[Epidemiology of food allergies]

Difficulties resulting from diagnosis of food allergies show an impact on the validity of epidemiological data, which are mainly based on questionnaire data or results from allergy tests for evidence of specific IgE antibodies. The frequency of self-reported adverse food reactions in population based studies ranges between 5% and 33% with women reporting a higher frequency of such reactions. Only two epidemiological studies have performed double blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenge tests. Extrapolating these results, the prevalence of food allergies is estimated at 2% within the general population. An epidemiological questionnaire-based study in France reports on 3.5% of the general population suffering from food allergies. According to studies of the Allergy Ward in Zürich, in 46-60% of all cases skin and mucosa are predominantly affected, with oral allergy syndrome and urticaria being the most frequent manifestations. A food allergy is significantly associated with different manifestations of atopy and predominantly to hay fever, atopic eczema, urticaria and asthma.

Allopurinol and superoxide dismutase protect against leucocyte-endothelium interactions in a novel model of colonic ischaemia-reperfusion

BACKGROUND

Leucocyte recruitment is a key feature in ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R)-triggered tissue injury. However, the mechanisms underlying leucocyte-endothelium interactions in the large bowel remain elusive because of a previous lack of models to examine the colonic microcirculation. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel method for studying reperfusion-induced leucocyte-endothelium interactions in the colon.

METHODS

The superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 30 min in male C57/Bl6 mice and leucocyte responses were analysed in colonic venules after 30-240 min of reperfusion. Analysis of leucocyte rolling and adhesion in colonic venules was made possible by an inverted approach using intravital fluorescence microscopy.

RESULTS

Thirty minutes of ischaemia and 120 min of reperfusion induced the strongest and most reproducible increase in leucocyte rolling and adhesion. This was associated with a significant increase in colonic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Administration of allopurinol and superoxide dismutase reduced I/R-induced leucocyte responses in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with allopurinol attenuated the tissue content MDA in the colon by more than 60 per cent.

CONCLUSION

A new method for examining I/R-induced leucocyte responses in the colonic microcirculation is described. Oxygen free radicals play an important role in triggering leucocyte rolling and adhesion in colonic venules.

[Studying school beginners in western and eastern Germany: allergy trends and sensitisations 1991-2000]

AIM

Aim of the study is to examine the hypotheses of a steeper increase in allergies and allergic sensitisations in East than in West German children between 1991 and 2000.

METHOD

Between 1991 and 2000 we yearly repeated cross-sectional studies (SAWO: Study on school beginners) and asked 36,645 parents about diagnoses and symptoms of allergies in their six-year old children (response: 79 %). The study was done in Leipzig, Halle, Merseburg, Magdeburg, small towns in the Altmark region, Duisburg, Essen, Köln and Borken during spring. An allergological investigation was included 1991, 1994, 1997 and 2000. Dermatologists diagnosed a prevalent atopic eczema, administered a skin prick test (n = 7,229) and blood was taken for the determination of specific IgE antibodies against common allergens (n = 7,714, RAST). Odds Ratios (OR) for trend were calculated separately for the data from East and West Germany and are given along with their 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

Allergies and their symptoms (exception: atopic eczema) were less prevalent in East German children born before the reunification than in West German ones. In East as well as in West Germany bronchial asthma was diagnosed more often in 2000 than in 1991 (OR East: 2.42 [1.78-3.28] West: 2.07 [1.43-3.00]). In contrast the prevalence of atopic eczemas was more than halved between 1991 and 2000. Of all symptoms and diagnoses of allergies only hay fever and its symptoms showed an upward trend in East Germany which was steeper than the trend in West Germany (OR East: 4.41 [3.17-6.13] West: 1.74 [1.19-2.57]). This can partly be explained by a parallel trend in sensitisation against grass pollen.

CONCLUSION

The spatial and temporal pattern of the allergic diseases bronchial asthma, hay fever and atopic eczema in six-year old children from Germany is different. The expected steeper increase of allergies in East than in West Germany could only be shown for hay fever.

Low temperature XAFS investigation on the lutetium binding changes during the 2-line ferrihydrite alteration process

The time dependent changes of Lu speciation (used as Am(III) homologue), initially sorbed onto 2-line ferrihydrite at pH 5.9, during tempering (70 degrees C) to stable crystalline transformation products, goethite and hematite, is studied. Microscopies (AFM, SEM), XRD and FTIR spectroscopy confirm transformation to both goethite and hematite, with a predominance of hematite. XRD investigation of another transformation series at pH 8.0 (75 degrees C, [Lu(III)initial] 7 times higher) shows that the cell volume of hematite increases, suggesting the incorporation of Lu in the crystal structure. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) (pH 5.9 series, 70 degrees C) reveals a shortening of the Lu-O bond distance and an increase in asymmetry of the first shell with increasing tempering time in the intermediate temper time samples. The intensity of the second peak in the Fourier transform (FT) of the EXAFS increases and splits into two components. The EXAFS data of the end product can be modeled well using a hematite-like cluster, with an isotropic expansion of distances to account for incorporation of Lu into the hematite structure. These results demonstrate that the Lu is incorporated in the crystal lattice of the transformation product, as opposed to being occluded or remaining a sorbed species on the surface.

New model for in vivo quantification of microvascular embolization, thrombus formation, and recanalization in composite flaps

BACKGROUND

Microthrombi are suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of composite flap failure. Due to the lack of appropriate experimental models, however, the significance of microvascular thrombus formation and microthromboembolization in free flap failure remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop a rat hindlimb model that allows tissue-confined in vivo analysis of thrombus formation, thromboembolization, and recanalization within the microcirculation of osteomyocutaneous flaps using intravital fluorescence microscopy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thrombus formation was induced photochemically in individual arterioles and venules of muscle, subcutis, and periosteum. To study thromboembolization, autologous arterial thrombi (40 microm) were preformed in vitro and were injected into the femoral artery supplying the osteomyocutaneous flap.

RESULTS

First platelet deposition was found independent from microvascular red blood cell velocity, while the subsequent growth of thrombus correlated inversely with red blood cell flow measured in the respective microvessel. Time required for complete thrombotic arteriolar occlusion exceeded 700 s, whereas thrombus growth in venules was found to be significantly accelerated ( approximately 300 s) without differences between the individual tissues analyzed. The embolization resulted in a complete shutdown of capillary perfusion in muscle, subcutis, skin, and periosteum. During subsequent spontaneous recanalization, capillary perfusion increased in all tissues to approximately half of baseline, however, without further recovery during the 4-h postembolization period.

