempts of which 551 were for non-traumatic coma. The success rate for intubation was 97.5%. There was a significant drop in blood pressure in younger patients (<60 years) with the mean systolic blood pressure decreasing by 16 mm Hg (95% CI 11 to 21). In older patients, the systolic blood pressure also decreased significantly by 20 mm Hg (95% CI 17 to 24). Four patients suffered brief cardiac arrest during pre-hospital care, all of whom were successfully resuscitated and transported to hospital. CONCLUSIONS Paramedic RSI in patients with non-traumatic coma has a high procedural success rate. Further studies are required to determine whether this procedure improves outcomes.
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Rafiq D, Needham A, Porter R, Lau G. Advanced respiratory care techniques in a severe adult respiratory failure unit. Crit Care 2014. [PMCID: PMC4069599 DOI: 10.1186/cc13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Darbar A, Lau G, Porter R. Acute kidney injury after elective adult cardiac surgery. Crit Care 2014. [PMCID: PMC4069376 DOI: 10.1186/cc13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Parmar J, Clarke J, Lau G, Porter R, Allsager C. Delays in extubation following elective adult cardiac surgery. Crit Care 2014. [PMCID: PMC4068360 DOI: 10.1186/cc13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Collingwood S, Ratcliffe A, Porter R. From targets to candidates: emerging strategies in drug discovery. Highlights from the Society of Medicines Research Symposium, held on December 12th, 2013 - National Heart & Lung Institute. DRUG FUTURE 2014. [DOI: 10.1358/dof.2014.039.02.2103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Eliyas S, Porter R, Briggs P, Patel RR, Porter R, Briggs P, Patel RR. Effects of radiotherapy to the jaws. 2: Potential solutions. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY 2013; 21:170-181. [PMID: 24479214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dental maintenance and rehabilitation of head and neck cancer care is becoming more important as the outcome of cancer treatment improves. The management of these patients can be very difficult for a number of reasons as discussed in part one of this two-part series. This second part attempts to suggest possible solutions for the management of the major oral health problems encountered by these patients during and after their cancer treatment.
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Eliyas S, Porter R, Briggs P, Patel RR. Effects of radiotherapy to the jaws. I: The scale of the problem. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY 2013; 21:161-169. [PMID: 24479213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer care has become one of the main targets of the National Health Service in England and with cancer patients surviving longer, it is likely that head and neck cancer patients will make up a large proportion of patients seen within secondary care settings in the future. The management of these patients can be very difficult for a number of reasons. Part one of this paper attempts to highlight the major oral health problems encountered by these patients during and after their cancer treatment and supported by the current literature. Part two of this series will address the dental management of head and neck oncology patients undergoing radiotherapy with particular attention of possible improvement to current management strategies for these patients.
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Malhi GS, Hitching R, Berk M, Boyce P, Porter R, Fritz K. Pharmacological management of unipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2013:6-23. [PMID: 23586873 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To be used in conjunction with 'Psychological management of unipolar depression' [Lampe et al. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013;127(Suppl. 443):24-37] and 'Lifestyle management of unipolar depression' [Berk et al. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013;127(Suppl. 443):38-54]. To provide clinically relevant recommendations for the use of pharmacological treatments in depression derived from a literature review. METHOD Using our previous Clinical Practice Guidelines [Malhi et al. Clinical practice recommendations for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;119(Suppl. 439):27-46] as a foundation, these clinician guidelines target key practical considerations when prescribing pharmacotherapy. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using electronic database searches (PubMed, MEDLINE), and the findings have been synthesized and integrated alongside clinical experience. RESULTS The pharmacotherapy of depression is an iterative process that often results in partial and non-response. Beyond the initiation of antidepressants, the options within widely used strategies, such as combining agents and switching between agents, are difficult to prescribe because of the paucity of pertinent research. However, there is some evidence for second-line strategies, and a non-prescriptive algorithm can be derived that is based broadly on principles rather than specific steps. CONCLUSION Depression is by its very nature a heterogeneous illness that is consequently difficult to treat. Invariably, situation-specific factors often play a significant role and must be considered, especially in the case of partial and non-response. Consulting with colleagues and trialling alternate treatment paradigms are essential strategies in the management of depression.