CONCLUSIONS

The model presented is suitable to quantitatively study the pathophysiology of microvascular thrombus formation, thromboembolization, and recanalization in composite flaps, and may thus be used to evaluate the effectiveness of novel therapeutic strategies to prevent flap failure.

[Stability of lung function parameters: spirometry, body plethysmography and mouth occlusion pressure (p0.1)]

Spirometric, bodyplethysmographic and mouth occlusion results of 9 healthy probands were measured 9 - 11 times over a total of 28 - 39 days. Interindividual predicted values based on large studies show SDs of +/- 20 %, which is not acceptable for the judgement of individual values. Individual values are much less scattered (SD +/- 10 %). Each test person showed a differing individual range of 75 - 140 %. Functional basic facts can be derived from the different levels of individual values. Early changes in the individual range are of special interest. For the evaluation of individual results the earliest possible basic values are of importance.

Alternative medicine in allergies - prevalence, patterns of use, and costs

BACKGROUND

There is evidence that the use of alternative medicine (AM) for allergies has increased. However, little is known from population-based studies about what determines its use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the patterns of use of AM for allergies.

METHODS

A population-based nested case-control study was conducted in 2000-01 using computer-assisted telephone interviews. Three hundred and fifty-one adults participated (median age 46 years) with allergies including hay fever, asthma, atopic eczema, and food hypersensitivity. Information was obtained on demographics, prevalence, motivation, information, type of AM, provider, costs, willingness to pay, and subjective assessment of AM.

RESULTS

26.5% of participants used AM because of their allergies. Compared to nonusers, this group of users was significantly younger (median age 43 vs 47; p=0.004) and better educated (school education > 8 year vs<or= 8 year; odds ratio (OR) 2.17, 1.28-3.67) and was mostly motivated by the assumption of few side-effects (78.3%), by a wish to try everything (71.7%), and by unsatisfying results from conventional therapy (66.3%). Users also had more experience with conventional therapy than nonusers (94.6% vs 63.6%; OR 10.10, 4.00-25.72). Four procedures accounted for almost the entire usage: homeopathy (35.3%), autologous blood injection (28.1%), acupuncture (16.6%), and bioresonance (10.0%). The AM were mostly promoted (40.2%) and provided (60.9%) by medical doctors, and produced median costs for single and entire treatment of 4 (15-205) and 205 (15-1278) euros. Reimbursement from insurance companies was received by 52.3%, in full (37.8%) or partial (14.5%). Most subjects (55.4%) admitted that they would pay more (median 153 euros) for the achieved result. Users scored the efficacy of conventional therapy significantly lower (p<0.001) than nonusers, and assessed the results of AM as very good (28.6%) or rather good (53.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

AM is used widely for allergies by the general population and is associated with considerable costs. This has implications for the health care system and health policy.

Epidemiology of food allergy/food intolerance in adults: associations with other manifestations of atopy

BACKGROUND

Food allergy and food intolerance (FA/FI) are believed to be frequent medical problems; however, information from epidemiologic studies in adults is scarce. The objective was to determine the frequency of FA/FI and allergic sensitization to food in a large adult sample. Furthermore, the associations between FA/FI and other outcomes of atopy were studied.

METHODS

Within a population-based, nested, case-control study, a standardized interview was performed to obtain detailed information on FA/FI and the history of atopic diseases. In addition, a skin prick test with 10 common food and nine aeroallergens was performed.

RESULTS

Overall, 20.8% of the 1537 studied subjects (50.4% female, age median 50 years) reported FA/FI (women 27.5%, men 14.0%; OR 2.35, CI 1.80-3.08). Nuts, fruits, and milk most frequently led to adverse effects, and the sites of manifestation were oral (42.9%), skin (28.7%), gastrointestinal (13.0%), systemic (3.2%), and multiple (12.2%). One-quarter of the subjects (25.1%) were sensitized to at least one food allergen in the prick test, with hazelnut (17.8%), celery (14.6%), and peanut (11.1%) accounting for most of the positive reactions. The corresponding frequency estimates for the representative study base (n=4178) were 15.5% for reported adverse reactions and 16.8% for allergic sensitization. Relevant concomitant sensitization to food and aeroallergens was observed. Food-allergic subjects (positive history and sensitization to corresponding allergen) suffered significantly more often from urticaria, asthma, atopic eczema, and especially hay fever (73.1%) than controls (3.0%). Furthermore, hay fever was treated significantly more often in subjects who suffered from concomitant food allergy.

CONCLUSIONS

FA/FI in adults is frequently reported and associated with other manifestations of atopy. Hay fever in conjunction with FA/FI tends to be clinically more severe since therapeutic needs are enhanced.

School education and allergic sensitization in adults

BACKGROUND

There is evidence of an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and atopy mainly from studies in children which investigated atopic diseases and parental SES. We determined the association of allergic sensitization, as measured by skin prick test (SPT) and allergen-specific IgE (RAST), and SES in a population-based study in adults.

METHODS

Within a population-based, nested, case-control study, a standardized interview was performed and allergic sensitization to common aeroallergens was determined by SPT and RAST.

RESULTS

A total of 1537 adults (50.4% female, age: median 50.0, range 28-78 years) were investigated, half of whom (50.2%) exhibited at least one positive RAST result according to the study design. SPT reactivity was 37.3% in this group and was estimated to be 26.1% in the representative study base of 4178 adults. Within increasing categories of school graduation (none; after 8, 10, 13, and >13 years), the prevalence of SPT (20.5%, 31.3%, 44.0%, 44.2%, 48.1%; P trend <0.0001) and RAST reactivity (35.0%, 48.0%, 52.3%, 48.4%, 58.4%; P trend=0.004) increased continuously. Similar results were obtained when testing this association on the level of single allergens. After control for age, sex, and parental history of atopic diseases, all but the first odds ratios for SPT remained significant (first category=reference, 2.06, 3.21, 3.88, 3.96). The same model for RAST reactivity revealed a similar result with effect estimate for the last category being significant (first category=reference, 1.89, 2.08, 2.10, 2.81).

CONCLUSIONS

Allergic sensitization (SPT and RAST) to common aeroallergens in adults follows a significant and linear association with school education.

Farming, rural lifestyle and atopy in adults from southern Germany--results from the MONICA/KORA study Augsburg

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The increasing urbanization and the decrease in the numbers of farms in southern Germany might be associated with an increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. We compared the prevalence of allergic diseases in farmers, and rural, suburban and urban residents in the small geographical area of Augsburg in southern Germany.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional survey adults, aged 25-75 years selected from the community population register were investigated. Rural, suburban and urban residents were defined by community size and farmers by occupation. Allergic respiratory disorders were assessed by self-administered questionnaires and specific IgE antibodies to five common aeroallergens.

RESULTS

In comparison to rural residents the urban population had an increased risk of allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2-1.9), atopic sensitization (OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0-1.4) and sensitization against pollen (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2-1.9). There was no difference in the risk of asthma (OR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.6-1.6) and a decreased risk in the sensitization against house dust mite (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.7-1.0). The suburban residents did not differ from urban residents. Farmers had lower risks in allergic rhinitis, atopic sensitization, sensitization against pollen and mites (OR = 0.63; 0.86; 0.51 and 0.80, respectively) than rural non-farming residents, however, these differences were statistically not significant. Reported allergic rhinitis with sensitization to pollen was 2.5 times (95% CI: 1.8-3.6) more prevalent in urban than in rural residents.

CONCLUSION

A farming environment and rural lifestyle might be associated with unknown protective factors impacting the prevalence of allergies.

Epidemiology of contact allergy in adults

BACKGROUND

We aimed to determine the prevalence of contact sensitization in the general population and to investigate associations with important sociodemographic and medical characteristics.

METHODS

Within a population-based nested, case-control study in Germany, we performed patch tests with 25 standard allergens in 1141 adults (50.4% female, age median 50 years). Additional information was obtained by a dermatologic examination, a standardized interview, and blood analysis.

RESULTS

At least one positive reaction was exhibited by 40.0% of the subjects, with reactions most frequently observed to fragrance mix (15.9%), nickel (13.1%), thimerosal (4.7%), and balsam of Peru (3.8%). Women were sensitized more often than men (50.2% vs 29.9%, OR 2.36, CI 1.84-3.03), and this was also significant for fragrance mix, nickel, turpentine, cobalt chloride, and thimerosal. Contact sensitization was more frequent in subjects who reported adverse skin reactions (53.8% vs. 32.6%; OR 2.41, CI 1.85-3.14), and this was particularly true for sensitization to nickel (45.5% vs 8.8%, OR 8.64, CI 5.67-13.17) and fragrance mix (29.0% vs 14.0%, OR 2.51, CI 1.60-3.91) and the corresponding intolerance of fashion jewelry and fragrances. Contact sensitization decreased with increasing degree of occupational training (unskilled 45.9%, apprenticeship 40.1%, technical college 40.4%, and school of engineering 12.5%; P=0.023; trend test P=0.042). Significant associations of contact sensitization and presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, atopic eczema, or psoriasis were not observed. Frequency estimates for the general adult population based on these findings were 28.0% for overall contact sensitization and 11.4% for fragrance mix, 9.9% for nickel, and 3.2% for thimerosal.

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that contact allergy is influenced by sociodemographic parameters and plays an important role in the general population.

Why are allergies increasing?

The incidence of atopic allergy is increasing in certain 'Western' countries but this remains unexplained. Various hypotheses with differing amounts of evidence and/or relevance have been assessed, including increased awareness of the diseases, improved diagnostics, genetic susceptibility, psycho-social influences, allergen exposure, decreased immune-system stimulation, underlying disease, anti-allergic therapy and pollution.

Using inactivated microbial biomass as fertilizer: the fate of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment

The waste product produced by Novo Nordisk A/S from microbial fermentations is used as agricultural fertilizer in Denmark (NovoGro) after being treated by heat and chemicals to destroy the microorganisms. The fertilizer contains DNA fragments from the genetically modified microorganisms used in industrial production. This DNA contains genes coding for the desired industrial products as well as genes used as genetic selection markers during production strain development. The antibiotic resistance markers used as genetic selection markers are chloramphenicol (Cm), kanamycin (Km) and ampicillin (Ap). The aim of the present study was to examine whether DNA and intact genes were present in NovoGro and whether horizontal transfer of DNA isolated from inactivated production strains occurred either in the laboratory or in the fields treated with NovoGro. DNA isolated from NovoGro was analysed by PCR and intact genes coding for a protease and chloramphenicol resistance were amplified. This isolated DNA was used for in vitro experiments including electroporation and transformation but no transfer of DNA to Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis was observed. The antibiotic resistance profile of the indigenous bacterial population in the fields treated with NovoGro compared with fields treated with inorganic fertilizers showed no differences. In addition, DNA isolated directly from the fields treated with NovoGro for up to 7 years was analysed by PCR and no specific production gene constructs could be detected.

Breathing and locomotion in patients with Parkinson's disease

The phase relationship between respiration and locomotion was examined in ten patients with Parkinson's disease (PD, mean age 65, range 51-79 years) and in six healthy subjects (mean age 63, range 58-68 years). Locomotion was measured by means of pressure sensors attached below the subjects' feet. Respiration was measured using respiratory inductive plethysmography. The data were recorded with a battery-driven portable device. We determined the coordination degree as the portion of steps which occurred within 12/50 bins of the respiratory cycle. The mean degree of coordination of PD patients was 45.0%+/-11.9%, for the healthy subjects 85.1%+/-10.8% (P<0.001). Three healthy subjects showed a 2:1 ratio between step and breathing rate, three a 3:2 ratio. Two PD patients showed a coordination of 4:1 and 3:1, respectively, with a larger scatter than in controls. In the other eight patients steps were almost equally distributed over the entire respiratory cycle. We conclude that in patients with PD the coordination between locomotion and breathing is reduced.

Selective recovery of solutes from ionic liquids by pervaporation--a novel approach for purification and green processing

Non-porous membranes with the selective layer consisting of hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers have been applied for the quantitative and selective recovery of solutes with different physico-chemical properties from a room-temperature ionic liquid, ([bmim][PF6]).