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Porter R, Norman RA, Gilbert L. A model to test how ticks and louping ill virus can be controlled by treating red grouse with acaricide. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 27:237-246. [PMID: 23088727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are the most important vectors of disease-causing pathogens in Europe. In the U.K., Ixodes ricinus L. (Ixodida: Ixodidae) transmits louping ill virus (LIV; Flaviviridae), which kills livestock and red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scoticus Lath. (Galliformes: Phasianidae), a valuable game bird. Tick burdens on grouse have been increasing. One novel method to reduce ticks and LIV in grouse may be acaricide treatment. Here, we use a mathematical model parameterized with empirical data to investigate how the acaricide treatment of grouse might theoretically control ticks and LIV in grouse. Assuming a situation in which ticks and LIV impact on the grouse population, the model predicts that grouse density will depend on deer density because deer maintain the tick population. In low deer densities, no acaricide treatment is predicted to be necessary because abundances of grouse will be high. However, at higher deer densities, the model predicts that grouse densities will increase only if high numbers of grouse are treated, and the efficacy of acaricide is high and lasts 20 weeks. The qualitative model predictions may help to guide decisions on whether to treat grouse or cull deer depending on deer densities and how many grouse can be treated. The model is discussed in terms of practical management implications.
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Schluter PJ, Spittlehouse JK, Cameron VA, Chambers S, Gearry R, Jamieson HA, Kennedy M, Lacey CJ, Murdoch DR, Pearson J, Porter R, Richards M, Skidmore PML, Troughton R, Vierck E, Joyce PR. Canterbury Health, Ageing and Life Course (CHALICE) study: rationale, design and methodology. THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL 2013; 126:71-85. [PMID: 23824026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS New Zealand's ageing population threatens the financial sustainability of our current model of health service delivery. The Canterbury Health, Ageing and Life Course (CHALICE) study aims to develop a comprehensive and flexible database of important determinants of health to inform new models. This paper describes the design, methodology, and first 300 participants of CHALICE. METHODS Commencing August 2010, CHALICE is a multidisciplinary prospective random cohort study and biobank of 1,000 Canterbury adults aged 49-51 years at inception, stratified by self-identified Maori (n=200) and non-Maori (n=800) ethnicity. Assessment covers sociodemographic, physical, cognition, mental health, clinical history, family and social, cardiovascular, and lifestyle domains. Detailed follow-up assessment occurs every 5 years, with a brief postal follow-up assessment undertaken annually. RESULTS For the first 300 participants (44 Maori, 256 non-Maori), the participation rate is 63.7%. Overall, 53.3% of participants are female, 75.3% are living in married or de facto relationships, and 19.0% have university degrees. These sociodemographic profiles are comparable with the 2006 Census, Canterbury region, 50-54 years age group percentages (50.7%, 77.2%, and 14.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS CHALICE has been designed to provide quality data that will inform policy development and programme implementation across a broad spectrum of health indicators.
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Liu P, Herzegh O, Fernandez M, Hooper S, Shu W, Sobolik J, Porter R, Spivey N, Moe C. Assessment of human adenovirus removal by qPCR in an advanced water reclamation plant in Georgia, USA. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:310-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Malhi GS, Hitching R, Coulston CM, Boyce P, Porter R, Fritz K. Individualized management of unipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013:1-5. [PMID: 23586872 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Porter R, Mulder R, Lacey C. DSM-5 and the elimination of the major depression bereavement exclusion. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013; 47:391-3. [PMID: 23568160 DOI: 10.1177/0004867413481504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bell C, Bhikha S, Colhoun H, Carter F, Frampton C, Porter R. The response to sulpiride in social anxiety disorder: D2 receptor function. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:146-51. [PMID: 22745189 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112450778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Some previous studies have suggested that patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) have a hypoactive central dopaminergic system. Supporting this there have been reports from neuroimaging studies of reduced striatal D2 receptor binding in subjects with SAD. The aim of this study was to investigate D2 receptor sensitivity in patients with SAD compared with a group of matched, healthy controls using a neuroendocrine challenge with the selective D2 antagonist, sulpiride. D2 receptor function was assessed in 23 subjects with generalized SAD and 23 matched, healthy controls using a challenge with 400 mg of a selective D2 antagonist, sulpiride in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Response to sulpiride was measured by the change in prolactin level and changes in self-rated measures of social anxiety, mood and the ability to experience pleasure. There was no significant difference in prolactin response to sulpiride between the two groups. Sulpiride resulted in no effect in either the SAD or healthy control group on measures of social anxiety, mood or the ability to experience pleasure. Contrary to our hypothesis, in this study we found no evidence of reduced D2 receptor function in subjects with SAD compared with healthy controls.
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