Size characterization of bentonite colloids by different methods

The size and shape of colloids released from a natural bentonite into a low-mineralized groundwater are investigated using various colloid characterization methods. For the applied methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), laser-induced breakdown detection (UBD), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and flow field-flow fractionation coupled to ICP-mass spectrometric detection (FFFF-ICPMS), the respective raw size data have to be corrected in order to consider chemical composition and shape of the colloids as well as instrumental artifacts. Noncontact mode AFM of the bentonite colloids shows disklike shapes of stacked smectite platelets with a mean height-to-diameter proportion (aspect ratio) of approximately 1/10. A broad particle number size distribution is determined by image processing with a mean particle diameter of 73 nm. In agreement with AFM, a broad size distribution is also found by PCS and FFFF-ICPMS. Likewise, mean particle sizes found by LIBD (67 +/- 13 nm) and FFFF-ICPMS (maximum in the number size distribution, approximately 70 nm) are in fair agreement with the AFM data. Somewhathigher values are obtained by PCS, where mean particle diameters of the intensity-weighted size distributions of larger than 200 nm are found (depending on the algorithm used for data processing). The influence of the disklike particle shape on the results of the individual methods is discussed. As a conclusion, the application of different colloid characterization methods is a prerequisite to get complementary information about colloid size and shape, which is essential for the understanding of natural colloidal systems.

Epidemiology of acne in the general population: the risk of smoking

BACKGROUND

Acne is a common skin disorder, but epidemiological data from the general population obtained by examination are scarce. Clinical experience suggests an association between smoking and acne, although confirmatory evidence from appropriate studies is lacking.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence and demographic factors of acne in a general population sample and to investigate the association of smoking and acne on a qualitative and quantitative level.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional study, 896 citizens (aged 1--87 years, median 42) of the City of Hamburg were dermatologically examined. The prevalence and severity of acne were recorded and further information on demographic variables, medical history, and alcohol and cigarette consumption were obtained by a standardized interview.

RESULTS

According to the clinical examination, acne was present in 26.8% overall, and was more prevalent in men (29.9%) than women (23.7%) (odds ratio, OR 1.37, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.01--1.87). Prevalence followed a significant linear trend over age with peak prevalence between 14 and 29 years (P < 0.001). The reported age at onset was significantly lower in women than men (P = 0.015). According to multiple logistic regression analyses acne prevalence was significantly higher in active smokers (40.8%, OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.40--2.99) as compared with non-smokers (25.2%). A significant linear relationship between acne prevalence and number of cigarettes smoked daily was obtained (trend test: P < 0.0001). In addition, a significant dose-dependent relationship between acne severity and daily cigarette consumption was shown by linear regression analysis (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Smoking is a clinically important contributory factor to acne prevalence and severity.

[German instrument for the assessment of quality of life in skin diseases (DIELH). Internal consistency, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity and responsiveness]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Performance and psychometric testing of the German Instrument for the Assessment of Quality of Life in Skin Diseases (DIELH).

PATIENTS/METHODS

The instrument consisting of 36 questions (maximum skore 180, 7 domains) was used in 836 outpatients and quality assessments (validity, reliability, responsiveness) were performed.

RESULTS

The total skore had a mean of 54 pts. (STD 31, range 0-157) and was normally distributed. Women reported a higher impact on quality of life (median 56 vs. 49, p < 0.001). In terms of discriminant validity significant differences between diagnostic groups were observed with high scorings for patients with eczema, psoriasis, urticaria, and acne (p < 0.001). Tests for internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.71-0.92) and reliability (r = 0.73-0.86) revealed valid results. The DIELH correlated well with the DLQI (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) and moderately with 3 domains of the SF 36 (r = 0.25-0.30, p < 0.01). Changes in the quality of life after 4 weeks were consistent with the corresponding changes of the skin condition and partially significant.

CONCLUSIONS

In the use within a large patient sample the DIELH proved to be feasible, valid, reliable, and responsive.

[Development of the German Scale for Assessing Quality of Life in Skin Diseases]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

A German dermatological quality-of-life (QoL) instrument was developed on the basis of a representative and standardised patient population.

PATIENTS/METHODS

Qualitative interviews were performed in 633 patients. Based on the answers of 20 patients from each of the 10 most frequent diagnostic groups, items were identified and a questionnaire developed. This was used in 704 patients and eventually the number of items was reduced.

RESULTS

The long version of the instrument has 72 items. The median of the total score of the questionnaire was 75 and significantly different between diagnostic groups (herpes/shingles 110, verruca 26; p < 0.001). Significant differences occurred also between questionnaire domains with categories "psychological, physical, and treatment" showing the highest results. In contrast to the total group, patients with urticaria scored highest in dimensions "social, leisure, and work" (p < 0.001). By factor analysis the number of items was reduced to 36.

CONCLUSIONS

The DIELH was developed on the basis of a standardised and representative patient population. The long version proved to have a good discriminant validity with respect to diagnostic groups and dimensions.

Implications of the ALEPH tau-lepton decay data for perturbative and nonperturbative QCD

We use ALEPH data on hadronic tau decays in order to calculate Euclidean coordinate space correlation functions in the vector and axial-vector channels. The linear combination V-A receives no perturbative contribution and is quantitatively reproduced by the instanton liquid model. In the case of V+A the instanton calculation is in good agreement with the data once perturbative corrections are included. These corrections clearly show the evolution of alpha(s). We also analyze the range of validity of the operator product expansion (OPE). We conclude that the range of validity of the OPE is limited to x less, similar 0.3 fm, whereas the instanton model describes the data over the entire range.

Reduction of inflammatory response in composite flap transfer by local stress conditioning-induced heat-shock protein 32

BACKGROUND

The failure of composite flaps despite anastomotic patency is thought to be mediated by the inflammatory response within the microvasculature, which results from unavoidable surgical trauma and transfer-related ischemia-reperfusion. Evidence suggests that stress conditioning may improve flap survival; however, the molecular mechanisms of protection are far from being clear. Therefore, we analyzed whether stress conditioning-induced heat-shock protein 32 is effective to prevent the inflammatory response in transferred osteomyocutaneous flaps.

METHODS

In a rat model, leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction and endothelial integrity disruption as early indicators of the inflammatory response were quantitatively analyzed in muscle, subcuticular tissue, and periosteum of microvascularly transferred osteomyocutaneous flaps by using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Twenty-four hours before flap transfer, stress conditioning was induced by local heating of the left hindlimb up to 42.5 degrees C for 30 minutes. In additional animals, stress conditioning-induced activity of heat-shock protein 32 was inhibited by tin protoporphyrin-IX. Unconditioned flaps served as controls.

RESULTS

In all tissues analyzed, control flaps showed significant leukocyte adherence in postcapillary venules, increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, and endothelial integrity disruption, but a lack of heat-shock protein 32. In contrast, stress conditioning induced marked heat-shock protein 32 expression, which was associated with a significant reduction (P <.05) of leukocyte adherence, ICAM-1 expression, and endothelial hyperpermeability. The inhibition of heat-shock protein 32 by tin protoporphyrin-IX completely abolished the stress conditioning-induced amelioration of the inflammatory response in all tissues analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS

Stress conditioning by local heat-shock priming reduces the inflammatory response in osteomyocutaneous flaps. The protective effect is predominantly mediated by the induction of heat-shock protein 32.

Local heat-shock priming-induced improvement in microvascular perfusion in osteomyocutaneous flaps is mediated by heat-shock protein 32

BACKGROUND

Stress conditioning is thought to improve microvascular free flap survival but the mechanisms of protection are not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether local induction of heat-shock protein (HSP) 32 improves microvascular perfusion in transferred osteomyocutaneous flaps.

METHODS

The hindlimb harvest region of osteomyocutaneous flaps in Wistar rats was subjected to stress conditioning by local heating (30 min, 42.5 degrees C) 24 h before microvascular flap transfer. In a second group of animals, after heat-shock priming, the action of HSP-32 was inhibited by tin protoporphyrin IX. Animals with unconditioned flaps served as controls. After transfer, the microcirculation of the muscle, cutaneous, subcutaneous and periosteal tissue of the flap was analysed quantitatively for 6 h using intravital fluorescence microscopy.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry revealed that HSP-32 was detectable only after priming and not in unconditioned flaps. Priming did not alter functional capillary density or capillary red blood cell velocity compared with that in unconditioned flaps. However, heat-shock priming induced significant capillary dilatation (P < 0.05) and thus a substantial increase in capillary blood flow volume (P < 0.05) in all tissues of the transferred flaps. Inhibition of HSP-32 by tin protoporphyrin IX completely abolished the priming-induced improvement in capillary perfusion, as indicated by the lack of increased capillary diameters and volumetric blood flow.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that stress conditioning by local heat-shock priming improves nutritive perfusion in osteomyocutaneous flaps by capillary dilatation, probably mediated through the vasoactive action of HSP-32.

Kaon condensation in high-density quark matter

We point out that the problem of kaon condensation in dense hadronic matter can be addressed in perturbative QCD. Indeed, perturbative calculations suggest that negative kaons are condensed in high-density quark matter if the presence of electrons is taken into account. This observation sheds new light on the proposal that the low-density hyperon and high-density quark matter phases of QCD are continuously connected.

The excess of atopic eczema in East Germany is related to the intrinsic type

BACKGROUND

Prevalence data for atopic eczema based on a dermatological examination have not so far been available for East and West Germany. Possible differences in the proportions of extrinsic and intrinsic types of eczema, and how far these could explain differences in the prevalence of eczema, need to be clarified.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the prevalence of atopic eczema in pre-school children between different locations in East and West Germany, and over a period of 7 years, at three time points. Additionally, to determine the proportions of intrinsic and extrinsic types of eczema by taking skin prick test reactivity into account.

METHODS

Repeated cross-sectional studies in 1991, 1994 and 1997 in 5-6-year-old pre-school children at five different locations in West Germany (n = 2075) and six in East Germany (n = 1926) were carried out. Individuals with eczema were identified by an examination performed by physicians of the Department of Dermatology. In addition, a skin prick test and a standardized questionnaire were used.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of atopic eczema in these children was 10.4%. At all three times of investigation (1991, 17.5% vs. 11.2%; 1994, 12.6% vs. 8.7%; 1997, 11.2% vs. 4.5%) and in the total group (12.9% vs. 8.2%), the prevalence was significantly higher in East than in West Germany. After controlling for influences of sex, parental history of atopic diseases, observer and socio-economic status in multiple logistic regression analyses, these differences remained significant for 1991, 1994 and for the overall group (odds ratio, OR 1.78, 95% confidence interval, CI 1. 43-2.21). Girls (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.27-1.92) and children whose parents had a higher level of school education (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1. 00-1.37) were affected more frequently. Of all children, 26.6%, and of those with eczema, 41.9% exhibited at least one reaction in the prick test (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.75-2.80; sensitization in eczema vs. no eczema). Whereas 50.4% of the children with eczema in West Germany were sensitized, only 36.5% of the diseased children in East Germany reacted positively in the prick test (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.12-2. 79).

CONCLUSIONS

These results are in accordance with findings regarding allergic sensitization and hay fever and might indicate that factors other than allergy are responsible for the higher prevalence of atopic eczema in East Germany.

Adenosine deaminase inhibition attenuates reperfusion low flow and improves graft survival after rat liver transplantation

BACKGROUND

Low flow or no flow is a prefinal step after reperfusion of hepatic allografts. Adenosine is an intrinsic key regulator of physiological and pathological hepatic blood flow.

METHODS

In a model of rat liver transplantation, the effect of donor pretreatment with adenosine deaminase inhibitors (0, 0.1, 1, 10 micromol erythro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl]adenine) was studied on hepatic interstitial adenosine concentrations, microcirculatory flow, leukocyte adhesion, and graft survival by means of microdialysis sampling, intravital video microscopy, and laser Doppler flowmetry.

RESULTS

Donor pretreatment with 1 micromol erythro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl]adenine increased interstitial adenosine concentrations 5- to 10-fold, for more than 24 hr of cold storage. In LDF studies, mean donor blood flow was increased from 420 +/- 42 perfusion units (PU) to 832 +/- 52 PU and from 475 +/- 79 to 720 +/- 81 PU after reperfusion, and in intravital video microscopy studies from 247 +/- 24 to 281 +/- 39 pl/sec. There was no difference in the number of leukocytes sticking, but a significantly lower percentage of leukocytes rolling (26.1 +/- 1.9 vs. 36.5 +/- 7.5%) along the endothelial wall in the treatment group. Transplant survival after 44 hr cold storage in UW solution was 8/10 in the treatment group and 1/13 in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Donor pretreatment with erythro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl]adenine increases survival of critically injured liver grafts. Donor or recipient treatment rather than addition of protectants to cold storage solutions are successful strategies to overcome preservation injury and possibly adverse donor factors.

Parental sun protection management in preschool children

A total of 287 children (5 to 8 years old) were investigated for parental sun protection management techniques in a questionnaire-based survey. We evaluated the parents' knowledge about the risk of melanoma, their level of education, their nationality and the child's skin type with the children's use of sunscreen, clothes and shade. In general, the parents' knowledge about the correlation of skin cancer with extensive sun exposure in childhood was good. There was no correlation between the level of parental education and the frequency of sun protection measures. Children of non-German parents had significantly less sun protection. Our results indicate the need for special teaching programs for children in Germany to achieve a more responsible sun protection management.

Skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss and skin roughness related to atopic eczema and skin dryness in a population of primary school children

Non-invasive investigations of skin morphology and function are standard tools to study the pathophysiology of several cutaneous disorders, yet they have not been used in population-based epidemiological studies. Here we examined skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin roughness by profilometry in a study population comprising 377 primary school children (8-9 years old) as part of a multicentre survey on risk factors for allergic diseases in school children. Skin surface pH showed significant higher values (p=0.029) in the group with atopic eczema (n=45) compared with the group without atopic eczema; all other parameters did not differ significantly between children with and without atopic eczema. With increasing skin dryness there was a significant increase in pH values (p=0.004). Stratum corneum hydration showed a significant decrease with increasing dryness (p<0.001). Measurement of skin roughness also revealed a significant linear relationship with skin dryness (p=0.02). It is concluded that measurement of skin surface pH, corneometry and profilometry are useful non-invasive techniques to objectively assess skin dryness in epidemiological studies regarding atopic skin disease.

Changes in collagen I and collagen III metabolism in patients with generalized atopic eczema undergoing medium-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy

Fourteen patients suffering from acute, exacerbated atopic eczema were screened for changes in collagen I and collagen III metabolism in serum (n = 11), urine (n = 11) and skin biopsies (n = 9) before and after medium-dose ultraviolet (UV) A1 phototherapy (15 exposures of 50 J/cm2 over a 3-week period, total dose 750 J/cm2). Mature collagen I and, to a lesser extent, mature collagen III were found to be decreased after the therapy in skin samples from the irradiated patients. As markers of collagen I degradation, the cross-links pyridoline and deoxypyridoline were analysed in urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Both cross-links were found to be mildly increased after UVA1 phototherapy, without reaching statistical significance. As markers of de novo collagen synthesis we screened for the procollagen I-carboxyterminal peptide (PICP) and procollagen III-aminoterminal peptide (PIIINP) levels in serum and skin. The ratio of PICP to PIIINP in serum dropped significantly after the UVA1 phototherapy, suggesting a different impact of UVA1 on the two collagens. These findings were paralleled by a diminished ratio of PICP to PIIINP in tissue samples. Staining for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and its specific counterpart, tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1), showed slight increases for both proteins by therapeutic UVA1; this was also seen in serum for TIMP-1 but not MMP-1. In our study, high-energy UVA1 doses induced changes of the skin collagens in patients with atopic eczema which are measurable by their metabolites in serum and urine.

Electron transfer in DNA from guanine and 8-oxoguanine to a radical cation of the carbohydrate backbone

Photolysis of a 4'-pivaloyl-substituted nucleotide in single- and double-stranded DNA (1) generated an enol ether radical cation 4 that was reduced to enol ether 17 by electron transfer from the nearest guanoside (G). Variation of the nucleotide sequence demonstrated a strong distance dependence of this electron-transfer rate with beta = 1.0 +/- 0.1 A(-1). When 8-oxoguanosine (G(oxo)) was used as the electron donor, the rate of the electron transfer increased by a factor of 4 but the distance dependence of the transfer remained unchanged within experimental error. In single strands, the number of intervening A, T, and C nucleotides had a much smaller effect; the rate remained nearly constant for two, three, or four intervening nucleotides. This is explained by the flexibility of the single-stranded oligonucleotides.

Changes of synaptotagmin interaction with t-SNARE proteins in vitro after calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation

The regulation of multiple phases of the life cycle of synaptic vesicles is carried out by a complex series of protein-protein interactions. According to the SNARE hypothesis the core of these interactions is a heterotrimeric complex formed by syntaxin, SNAP-25, and VAMP-synaptobrevin. Other proteins interacting with the core of the SNARE complex, such as voltage-activated calcium channels and synaptotagmin (a putative calcium sensor), are considered crucial for the calcium dependence of release and also molecular mediators of synaptic plasticity. Here the interaction of synaptotagmin with SNARE proteins was studied in immunoprecipitated native complexes, and the effects of previous phosphorylation-dephosphorylation on this interaction were analyzed. It is surprising that the interaction of synaptotagmin with syntaxin and SNAP-25 in native complexes was not found to be calcium-dependent. However, previous incubation under dephosphorylating conditions decreased the synaptotagmin-syntaxin interaction. Stimulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, which endogenously phosphorylates synaptotagmin in synaptic vesicles, increased the interaction of syntaxin and SNAP-25 with synaptotagmin (particularly when measured in the presence of calcium), as well as increasing the binding of the kinase itself. These results suggest that calcium decreases synaptotagmin-t-SNARE interactions after dephosphorylation and increases them after phosphorylation. Overall, these results imply a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation balance in regulation of the synaptotagmin-t-SNARE interaction and suggest a role for protein phosphorylation in the modulation of calcium sensitivity in transmitter release.

In vivo analysis of the microcirculation of osteomyocutaneous flaps using fluorescence microscopy

Previous studies have indicated that freely transferred osteomyocutaneous flaps may fail despite anastomotic patency. While microvascular dysfunction is thought to be one of the major causes for this type of flap failure, little is known of its underlying mechanisms, probably due to the lack of adequate experimental models allowing detailed intravital microcirculatory analysis. Herein we report quantitative analysis of the microcirculation of periosteum, muscle, subcutis and skin by intravital fluorescence microscopy using an osteomyocutaneous free flap model in the hindlimb of rats. The microcirculation of the different tissues was studied after microanastomotic transfer (free flap), and was compared to that after solely elevating the tissue, mimicking a pedicled osteomyocutaneous flap. Transferred flaps, which were exposed to 1 h of ischaemia during the anastomotic procedure, showed a slight but significant decrease (P< 0.05) of functional capillary density in muscle, subcutis and skin when compared with the microcirculation of pedicled flaps, while capillary diameters, red blood cell velocity and blood flow of perfused capillaries remained almost unaffected. The decrease of functional capillary density was associated by a significant (P< 0.05) inflammatory response, as indicated by the increased number of leukocytes adherent to the endothelial lining of postcapillary venules. While the functional capillary density of periosteum was not affected by the free transfer procedure, the inflammatory response was found similar when compared with that observed in muscle and subcutis. Thus, our study indicates that even after a short 1-h ischaemic time period, capillary perfusion failure and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction are the main events, characterising microvascular dysfunction after free transfer of osteomyocutaneous flaps. Using the model described herein, intravital microscopic analysis of the microcirculation proved an appropriate tool to study the individual microvascular response after free tissue transfer, and may thus be used to evaluate the effectiveness of novel therapeutic regimens which aim at counteracting microcirculatory dysfunction in free osteomyocutaneous flaps.

Association between severity of atopic eczema and degree of sensitization to aeroallergens in schoolchildren

BACKGROUND

A subgroup of patients with atopic eczema exhibits aggravation through contact with aeroallergens. Little is known from population-based studies, however, about the association between the severity of eczematous skin disease and the degree of aeroallergen sensitization.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to investigate the relationship between IgE-mediated allergic sensitization to aeroallergens and severity of atopic eczema in schoolchildren.

METHODS

A nested case-control analysis on atopic eczema was performed on the basis of a cross-sectional study of 2201 East German schoolchildren aged 5 to 14 years. Atopic eczema and its severity was identified by dermatologic examination. Total and allergen-specific IgE antibodies to grass and birch pollen, Cladosporium herbarum, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and cat epithelium in serum were determined, and additional information was obtained by means of standardized questionnaire.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of actual atopic eczema was 2.5%. Thirty-seven percent of the children were sensitized to at least one allergen. Children with atopic eczema were significantly more often sensitized than those without skin disease (75.0% vs 36.3%; odds ratio, 5.27; 95% confidence interval, 2.54-11.15). This was observed for each single allergen. The prevalence of atopic eczema increased significantly with increasing RAST class (chi(2) trend test for each allergen, P <.0001). Also, the prevalence of sensitization increased with the severity of the disease (chi(2) trend test for each allergen, P <.0001). This association was pronounced for house dust mite and cat allergen. Multiple linear regression analyses showed significant associations between the severity score of atopic eczema and concentrations of allergen-specific IgE to dust mite (P =.032) and cat (P =.014) allergens after adjustment for sex, age, location, and parental predisposition.

CONCLUSIONS

The degree of sensitization is directly associated with the severity of atopic eczema. We speculate that early epicutaneous sensitization to aeroallergens may be enhanced by damage of the skin barrier function. The specific IgE response seems to contribute to the severity of the disease in a dose-dependent fashion.

Indoor risk factors for atopic eczema in school children from East Germany

This study aimed to investigate the relation between environmental influences such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, as well as environmental tobacco smoke, pet keeping, and heating systems on the prevalence of atopic eczema. Therefore, a multicenter cross-sectional study of school children aged 5-14 years, including a standardized questionnaire, blood and urine analyses, and a dermatological examination, was undertaken. A cases-control approach was chosen in order to identify relevant risk factors. A total of 2200 school children (response 79.1%) of two areas (Bitterfeld, Hettstedt) polluted by industrial activities and an agricultural control region (Zerbst) of the former German Democratic Republic were examined. Atopic eczema as identified by dermatological examination and history was the outcome variable of interest. Body burden of arsenic and heavy metals and questionnaire data on environmental tobacco smoke exposure, pet keeping, and heating system were investigated as potential risk factors. The overall prevalence of atopic eczema was 2.6%, with higher prevalences in the industrial areas (2.5 and 2.9%) compared to the control area (1.6%, not significant). Bivariate analyses did not reveal statistically significant associations between atopic eczema and tobacco smoke exposure or the body burden of arsenic and heavy metals. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, atopic eczema was significantly more frequent in predisposed families and those who reported keeping guinea pigs (OR=4.37, CI 2.15-8.91), but not other pets, like dogs, cats, and hamsters. In comparison to a distant heating system, a decreased risk was observed in households with central heating system (OR=0.30, CI 0.10-0.90), whereas the presence of a gas heater with an exhaust pipe connection to the wall was associated with a significantly elevated risk for eczema (OR=8.22, CI 2.44-27.66). The heating system and exposure to certain animal allergens are related to the manifestation of atopic eczema. Further studies are needed to clarify how far a causal relationship is reflected by these findings.

Nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus erythropolis: metabolization of steroidal compounds with a nitrile group

The progestin dienogest (17alpha-cyanomethyl-17beta-hydroxy-estra-4,9-dien-3-one) was metabolized by the nitrile hydratase-containing microorganism Rhodococcus erythropolis. An enzymatic hydrolysis of the nitrile group at the 17alpha-side chain was intended to obtain novel derivatives and to test them for progesterone receptor affinity. In contrast to the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of nonsteroidal nitriles, the nitrile group of dienogest was cleaved very slowly. The dominant reaction was an aromatization of ring A. After prolonged fermentation, the 17alpha-acetamido derivatives of estradiol and of 9(11)-dehydroestradiol were formed. Three of the metabolites were also prepared synthetically. They were tested for hormonal activity by assessing their binding to progesterone and estrogen receptors in vitro. Neither the aromatized 17alpha-acetamido derivatives nor the dienogest derivative 17alpha-acetamido-17beta-hydroxy-estra-4,9-dien-3-one, which was prepared synthetically only, exhibited affinity for the progesterone receptor.

Amphetamines induce apoptosis and regulation of bcl-x splice variants in neocortical neurons

Amphetamineanalogs have emerged as popular recreational drugs of abuse. The number of reports of these substances producing severe acute toxicity and death is increasing. In 'Ecstasy' -associated deaths, focal necrosis in the liver and individual myocytic necrosis has been reported. Furthermore, serotonergic and dopaminergic neuronal cell damage has been observed in experimental amphetamine intoxication in laboratory animals. Here we demonstrate that subchronic exposure to D-amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, and methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy') results in significant neurotoxicity in rat neocortical neurons in vitro. This neuronal cell death is accompanied by endonucleosomal DNA cleavage and differential expression of anti- and proapoptotic bcl-xL/S splice variants. In addition, we observed pronounced induction of cell stress-associated transcription factor c-jun and translation initiation inhibitor p97 after amphetamine treatment. These data support that the neurotoxic effects of different amphetamines are extended to rat neocortical neurons and that apoptotic pathways are involved in amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

[From tracheostomy to non-invasive mask ventilation: a study in children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]

BACKGROUND

Children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) have to be ventilated during sleep due to respiratory insensitivity to CO2. This long-term mechanical ventilation sometimes requires a tracheostomy during infancy, leading to increased risk of infections and of tracheal problems, and later on to stigmatization and restrictions in social life.

PATIENTS AND METHOD

We therefore evaluated non-invasive mask ventilation in 4 children between 6 and 15 years of age, who had been ventilated via tracheal canula since early infancy under polysomnographic control.

RESULTS

Best results were obtained with standard face masks in connection with pressure controlled timed ventilation. In 1 child we used a volume-controlled ventilator. The lack of dyspnea in these patients can worsen the acceptance of a face mask, which is more uncomfortable than a tracheal cannula. In 2 children we waited with the definite closure of the tracheostomy due to pavor-like symptoms and laryngeal closure during sleep and problems in acceptance of the mask, respectively. In the other 2 children we could demonstrate effective non-invasive mask ventilation during temporary tracheal closure for several nights. Therefore the tracheostomy was definitely closed. Long-term follow-up with home monitoring showed effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation in these cases.

[Sleep-phase-related home therapy in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS)]

PATIENTS AND METHOD

Eight children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) (aged 3 to 16 years) underwent repeated polysomnographic recordings (sleep-EEG, induction plethysmography, PtcO2, PtcCO2, PACO2, FO2, SaO2, ECG) during spontaneous breathing and during therapy. The result led to individual therapeutic plans.

RESULT

During NREM sleep a close relationship between increasing EEG-delta-activity and increasing PCO2 could be observed (PCO2 max. 107 mm Hg in NREM IV). A similar effect was seen during mechanical ventilation with decreasing spontaneous respiratory activity during increasing sleep depth (PCO2 max. 89 mm Hg in NREM IV). Associated with NREM I/II and REM sleep strong variations in spontaneous breathing with consecutive variations of blood gases were observed. Hyperventilation during REM sleep (PCO2 min. 20 mm Hg) could occur with continuous mechanical ventilation. A continuous blood gas monitoring improved home therapy since blood gas adapted control of mechanical ventilation was possible now. This caused a stabilization of blood gases in sleep.

CONCLUSION

Patients with CCHS show a vigilance-dependent, enlarged variability of blood gases which should be considered in the management of home therapy. Continuous monitoring and blood gas adapted mechanical ventilation obtain a stabilization of acid-base balance during sleep. Preliminary data suggest a positive effect on sleep-wake quality and mental performance.

Environmental risk factors for respiratory and skin atopy: results from epidemiological studies in former East and West Germany

The fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 offered the unique opportunity to compare populations of a similar genetic and geographic background which had been living under quite different environmental exposure conditions for over 40 years. Since 1990 comparative epidemiological studies were performed between various regions in former East and West Germany with yearly questionnaires and 3 years' physical, dermatological, allergological and exposure examination in a total of about 30,000 preschool children. There were striking differences between the various German regions with higher prevalence rates of respiratory atopy (hay fever, asthma) and atopic sensitization (prick test, RAST) in West Germany, while atopic eczema was significantly higher in East Germany (17.5 vs. 11.4% in West Germany). Total serum IgE levels were markedly higher in children in the east of Germany, similarly to the prevalence of parasitic infestation (questionnaire data as well as positive ascaris RAST). In multivariate logistic regression analysis the following factors were significantly associated with atopic eczema: animal contact (odds ratio, OR 2.9), animal furs in the bedroom (OR 2.2), use of gas without ventilation (OR 1.7) and living near road with heavy traffic (OR 1.7). Furthermore, socioeconomic factors measured as parental educational status (university vs. elementary school) were significantly associated (OR 2.3) with atopy. Respiratory tract infections and irritant responses decreased together with decreasing SO2 and suspended particulate air pollution in East Germany from 1991 to 1997. It is concluded that environmental factors from the physical, chemical, biological, and psychological environment (characteristic of a 'modern' or 'western' society) do influence the development of atopic sensitization and disease.

Recovery of aroma compounds from a wine-must fermentation by organophilic pervaporation

This study investigates the recovery of a wine-must aroma profile, formed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during a muscatel wine-must fermentation, using organophilic pervaporation. Experiments were carried out along two independent, but organoleptically similar, fermentations. The wine-must samples and the aroma concentrates obtained were characterized organoleptically by a sensory panel and analytically with regard to eight major wine-must components: four alcohols; three esters; and one monoterpenic compound. Pervaporation performance was studied under fermentation conditions, and the permeate concentration, partial fluxes, and enrichment of the respective compounds were determined. The muscatel wine-must aroma profile was recovered purely and faithful to its origin between wine-must densities of 1075 and 1055 g L. At the beginning of the fermentation, too few aromas were present in the must for recovery. Toward the end of the fermentation, high ethanol concentrations in the wine-must caused a dramatic enrichment of two esters in the permeate, whereas other components investigated seemed unaffected. This shift resulted in an unbalanced aroma. In conclusion, it was shown that organophilic pervaporation can be highly suitable for the continuous recovery of very complex and delicate aromatic profiles produced during microbial fermentation. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.